Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
181 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What divides the spinal cord in to symmetrical right and left halves?
|
A dorsal median sulcus and septum and a ventral median fissure
|
|
|
What is found in the gray matter of the spinal cord?
|
Mostly cell bodies of inter, projection, or LMN and blood vessels
|
|
|
What is found in the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
Mostly myelinated nerve fibers that arise from afferent , inter, and projection neurons
|
|
|
What are the 3 divisions of the gray matter of the spinal cord?
|
1. Dorsal Horn
2. Intermediate Horn 3. Ventral Horn |
|
|
What is found in the dorsal gray horn?
|
made up mainly of cell bodies of inter and projection neurons
|
|
|
What is found in the ventral gray horn?
|
made up of GSE LMN that project to skeletal muscle
|
|
|
What are the two divisions of the intermediate gray horn?
|
Central Intermediate Gray and Lateral Intermediate Gray
|
|
|
What is found in the central intermediate gray horn?
|
made up of inter and projection neuron cell bodies
|
|
|
What is found in the lateral intermediate gray horn?
|
contains GVE LMN that project to autonomic ganglia
|
|
|
What are the 4 divisions of the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
1. Dorsal funiculus
2. Ventral funiculus 3. Lateral funiculus 4. Fasciculus Proprius |
|
|
Where is the dorsal funiculus found in the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
Area between the entrance of the dorsal roots of each side
|
|
|
Where is the ventral funiculus found in the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
area between the exit of the ventral roots of each side
|
|
|
Where is the lateral funiculus found in the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
One on each side between the entrance of the dorsal root dorsally and the exit of the ventral root ventrally
|
|
|
Where is the fasciculus proprius found in the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
A small region of white matter found in all funiculi which lies directly adjacent to the gray matter
|
|
|
What is found in the dorsal funiculus of the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
* Contains myelinated nerve fibers of primary afferent cells that do not all synapse at the level of the cord where they enter, but ascend to higher levels of the cord or all the way to the brain before they synapse
*Contains some nerve fibers from interneuron and projection neuron cell bodies located in the dorsal and intermediate gray horn |
|
|
What is found in the ventral funiculus of the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
*Contains mostly myelinated projection nerve fibers that arise from cell bodies in the brainstem and descend to the spinal cord (UMN) where they inhibit or excite LMN
|
|
|
What is found in the lateral funiculus of the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
*Contains nerve fibers from inter and projection neuron cell bodies located in the dorsal and intermediate gray horns of both sides. (These fibers ascend to higher cord levels or the brain before they synapse)
*Contains nerve fibers from projection neuron cell bodies located both in the cerebrum and brain stem (UMN) that are inhibitory or excitatory to LMN |
|
|
What is found in the fasciculus proprius of the white matter of the spinal cord?
|
Consists of nerve fibers from interneuron cell bodies in the dorsal and intermediate horns that ascend or descend from cord segment to cord segment and synapse
|
|
|
The spinal cord is designed to perform what 3 major functions?
|
1. Via spinal nerves, it receives and processes afferent info
2. Reflex center that controls muscles and glands subconsciously 3. Conducts info to and from the brain |
|
|
EVERY spinal nerve consists of what two parts?
|
Dorsal and ventral root
*Each root divides into rootlets as it approaches the spinal cord and attaches over an entire area called a spinal cord segment |
|
|
Each dorsal root has what type of ganglia associated with it?
|
Dorsal root (spinal) ganglion
|
|
|
What type of fibers make up the dorsal root of spinal nerves?
|
Dorsal root and rootlets contain mainly afferent fibers that arise from cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia
|
|
|
What type of fibers make up the ventral root of spinal nerves?
|
Ventral root and rootlets contain mainly efferent fibers that arise from LMN cells in the ventral gray horn (GSE) to skeletal muscle and intermediolateral column (GVE) to autonomic tissue (not all ventral roots contain GVE fibers)
|
|
|
Dorsal and ventral roots fuse at intervertebral foramen to form what?
|
Spinal Nerve Proper
|
|
|
The spinal nerve proper exits the intervertebral foramen and immediately divides into what 4 branches?
|
1. Meningeal branch to dura mater
2. Dorsal branch to epaxial area (muscles and skin) 3. Ventral branch to hypaxial area (muscles and skin) 4. Communicating branc to the sympathetic trunk (rami cummunicans) |
|
|
ALL spinal nerves contain what 4 types of fibers?
|
GSA
GSE GVE GVA |
|
|
Each pair of spinal nerves come from a single segment of the spinal cord- how many spinal nerve pairs are found in the dog, horse and cow?
|
Dog/cat - 36 pairs
Horse- 42 pairs Cow- 37 pairs |
|
|
As the fetus develops, what do the somites found all along the axis of the neural tube divde into (3 things)?
|
1. Sclerotomes (future vertebrae)
2. Myotomes (future muscle) 3. Dermatomes (future skin and dermis) |
|
|
How man spinal nerves make up a peripheral nerve?
|
Peripheral nerves contain fibers from 3 or more spinal nerves (for the most part)
*Injury to a peripheral nerve is the same as injury to 3 or more spinal nerves |
|
|
Where are C1 & C2 spinal nerve segments found?
|
C1 (atlas) Vertebra
|
|
|
Where are C3-T11 spinal nerve segments found?
|
In vertrebra one number less
Ex: C3 spinal cord seg found in C2 vertrbra & T4 spinal cord seg found in T3 vertrbra |
|
|
Where are T12-L2 spinal nerve segments found?
|
Found in corresponding vertebra
Ex: T12 spinal cord seg found in T12 vertrbra & L1 spinal cord seg found in L1 vertrbra |
|
|
Where are L3 & L4 spinal cord segments found?
|
L3 vertebra
|
|
|
Where are L5, L6 & L7 spinal cord segments found?
|
L4 vertebra
|
|
|
Where are S1, S2 & S3 spinal cord segments found?
|
L5 vertebra
|
|
|
Where are Cd 1-5 spinal cord segments found?
|
L6 vertebra
|
|
|
Where does the spinal cord end in the dog?
|
L6 vertebra
|
|
|
What are the 5 divisions of the spinal cord that can be examined clinically?
|
C1-C5
C6-T2 T3-L3 L4-S2 S1-Cd5 |
|
|
What are the four signs of lower motor neuron disease?
|
1. Flaccid paresis to paralysis
2. Hyporeflexia to areflexia 3. Hypotonia to atonia 4. Rapid neurogenic atophy (5-7 days in focal, selected muscle groups) |
|
|
What are the four signs of upper motor neuron disease?
|
1. Spastic paresis to paralysis
2. Normoreflexia to hypereflexia 3. Hypertonia 4. Disuse atophy (months-generalized) |
|
|
What are the 2 parts of the forebrain?
|
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
|
|
|
What 3 things make up the brainstem?
|
Mesencephalon, Metencephalon, and Mylencephalon
|
|
|
What are the 5 areas of the brain that can be clinically localized?
|
Forebrain
Midbrain Pons Medulla Cerebellum |
|
|
What distributes both somatic and visceral fibers to the forelimb?
|
Brachial plexus
|
|
|
What forms the brachial plexus?
|
The ventral branches of C6-T2 spinal nerves
|
|
|
How many branches are formed in the brachial plexus?
|
12 (Only 7 clinically important ones)
Suprascapular, Axillary, Radial, Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar, and Lateral Thoracic nn |
|
|
From what cord segments does the suprascapular nerve arise from?
|
C6-C7 (site of LMN's)
|
|
|
From what cord segments does the axillary nerve arise from?
|
C6-C8 (site of LMN's)
|
|
|
From what cord segments does the musculocutaneous nerve arise from?
|
C6-C8 (site of LMN's)
|
|
|
From what cord segments does the radial nerve arise from?
|
C7-T2 (site of LMN's)
|
|
|
From what cord segments do the median and ulnar nerves arise from?
|
C7-T1 (site of LMN's)
|
|
|
From what cord segments does the lateral thoracic nerve arise from?
|
C8 - T1(site of LMNs)
|
|
|
What does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
|
The supra and infrspinatus mm. which primarily stabilize the shoulder jt
|
|
|
Does the suprascapular nerve have cutaneous distribution?
|
No, but does return proprioception fibers from muscles
|
|
|
What would you see if the suprascapular nerve was damaged?
|
Shoulder sweeny or slipped (popped) shoulder
|
|
|
What does the axillary nerve innervate?
|
Flexor muscles of the shoulder jt
|
|
|
Does the axillary nerve have cutaneous distribution?
|
Yes, has cutaneous branches (GSA- pain,touch,etc) to skin over the craniolateral arm
*Returns proprioceptive fibers to CNS from muscles innervated |
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the axillary nerve?
|
Damage results in little or no noticeable deficit because latissimus dorsi takes over function
|
|
|
What does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
|
Flexors of the elbow jt
|
|
|
Does the musculocutaneous nerve have cutaneous distribution?
|
Yes, has cutaneous branches (GSA- pain,touch,etc) to skin over the medial forearm from elbow to just below the carpus
*Returns proprioceptive fibers to CNS from muscles innervated |
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the musculocutaneous nerve?
|
Inability to flex elbow jt (lift the limb to table or climb stairs), but during walking, causes little problem
|
|
|
What does the radial nerve innervate?
|
All extensor muscles below the shoulder
|
|
|
Does the radial nerve have cutaneous distribution?
|
Yes, has cutaneous branches (GSA- pain,touch,etc) to cranial and lateral forearm, dorsal carpus, and dorsum of digits 1-3
*Returns proprioceptive fibers to CNS from muscles innervated |
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the radial nerve aboved the elbow?
|
*animal cannot fix elbow to bear weight
*rests paw on the dorsum (knuckles over) *Dropped elbow *Muscles rapidly atrophy *Complete loss of sensation (pain) in AZ of radial nerve |
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the radial nerve below the elbow?
|
*animal cannot fix elbow to bear weight
*rests paw on the dorsum (knuckles over) immediately after loss, but learns how to keep in normal position *Craniolateral forearm muscle atrophy *Complete loss of sensation (pain) in AZ of radial nerve |
|
|
What do the median and ulnar nerves innervate?
|
Flexor muscles of carpus and digit
|
|
|
Do the median and ulnar nerves have cutaneous distribution?
|
Yes
Ulnar: caudal forearm and all of digit 5 Median:Palmar surface digits 1-4 (along with ulnar n.) *Returns proprioceptive fibers from muscles to CNS |
|
|
What would you see if the median and ulnar nerves were damaged?
|
Slight sinking of carpus when animal bears weight, but results in little deficit during gait
|
|
|
What does the lateral thoracic nerve innervate?
|
Cutaneous truci muscle
|
|
|
Does the lateral thoracic nerve have cutaneous distribution?
|
NO
|
|
|
What would you see if the lateral thoracic nerve was damaged?
|
Loss of cutaneous trunci reflex on one or both sides
|
|
|
What distributes both somatic and visceral fibers to pelvic limb?
|
Lumbosacral plexus
|
|
|
What cord segments form the lumbosacral plexus?
|
Ventral branches of L4-S2
|
|
|
From what cord segments does the femoral nerve arise from?
|
L4-L6 (site of LMNs)
(L3-L5 horse) |
|
|
From what cord segments does the obturator nerve arise from?
|
L4-L6 (site of LMNs)
(L3-L5 horse) |
|
|
From what cord segments does the sciatic nerve arise from?
|
L6-S2 (site of LMNs)
(L5-S2 horse) |
|
|
What does the femoral nerve innervate?
|
Motor mainly to extensor muscles of stifle jt
|
|
|
Does the femoral nerve have cutaneous distribution?
|
Yes, via the saphenous nerve to medial thigh, stifle, leg, hock, down to approx. 1st digit in dog or fetlock in horse
|
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the femoral nerve?
|
*key nerve to rearlimb
Without it the animal cannot lock stifle jt to bear weight - loss of cutaneous sensation and patellar reflex |
|
|
What does the obturator nerve innervate?
|
The adductor muscles of the pelvic limb
|
|
|
Does the obturator nerve have cutaneous distribution?
|
NO!
*Does return proprioceptive fibers to CNS |
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the obturator nerve?
|
Inability of animal to keep limb adducted when on slick floor
|
|
|
What does the sciatic nerve innervate?
|
Before it splits into tibial and fibular, supplies extensors of hip, flexors of stifle
|
|
|
Does the sciatic nerve have cutaneous distribution?
|
Yes, sensory to skin on lateral stifle and leg
*Does return GSA proprioceptive fibers to CNS |
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the sciatic nerve?
|
Loss of sensation below the stifle except for medial limb-the limb sort of meningless flexes and extends, but animal cannot bear weight
*Foot frequently knuckles over |
|
|
What are the two branches of the sciatic nerve?
|
Tibial and Fibular nerves
|
|
|
What does the fibular nerve innervate?
|
Motor to flexors of hock and extensors of digits
|
|
|
Does the fibular nerve have cutaneous perception?
|
Yes, to dorsum of leg and digits down to level of foot in horse and cow
*Returns GSA proprioception fibers to CNS |
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the fibular nerve?
|
Knuckling over on dorsum of digit and loss of sensation in AZ
*animal may learn to flip limb like radial damage |
|
|
What does the tibial nerve innervate?
|
Motor to extensors of hock and flexors of digits
|
|
|
Does the tibial nerve have cutaneous perception?
|
Yes, to plantar area below hock and plantar surface of digits, entire foot in horse and cow
|
|
|
What would you see if you damaged the tibial nerve?
|
Lowered hock when bearing weight and loss of sensation, but little gait deficit
|
|
|
What cord segments form the sacral plexus?
|
S1-Cd5 (dog)
(S3-Cd5 horse and cow) |
|
|
What are the twol branches of importance that come off the sacral plexus?
|
Pelvic N. (autonomic only; parasympathetic to pelvic viscera)
& Pudendal N. (somatic and autonomic sypathetic) |
|
|
From what cord segments does the pelvic nerve arise from?
|
S1-S3 (intermediolateral gray horn)
|
|
|
From what cord segments does the pudendal nerve arise from?
|
S1-S3 (ventral gray horn)
|
|
|
What does the pelvic nerve innervate?
|
Smooth muscle and glands in pelvis, especially the urinary bladder
|
|
|
What would you see if the pelvic nerve was damaged?
|
urination,defication, and sexual problems
|
|
|
What does the pudendal nerve innervate?
|
*Cutaneous innervation goes to the perineum, sensory also to rectom (caudal rectal n.), and the repro organs (nerve of penis and clitoris)
*Motor fibers go to the rectum (GSE LMN), urethralis m.(GSE LMN), and retractor penis m. (GVE symp LMN) |
|
|
What would you see if the pudendal nerve was damaged?
|
Urinary and/or fecal incontinence, protrusion of the penis from sheath, and loss of perineal reflex
|
|
|
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
|
1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal. 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal
|
|
|
What are the functions of the 12 cranial nerves? (Sensory, motor, or both)
|
1. Sensory 2. Sensory 3. Motor 4. Motor 5. Both 6. Motor 7 Both 8. Sensory 9. Both 10. Both 11. Motor 12. Motor
*Some say marry money but my brother says big business makes more |
|
|
What area of the brain is the olfactory nerve associated with?
|
telencephalon (olfactory bulb)
|
|
|
What area of the brain is the optic nerve associated with?
|
Diencephalon (hypothalamus)
|
|
|
What area of the brain is the oculomotor nerve associated with?
|
mesencephalon (ventral)
|
|
|
What area of the brain is the trochlear nerve associated with?
|
mesencephalon (dorsal part)
|
|
|
What area of the brain is the trigimal nerve associated with?
|
metencephalon (through transverse pontine fibers)
|
|
|
What area of the brain are cranial nerves 6-12 associated with?
|
myellencephalon (ventral or ventrolateral)
|
|
|
Which cranial nerves contain only sensory fibers (afferent)
|
1,2, and 8
|
|
|
Which cranial nerves contain only motor fibers (efferent)
|
3,4,6,11,12
|
|
|
Which cranial nerves contain sensory and motor fibers?
|
5,7,9, and 10
|
|
|
Which cranial nerves contain autonomic parasympathetic fibers?
|
3,7,9, and 10
|
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve I?
|
Conscious perception of smell
|
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve II?
|
Conscious perception of vision; eye preservation reflexes (blink); light (pupillary)
|
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve III?
|
*LMNs (GSE) responsible for motor innervation of levator muscle of upper eyelid, dorsal, medial, and ventral rectus muscles (all are skeletal mm)
*LMN (GVE) autonomic parasympathetic innervation of constrictor muscle of the iris |
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve IV?
|
LMNs (GSE) responsible for motor innervation to dorsal oblique muscle
|
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve V?
|
*Sensory to the whole head for pain, touch, temperature, and pressure
*Motor to muscles of mastication |
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve VI?
|
LMNs (GSE) responsible for motor innervation of the lateral rectus muscle of eye and retractor bulbi muscle of eye
*Allows conscious and reflex lateral movement of eye and.or protrusion 3rd eyelid |
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve VII?
|
*LMNs (GSE) to muscles of facial expression
*LMNS (GVE) to lacrimal gland, mandibular and sublingual salivary glands *Sensory (SVA) to salivary glands on rostral 2/3 on tongue * Sensor (GSA) to inner pinna of ear |
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve VIII?
|
Cochlear branch: responsible for hearing & Vestibular branch: responsible for orientation of head, body and eyes with respect to gravity
*Balance and equilibrium |
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve IX?
|
*LMNs (GSE) to muscles of pharynx and soft palate, thus allows normal swallowing
*LMNs (GVE) preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid and zygomatic salivary gland *Sensory (GSA) to mucosa of pharynx, and soft palate *Sensory (SVA) sensory to caudal 1/3 of tongue for taste *IT IS MOTOR AND SENSORY TO THE PHARYNX AND PALATE (taste and autonomic function is of minor clinical importance) |
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve X?
|
*Both sensory and motor (GSA,GSE) to pharynx, palate, larynx, trachea, and esophagus-key nerve is swallowing and protection of larynx
*Autonomic preganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) to all visceral structures *Relays information from taste buds on the pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx |
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve XI?
|
*GSE fiber to trapezius muscle, part of sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus
|
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve XII?
|
LMNs that allow conscious and reflex movement to the tongue
*involved in normal swallowing, gag, vomitting, cough, respiration, etc... |
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve I?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve II?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve III?
|
Ciliary ganglion (motor ganglion) which houses LMN, post ganglionic, parasympathetic cell bodies that innervate the constrictor muscle of the iris
|
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve IV?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve V?
|
Trigeminal ganglion (sensory ganglia) found inside cranial vault and all 3 nerve branches split from ganglia and exit vault in a different fashion.
*Ganglia houses neuron cell bodies for GSA fibers to head |
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve VI?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve VII?
|
*Geniculate ganglion (sensory) houses GSA cell bodies that give rise to GSA fiber in facial nerve
*Pterygopalatine ganglion (motor) houses GVE postganglionic cell bodies that supply the lacrimal gland *Mandibular ganglion (motor) houses GVE postganglionic cell bodies that supply the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands |
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve VIII?
|
*Spiral ganglion (Sensory SSA) house sensory cell bodies that carry auditory info
*Vestibular ganglion (Sensory SSA) house sensory cell bodies that carry info from the cristae and macula of the inner ear |
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve IX?
|
*Otic ganglion (Motor) houses GVE postganglionic parasympathetic cell bodies-supply the parotid salivary gland
*Glossopharyngeal ganglia (sensory) GSA and GVA that supply receptors in the pharyngeal and palatine mucosa |
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve X?
|
*Proximal vagal ganglion (sensory) cell bodies to viscera and pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa
*Distal vagal ganglion (sensory) cell bodies to viscera *Terminal parasympathetic ganglia: in wall of organs innervated |
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve XI?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve XII?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve I and where do the fibers originate and terminate?
|
SVA
Originate: Nasal muscosa Terminate: Olfactory nucleus |
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve II and where do the fibers originate and terminate?
|
SSA
Originate: ganglion cell layer of retina Terminate: In several centers in mesencephalon or diencephalon |
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve III and where do the fibers originate and terminate?
|
GSE
Originate: cell bodies located in the oculomotor nucleus located in the rostral mesencephalon Terminate: in appropriate muscles GVE Originate: parasympathetic nucleus of CNIII located in rostral mesencephalon close to oculomotor nucleus Terminate: in appropriate muscles |
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve IV and where do the fibers originate and terminate?
|
GSE
Originate: cell bodies located in trochlear nucleus of mesencephalon Terminate: Dorsal oblique m. |
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve VI and where do the fibers originate and terminate?
|
GSE
Originate: abducens nucleus in the rostral dorsal part of the medulla oblongata Terminate: in appropriate muscles |
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve VIII?
|
SSA
|
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve IX?
|
GSE
GVE GSA GVA SVA |
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve X?
|
GSE
GVE GVA SVA GSA |
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve XI?
|
GSE
|
|
|
What is the fiber classification of cranial nerve XI?
|
GSE
|
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve XI?
|
*GSE fiber to trapezius muscle, part of sternocephalicus and brachiocephalicus
|
|
|
What is the normal function of cranial nerve XII?
|
LMNs that allow conscious and reflex movement to the tongue
*involved in normal swallowing, gag, vomitting, cough, respiration, etc... |
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve XI?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is the associated ganglia of cranial nerve XII?
|
There is none
|
|
|
What is located in the post- and pre- cruciate gyri?
|
Primary conscious motor cortex
|
|
|
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
|
Behavior and motor control
|
|
|
What is the Parietal lobe responsible for?
|
Conscious somatosensory area
- Proprioception, temperature, touch, etc. - Nociception becomes pain after it reaches this area of the brain |
|
|
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
|
Conscious sight and sight association
|
|
|
What is the temporal lobe responsible for? (2)
|
- Conscious hearing
- A major behavioral area as well |
|
|
What is the dorsal midline depression on the spinal cord?
|
Dorsal median sulcus
|
|
|
What extends downward from the dorsal median sulcus?
|
Dorsal median septum
|
|
|
What is the marking on the ventral midline of the spinal cord?
|
Ventral median fissure
|
|
|
Where is the intermediolateral gray horn located?
|
- T1 - L4 (SNS)
- S1 - S3 (PSNS) |
|
|
What neuron types are located in the intermediolateral gray horn?
|
Autonomic PrG, GVE LMN
|
|
|
What neuron type is located in the ventral gray horn?
|
GSE LMN
|
|
|
What are the three lateral sections of the spinal cord called?
|
- Dorsal funiculus
- Lateral funiculus - Ventral funiculus |
|
|
What's located in the dorsal funiculus? (3)
|
- Ascending system
- Axons of ascending projection neurons - Sensory neurons that don't synapse on integration neurons |
|
|
What's located in the ventral funiculus? (2)
|
- Descending system
- UMN (descending projection neurons) |
|
|
What's located in the lateral funiculus?
|
Ascending and descending systems
|
|
|
What is the thin strip of white matter that surrounds the gray matter?
|
Funiculus proprius
|
|
|
What lies in the funiculus proprius?
|
Axons of short interneurons that are traveling one or two spinal segments up or down the spine
|
|
|
What is the function of the funiculus proprius?
|
Allows the various spinal cord segments to communicate with one another
|
|
|
Where is the funiculus technically located?
|
In the PNS
|
|
|
Three major functions of the spinal cord
|
- Receives and integrates afferent information
- Conduit for information to and from the brain - Controls and regulates motor activity |
|
|
What three things are found in the dorsal roots?
|
- Afferent (sensory) neurons (GSA)
- Dorsal root ganglions - Psuedo-unipolar neurons |
|
|
What two things are located in the ventral roots?
|
GSE
GVE |
|
|
What neuron types are present in the ventral roots?
|
GSE
|
|
|
What spinal cord segments have GVE neurons? (2)
|
Intermediolateral gray horn of:
- T1 - L4 - S1 - S3 |
|
|
Autonomous zone of the musculocutaneous n. in the dog
|
Medial aspect of entire forearm
- Pinch in middle, medial side of antebrachium |
|
|
Autonomous zone of the musculocutaneous n. in the horse
|
Craniomedial forearm
- Pinch on medial aspect of carpus |
|
|
What nerve is responsible for the musculocutaneous n.'s autonomous zone?
|
Medial cutaneous antebrachial n.
|
|
|
Autonomous zone of the radial n. in the dog
|
Upper:
- Lateral middle of antebrachium Lower: - Digit 2 |
|
|
Autonomous zone of the radial n. in the horse
|
Lateral forearm towards the middle
|
|
|
What is the Pretectal nucleus complex responsible for?
|
Pupillary light reflex
|
|
|
Three parts of the limbic system
|
- Mammilary bodies
- Fornix - Cingulate gyrus |
