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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many taste receptors do we have? What percent of our tongue surface is receptors?
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2000-10000, 1% of cell
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What does the tip of your tongue mostly taste? front side? back side? back?
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sweet, salt, sour, bitter
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What are we actually tasting for when we taste sweet? salty?bitter? sour? savory?
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sucrose/guanidine(artificial sweeteners)
sodium ions metal and nitrogen hydrogen ions umami/glutamate |
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What do pain receptors taste for?
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kapsasin
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What is population coding?
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each taste evokes a different pattern of firing rates in different cells
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How many taste buds per papilla?
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1 to 300
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How many taste cells per taste bud?
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50-100
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what are the four types of papillae?
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vallate, fungiform, foliate, filiform
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What are vallate papillae? How many taste buds?
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code for biter, 2/3 back of tongue, 100-200 taste buds
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What are fungiform papillae? How many taste buds?
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sweet, 1-5 taste buds
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What are foliate papillae?
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salt and sour, 100 taste buds
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What are filiform papillae?
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no taste, middle of tongue
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How many taste cells per mmsquared do normal people have? non-tasters? supertasters?
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2000-5000, 500, 20000
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What are basal cells?
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stem cells that replace dead taste cells, LIMITED QUANTITY
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What NT do taste cells use? what do they release it on? What kind of cell is that?
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ATP on gustatory neuron which is pseudounipolar
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Which tastes are ionotropic? metabotropic?
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salt acid, sweet bitter umami
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What are the sodium channels for saltiness called? are they open or closed at rest?
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amiloride channels, open at rest
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What happens for sour taste?
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hydrogen goes through the sodium channel for saltiness and closes potassium channels, causing a greater depolarization
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What type of receptors does bitter taste use? How many types are there?
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T2, over thirty because poisons are bitter
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Which types of receptors does umami use?
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T1R1 and T1R3
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Which types of receptors does sweet use?
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T1R2 and T1R3
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What is the g-protein cascade that metabotropic taste receptors use?
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gustducin (g-protein) activates PIP2 which is converted into IP3 via phospholibase C. IP3 does things.
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What does IP3 do?
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releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores, opens sodium channels.
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What does the influx of calcium from the IP3 effects cause?
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induces exocytosis and NT release
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Which nerves code for taste?
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facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus
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Where do the taste nerves travel?
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through the ipsilateral nucleus solitarius in the medulla to the VPM to BA43
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What are the three collaterals of the taste nerves? Function?
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1. Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus for swallow reflex
2. reticular formation for coughing 3. Hypothalamus and amygdala for palatability (motivation to eat and drink) |
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When is the flavor system activated?
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exhalation
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What % of genome is for smell? Who realized this?
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3%, axel and buck
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What sheet of bone do axons of the olfactory epithelium travel through?
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cribiform plate
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How big is the olfactory epithelium in humans?
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2.5 cm squared
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Which three cells are found in the olfactory epithelium?
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olfactory neurons, basal cells, and supporting cells
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How many cilia per dendrite on olfactory neurons?
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10
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What is bowmans gland and where is it found?
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secretes mucus via the facial nerve in the olfactory epithelium
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How many glomeruli per olfactory bulb?
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2000
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How many neuronal axons per glomerulus?
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1000-5000
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How many dendrites of mitral and tuffed cells per glomerulus?
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25-100
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What is true of all the olfactory neurons in a glomerulus?
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they have the same odorant receptor
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How many glomeruli total per olfactory bulb?
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about 2
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What are the cell types found in the olfactory bulb?
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mitral cells, tufted cells, periglomerular cells, granule cells
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What NT do mitral and tufted cells use? What kind of cells are they?
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pyramidal, Glu
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Which cells in the olfactory bulb are responsible for lateral inhibiton?
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periglomerular cells
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Which cells in the olfactory bulb are excitatory? Inhibitory?
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mitral and tufted, periglomerular and granule
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What do periglomerular cells do and with which NT?
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cell body in glomerulus, project to other glomeruli using GABA to inhibit them
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Which cells in the olfactory bulb are responsible for top-down control?
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granule cells
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What do granule cells in the olfactory bulb do?
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make dendodendritic synapses with mitral and tufted cells
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What are the three layers in the olfactory bulb?
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glomeruli layer, mitral cell layer, granular cell layer with plexiform layers inbetween
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Where is Cl- concentrated in the olfactory membrane?
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INSIDE
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