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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Postsynaptic effect for ACh
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Excitatory
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Postsynaptic effect for Glutamate
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Excitatory
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Postsynaptic effect for GABA
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Inhibitory
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Postsynaptic effect for Glycine
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Inhibitory
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Postsynaptic effect for Catecholamines
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Excitatory
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Postsynaptic effect for Serotonin
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Excitatory
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Postsynaptic effect for Histamine
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Excitatory
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Postsynaptic effect for Neuropeptides
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Excitatory and inhibitory
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Postsynaptic effect for Nitric Oxide
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Excitatory and inhibitory
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Precursors for ACh
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Choline + Acetyl CoA
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Precursors for Glutamate
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Glutamine
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Precursors for GABA
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Glutamate
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Precursors for Glycine
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Serine
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Precursors for Catecholamines
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Tyrosine
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Precursors for Serotonin
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Tryptophan
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Precursors for Histamine
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Histidine
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Precursors for Neuropeptides
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Amino acids
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Precursors for ATP
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ADP
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Precursors for Nitric Oxide
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Arginine
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for ACh
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CAT
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for Glutamate
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Glutaminase
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for GABA
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GAD
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for Glycine
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Phosphoserine
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for Catecholamines
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Tyrosine hydroxylase
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for Serotonin
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Tryptophan hydroxylase
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for Histamine
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Histidine decarboxylase
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for ATP
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Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorlyation
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for Neuropeptides
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Synthesis and transport
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Rate limiting step in synthesis for Nitric oxide
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Nitric oxide synthase
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Removal mechanism for ACh
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Acetylcholinesterase
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Removal mechanism for Glutamate
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Transporters
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Removal mechanism for GABA
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Transporters
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Removal mechanism for Glycine
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Transporters
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Removal mechanism for Catecholamines
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Transporters, MAO, COMT
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Removal mechanism for Serotonin
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Transporters, MAO
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Removal mechanism for Histamine
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Transporters
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Removal mechanism for ATP
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Hydrolysis to AMP and adenosine
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Removal mechanism for Neuropeptides
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Proteases
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Removal mechanism for Nitric oxide
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Spontaneous oxidation
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Neuropeptides
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Synthesize in soma
Transport to axon terminal intricately (forward) Work slowly Complex action |
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Small molecule neurotransmitters
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Synthesized in terminal
Act quickly Early excite/inhibit |
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When EPP reaches threshold, ______
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An action potential occurs in postsynaptic membrane
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Calcium causes...
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fusion of vesicles in membranes
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Function of SNAPs
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Prime vesicles for fusion
Regulate assembly of SNARES |
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Toxins that affect transmitter release
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Tetanus and bolulina
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Tetanus and botulina
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Inhibit neurotransmitter release
Block VSNARE |
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Botulina
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Inhibit ACh release @ NM junction
Block inactivation --> Cause paralysis |
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Tetanus
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Blocks GABA and Glycine release in spinal cord
Blocks snares --> spasms Blocks activation |
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Ionic channels
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Fast
Involves opening of ion channel Lasts for short time Ex: Ligand gated |
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Metabotropic channels
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Slow
Involves activation of cyclic MP or other 2nd messenger Occur for long time |
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General function of Glutamate
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Learning, memory
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General function of Dopamine
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Reward and pleasure
Additionally learning, memory, addiction |
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Ligand gated ion channels
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Pentameric (5 units that cross once)
Transmembrane (crosses whole membrane) Has a pore for ion Has binding site for NTs No separate protein Causes ion channel to open Ex: ACh |
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Metabotropic receptors
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Transmembrane
1 subunit crossing 7 times No pore for ion to pass through No movement allowed across Always a second protein (G Protein) Causes change in enzyme |
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NMDA Receptor
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Permeable to Ca
Related to excitotoxicity Activated by glutamate Cooperates with AMPA to form memory/synaptic plasticity |
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AMPA Receptor
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Permeable to Na
Ligand gated Activated by Glutamate Cooperates with NMDA to form memory/synaptic plasticity |
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Inhibitory receptors
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GABA and Glycine
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Dopamine distributed in...
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Midbrain
Basal ganglia |
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Norepinephrine distributed in...
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Locus ceruleus
Pons |
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Biogenic amines
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Biogenic substance with an amine group
Examples: Histamine, tyramine, serotonin, tryptamine, catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) |
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Serotonin distributed in...
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Raphe nucleus of brain stem
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Depression = high/low (chemical)
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Low serotonin
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Mania = high/low (chemical)
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High serotonin
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Schizophrenia = high/low (chemical)
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High dopamine
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Parkinson's = high/low (chemical)
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Low dopamine
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Huntington's = high/low (chemical)
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Low GABA
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Unconventional neurotransmitters
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Nitric oxide and endocannabanoids
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Nitric oxide
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Works in any direction
Travels long distance Is not stored in vesicle Gas Released instantly when synthesized |
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3 classes of signaling pathways
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Cell impermeant
Cell permeant Cell associated |
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Cell impermeant
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Can't pass through cell membrane
Work on the surface by activating/inactivating receptors |
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Cell permeant
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Lipid soluble molecules
Freely pass through membrane Work inside membrane |
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Cell associated
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Won't be released
Still work on other cells & mediate signal |
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Receptor types
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Channel linked
Metabotropic Enzyme linked Intracellular |
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Channel linked receptors
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Ligand binds, channels activated, ion passes through
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Metabotropic receptor types
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Intracellular
G protein binding site Located at cell membrane |
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Enzyme linked receptor
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Located on surface
When substance binds, enzyme activated and causes reaction |
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Intracellular receptors
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Lipid soluble molecules
Crosses cell membrane easily Activates receptor inside the cell Located in cytoplasm |
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G protieins
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Located in cytoplasm
Any protein w/GTP/GDP attached to it 3 subunits |
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Examples of second messengers
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cAMP, IP3/DAG, Calcium
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Proprioception star/end
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Starts in receptor
Ends in sensory cortex |
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Pathway for touch sensation
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Finger receptor
Sensory nerve Dorsal column/medial lemniscus Sensory cortex |
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Pathway for pain
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Free nerve ending
Nerve Dorsal horn Spinal cord Thalamus Somatosensory cortex |
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Pathway for proprioception
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Involves dorsal column
Pacinian corpuscle |
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Fast adapting mechanoreceptor
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Pacinian
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IPSP
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Inhibitory post synaptic potential
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VR1
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Venuloid receptor 1 - pain receptor
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MEPP
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mini endplate potential
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EPP
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Endplate potential
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PKC
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Protein Kinase C
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DAG
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Diacylglyerol
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GABA
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y-aminobutyric acid-Used for inhibitory synapses in the brain and spinal cord
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VPL
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Ventral postural lateral
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cAMP
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
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IPSP
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Inhibitory post synaptic potential
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NO
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Nitric oxide
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NE
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Norepinephrine
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5HT
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Serotonin
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DA
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Dopamine
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G(alpha)S
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Alpha subunit of G protein that is stimulatory
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EPSP
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Excitatory post synaptic potential
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PK/AZ/ALS
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Parkinson's + Alzheimers + Amyotropic lateral sclerosis
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SSRI
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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