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164 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what cortical area is responsible for limb ownership?
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pre motor cortex
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what make up the basal ganglia?
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the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, olfactory nucleus
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what make up the corpus striatum?
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caudate
putamen globus pallidus |
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what make up the lentiform nucleus?
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putamen and globus pallidus
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what make up the dorsal striatum?
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the caudate and putamen
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what divides the caudate and the putamen?
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the internal capsule (they are contiguous)
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what divides the internal and external segments of the globus pallidus?
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the medial medullary lamina
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the SNpR is contiguous with what structure?
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the globus pallidus
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what is unique about the corticostriatal system?
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it is unidirectional and all areas of cortex project to striatum
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the amygdala is a major source of input to...
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the striatum
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what are the two types of MSNs?
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Both are GABAergic (produce GABA)
those with: Enkephalin and D2 dopamine receptor Dynorphin, substance P, and D1 dopamine receptors |
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neurons that project from the cortex to the basal ganglia end up on what structure?
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the dendritic spines of medium spiny neurons
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the frontal lobe (including frontal eye fields) send axons to which part of the basal ganglia?
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the head of the caudate
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the parietal lobe sends axons to which part of the basal ganglia?
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the body of the caudate
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the occipital and temporal lobes sends axons to which part of the basal ganglia?
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the tail of the caudate
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the somatosensory and motor cortices send axons to which part of the basal ganglia?
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the putamen
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what thalamic nucleus innervates the Premotor Cortex (PMC) and Supplementary Motor Area (SMA)?
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Ventro-Anterioro Thalamic nuclei (VA)
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the medial VA (ventroanterior) nucleus of the thalamus innervates which cortical area?
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the frontal eye fields, SMA, and PMC
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what is the origin of corticostriatal fibers?
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they are branches of corticopontine and corticospinal axons
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Enkephalin D2 domamine MSNs project to what structure?
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from the striatum to GPe
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Dynorphin D1 dopamine MSNs project to what structure?
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from teh striatum to the GPi
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dopaminergic input from the SNpC to the striatum ends where?
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on the NECKs of spines of medium spiny neurons
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where do SNpC projections to striatum end? and where do Cortical projections end in striatum? what is the function of the two?
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SNpC end on the NECK of dendritic spine (release dopamine)
Cortical end on the head of the spine SNpC serves to alter the sensitivity to cortical inputs |
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how do D1 and D2 receptor effects differ?
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dopamine binding D1 increases sensitivity of the MSN to cortical input, allowing disinhibition of thalamus
dopamine binding D2 decreases sensitivity to cortical input, shutting down the indirect pathway, allowing mov't (disinhibition of thalamus) |
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where does CN VIII enter the midbrain?
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at the pontomedullary junction
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what is the pathway for the monaural pathway?
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hair cell
dorsal cochlear nucleus decussate cont. inf. colliculus Medial Geniculate Nucleus Heschel's Gyrus (temporal lobe) |
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what is the pathway for the binaural pathway?
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hair cell
ventral cochlear nucleus splits to BOTH s. olive both inf. colliculus both MGNs both herschl's gyrus on temporal lobe |
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what is the specific function of the binaural pathway?
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to sense whether sounds are arriving IN or OUT of phase ("coincidence")
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what are the functions of the LGN and the MGN (geniculate nuclei)
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LGN: vision, light relay
MGN: auditory relay L-ight M-usic |
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what are the functions of broca's and wernicke's areas?
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broca: production of speech
wernicke: comprehension of speech |
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the saccule and utricle are sensitive to linear acceleration in which directions?
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saccule: vertical
utricle: horizatonal |
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how does firing change in each vestibular nerve during leftward head rotation
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increased firing on left, decreased on right
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what is unique about connections between vestibular ganglion and the cerebellum
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sensory neurons head straight to the cerebellum (no synapse between)
(balance is important!) |
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what vestibular tract is resposible from keeping your head from hitting the ground when you fall?
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the lateral vestibulospinal tract
innervates extensors in neck |
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what vestibular tract is responsible for coordinating eye movements with postural mm?
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medial vestibulospinal tract traveling in the MLF
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what is meniere's disease?
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a failure to produce endolymph (by stria vascularis, no hearing or vestibular fx)
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what is the main symptom of lateral medullary syndrome?
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vertigo (vestibular system dysfx)
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what are the 4 main symptoms of damage to the vestibular system?
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Vertigo
Ataxia Nystagmus Nausea |
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why do we have gamma efferent fibers to intrafusal fibers?
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because they would wrinkle up if they didn't fire along with normal, extrafusal fibers
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in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, where are flexor and extensor neuron cell bodies located?
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flexors are dorsal
extensors are ventral |
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where are the CPGs of the spinal cord?
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in the spinal reticular zone (lots of interneurons)
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what is the function of reticular formations in the spinal cord and brainstem?
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they are CPGs
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in the corticospinal system, what are the crossed at pyramid, low crossed, and uncrossed tracts?
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high crossed: lateral corticospinal
low crossed: anterior corticospinal uncrossed: ALSO part of lateral corticospinal |
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the red nucleus facilitates flexor or extensor activity and where?
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flexor of the upper limb only
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what is the function of the reticulospinal tract?
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it goes from reticular formations in the brainstem to reticular system and interneurons in teh spinal cord to turn CPGs on or off
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what are the two monarminergic reticulospinal nuclei and what is their fx?
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dorsal raphe nucleus (serotonin)
locus ceruleus (noradrenaline) they are command/alertness pathways |
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what are the functions of the lateral vestibular tract and the medial vestibular tract?
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LVT: turns up gain on muscle spindles, increasing tone in trunk and limb extensors
MVT: increases tone on neck and shoulder muscles (to maintain head posture) |
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what is the function of the tectospinal tract?
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it causes reflexive head movements in response to visual stimuli
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what is the position of a decerebrate patient? (damage AT or below red nucleus)
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extension posture
(LVST works unopposed) |
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what is the position of a decorticate patient? (red nucleus intact)
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flexion in upper limbs
extension elsewhere (red nucleus causes flexion in upper limb) |
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what is the function of the PreMotor Cortex (PMA)
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movement copying, limb ownership
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what is the function of the Supplementary Motor Area?
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internally generated movements
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what is abulia?
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loss of willed movement (parkinsons's)
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what is the best treatment option for parkinson's
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L-dopa (pre-dopamine that can cross BBB)
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what is the first structure to deteriorate in huntington's disease?
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the caudate nucleus
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what three major systems synapse in the thalamus
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almost all sensory info (except olfaction)
efferent from cerebellum efferent from basal ganglia |
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what is the posterior end of the thalamus called?
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the pulvinar
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which thalamic nuclei are specific and which are nonspecific
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non-specific: intralaminar (centromedian, parafascicular) and midline
specific: VPL, VL, VA, DL/LP, pulvinar, MD |
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the specific thalamic nuclei end in which part of the cortex?
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layer IV of specific regions of cortex
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what two systems relay in the VPM?
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the trigeminothalamic relays to the post-central gyrus
uncrossed taste from the NTS relays to the insula |
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what are the connections (afferent and efferent) of the anterior thalamus?
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mamillary bodies to thalamus (mamillothalamic tract)
anterior thalamic nuclei to cingulate gyrus and hippocampus (limbic lobe) |
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what is the cause and consequence of wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?
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thiamin (B1) deficiency
atrophy of MAMILLARY BODIES also: midline thalamic nuclei anterior thalamic nuclei |
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what is the input and output of the non-specific thalamic nuclei?
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the monaminergic nuclei (dorsal raphe and locus ceruleus) are the major input
output is DIFFUSE to cortex |
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the intralaminar thalamic nuclei connnect with what structure?
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the striatum
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what is the basis of consciousness?
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allegedly, mesopontine fibers control the synchronous, oscillatory thalamo-cortico-thalamo loops allowing for attention to sensation, self
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how do thalamo-cortico-thalamic loops work to globally activate consciousness?
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thalamo-cortical innervation reciprocated by cortico-thalamic innvervation to NON-SPECIFIC thalamic nuclei, leading to global activation
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what are the inputs and outputs of the thalamic reticular nuclei?
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input: both thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic fibers
output: GABA (inhibitory) to all thalamic nuclei |
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what is the role of the reticular thalamic nucleus?
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while awake: reticular thalamic nucleus is inhibited, so thalamic nuclei are in a tonic mode, allowing for transmission of info to the cortex and global activation
during sleep: reticular thalamic nucleus activated, releases GABA on all thalamic nuclei, going into burst mode where thalamus is generally inactivated |
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what 3 things control the reticular thalamic nucleus?
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mesopontine cholinergic input (AcH)
dorsal raphe nucleus (serotonin) locus ceruleus (noradrenaline) |
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blood supply to the thalamus is provided by which branches of which major cerebral artery?
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PCA:
posterior choroidal (over pulvinar) paramedian (medial to IML) tuberothalamic (superiorlateral) inferolateral |
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what type of thalamic vascular event can cause hyperesthesia?
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occlusion of inferolateral branch of the PCA to the thalamus
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what is the stomatotopic organization of the spinal nucleus of V?
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higher: perioral, lower: peripheral face
dorsal: V3 ventral: V1 |
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what is the function of the inferior olive?
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it is where error signals are generated (discrepancies between cerebellar signal and spinal (reality) signal
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what are the symptoms of medial medullary syndrome?
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hypoglossal hemiplegia
medial lemniscus: loss of 2 pt discrimination pyramids: contralateral UMN signs sparing face |
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what are the symptoms of lateral medullary syndrome? (wallenberg)
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vestibular n.: vertigo, ataxia, nausea, nystagmus
nucleus ambiguus: dysphagia, displaced uvula hypothalamospinal: Horner's inf. cerebellar peduncle: ipsilateral ataxia |
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what are the components of the corneal blink reflex and where does this reflex occur?
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it is a pontine reflex
goes to rostral spinal nucleus of V, efferent in VII nucleus (orbicularis oculi) |
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what are the two most important regulatory centers in the pons?
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the micturition center and the respiration center
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what are the classic symptoms of pontine tegmentum lesions?
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VI lesion
Lateral Rectus Palsy Conjugate gaze palsy (i.e. left LR can't look left, OD can't adduct conjugately) |
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what is the difference between a lesion of the VI nucleus and the VI nerve?
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VI nucleus leads to conjugate gaze palsy
VI nerve leads to LR palsy only |
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what is the result of a lesion to the MLF?
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internuclear ophthalmalplegia
when one eye abducts it can't tell the conjgate eye MR to adduct |
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what is the only difference between VII nerve and VII nucleus lesions?
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VII nerve lesions usually have stapedius sparing
VII nucleus lesions usually have hyperacusis |
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what is the difference between UMN lesion of corticonuclear bulbar tracts vs. VII nucleus/nerve lesions?
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UMN lesions spare the upper face because of bilateral innervation.
lower face is unilaterally innervated |
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what are the structures affected by a rostral pontine tegmental lesion?
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MLF
Medial Lemniscus Superior Cerebellar Peduncle |
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what are the structures affected by a caudal pontine tegmental lesion?
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VII nucleus
VI nucleus (conjugate gaze palsy) |
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what structures are affected by basal pontine lesions?
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corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers
locked in syndrome |
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what is eight and a half syndrome?
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conjugate gaze palsy: lesion to VI nucleus
internuclear ophthalmaplegia: MLF lesion to opposite side (those to are one and one half) VII nucleus palsy |
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what is the cause and symptoms of pseudobulbar palsy?
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UMN lesion to corticonuclear fibers...
palsy of V, VII, IX, XII but sparying of EMOTIONAL face rxns |
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what is the presentation of a persion with right CN IV palsy?
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head tilted down and rotated left
(eye is elevated and extorted) |
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the fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle are destined for...
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mostly the VL thalamus
partly the red nucleus |
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what is the function of the mesencephalic nucleus of V? where is it located?
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in the midbrain
unconscious/conscious proprioception of jaw |
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what is the path for the jaw-jerk reflex?
tests status of what general structure? |
mandibular V
mesencephalic nuc of V motor nucleus of V masseter etc a midbrain reflex |
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what is the general function of the periaqueductal grey?
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reactions to painful stimuli
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what hydranencephaly?
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loss of telencephalon and most of the diencephalon
but with a normal midbrain-down, you can still grow and elicit emotional responses |
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the SNpR contains what NT secreting neurons and is continuous with what other structure?
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GABA
continuous with Globus Pallidus |
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what are the three main types of lesions to the midbrain
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vascular
necrotic uncal herniation multiple sclerosis |
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what is weber syndrome?
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damage to midbrain basis pedunculi and tegmentum
ipsilateral CN III palsy contralateral UMN signs |
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what is benedikt's syndrome?
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damage to midbrain tegmentum
ipsilateral CN III palsy contralateral tremor (cerebellothalamic fibers and Substantia Nigra) contralateral hemianesthesia (medial, spinal, trigeminal lemnisci) |
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parinaud's syndrome?
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need to understand it better
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what is unique about the VPL?
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it has diffuse connections with other thalamic nuclei.
it receives input from anterlateral pain/temp. thus it regulates awareness to painful stimuli |
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the LGN receives input from the (contralateral/ipsilateral) visual field and (contralateral/ipsilateral) retina
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contralateral VF
ipsilateral retina |
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the LGN divides visual stimuli into what two general types?
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fast moving:magnocellular
slow moving: parvocellular |
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what is the obligatory thalamic relay of auditory information?
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the inferior colliculus
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what is the symptoms of a person with damage to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei?
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motor neglect
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what is the main input to the midline thalamic nuclei?
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the affective component of stimuli
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what are the symptoms of ischemia to the anterior/tuberothalamic arteries?
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apathy
amnesia |
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what are the symptoms of ischemia to the inferolateral thalamic artery?
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ataxia (VL, VA)
hemiparesis hemianesthesia/hemiparethesia: VPL, VPM hemihyperesthesia...?! |
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what are the symptoms of ischemia to the paramedian thalamic artery?
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apathy (paramedian)
memory learning difficulties (MD/midline) motor neglect (intralaminar) |
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what is the cause and consequence of dejerine-roussy syndrome?
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damage to VPL/VPM
usually ischemia to inferolateral or posterior choroidal loss of discriminatory pathway leads to uncontrolled pain path hyperesthesia |
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what are the sources of neural input to the hypothalamus?
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retinal
olfactory viscerosensory (from all organs via NTS) pain/temp |
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what are the chemosensory inputs to the hypothalamus?
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steroids
glucose FAs peptides hormones |
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how are glucose and FAs sensed in the hypothalamus
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intracellular enzymes (i.e. malonyl coA)
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what are circumventricular organs?
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places in the hypothalamus that lack a blood brain barrier (allow for sampling of blood/CSF for hormones, peptides, etc)
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what is the tract by which the hypothalamus affects sympathetics?
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dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
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what is the main hypothalamic nuclei connecting directly with sympathetic preganglionics? what are the minor ones?
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Main: paraventricular
minor: ventromedial, arcuate, lateral |
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______ hypothalamic lesions cause hyperthermia and ______ hypothalamic lesions cause hypothermia?
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anterior => hyperthermia
posterior => hypothermia |
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how does fever happen?
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LPS, ENT, or IL-6 from a microbe acts on endothelium to produce PG
PG binds EP3 reception in medial preoptic area of hypothalamus binding of EP3 turns the medial preoptic area OFF hyperthermia |
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how does the suprachiasmatic nucleus affect melatonin secreiton by the pineal gland?
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through the sympathetic nervous system
goes down to s. cerivcal ganglion up to pineal gland on carotid system |
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which hypothalamic nucleus innvervates all other hypothalamic nuclei?
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the suprachiasmatic nucleus
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what is the function of the tuberomamillary nucleus?
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it is on when you are awake, producing histamine
antihistamines inhibit this and make you sleepy |
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what nucleus is responsible for wakefulness and which nuclei inhibit/stimulate it?
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tuberomamillary
Ventrolateral Pre-Optic (VLPO) inhibits Lateral Hypothalamus stimulates w/ orexin |
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how can forced starvation lead to anorexia nervosa?
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decrease in leptin receptor (protective mechanism) leads to increased satiety???
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what part of the hypothalamus is sexually dimorphic and important for sexual responses?
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the anterior hypothalamus
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damage to ___________ hypothalamus leads to hypersexuality?
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ventromedial
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what is klein-levin syndrome?
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damage to the hypothalamus
hyperphagia rage retrograde amniesia episodic paranoia hypersexuality |
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during embryogenesis, the cerebellum develops out of...
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the hindbrain
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the primary fissure of the cerebellum divides the cerebellum into...
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anterior and posterior lobes
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how many flocculi and how many noduli are there?
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one nodulus, two flocculi
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the posterolateral fissure of the cerebellum divides the ___ from the ____
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posterior lobe of the cerebellum
from the nodulus |
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what are the three (anatomic, fx, and phylogenic) names for the part of the cerebellum that does equilibrium and eye mov'ts?
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flocculonodular
archicerebellum vestibulocerebellum |
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what are the three names (anatomic, fx, phylogenic) for the part of the cerebellum that does gross muscle mov'ts?
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anterior lobe of the cerebellum
spinocerebellum paleocerebellum |
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what are the three names (anatomic, fx, phylogenic) for the part of the cerebellum that does planning/initiation/timing of mov'ts as well as memory and language?
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posterior lobe of the cerebellum
cerebrocerebellum neocerebellum |
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what are the deep cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral?
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fastigal
globose emboliform dentate |
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what are the layers of the cerebellar cortex from superficial to deep?
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molecular layer
purkinje layer granule cell layer |
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what is the path of climbing fibers?
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they go from the contralateral inf. olive
one branch is excitatory to deep cerebellar nuclei one branch is excitatory to a SINGLE purkinje cell |
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what are the 3 origins of mossy fibers?
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contralateral pontine nuclei
ipsilateral spinocerebellar tract ipsilateral vestibular nuclei |
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what cells do mossy fibers synapse on? (+ or -)
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+ to deep cerebellar nuclei
+ to ~20 granule cells |
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what tract carries fibers from vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum?
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the restiform body, or juxtarestiform body through the inferior cerbellar peduncle
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what is "holmes triad" of cerebellar signs?
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asthenia, ataxia, atonia
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what are the non-motor functions of the archicerebellum?
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affective memory
autonomic responses emotion sexuality |
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the SCA supplies which lobes?
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the anterior lobe
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the PICA supplies which lobes?
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the posterior part of the posterior lobe
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AICA supplies which lobes?
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the anterior part of the posterior lobe
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are cerebellar signs ipsilateral or contralateral?
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ipsilateral (spinocerebellar tracts are uncrossed!)
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what is midline cerebellar syndrome?
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damage to the vermis and flocculonodular lobe.
trunk ataxia and nystagmus |
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what are the symptoms of cerebellar hemisphere syndrome?
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ataxia
intention tremor inability to do rapid repeated mov'ts slurred speech |
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how is the cerebellum involved in autism?
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reduced activity in the anterior lobe
decreased hand mov'ts, defects in socialization |
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what is ballism?
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large amplitude chorea to proximal extremities
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what lesion would cause hemiballism?
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lesion to the subthalamic nucleus
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what is dystonia and what lesion can cause it?
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slow twisting movements
lesions to the putamen cause it |
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what is tardive dyskinesia?
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involuntary movt of the mouth and tongue
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what is akathisia?
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constant desire to stay in motion
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lesions in the MD thalamus result in? why?
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apathy
memory loss difficulty switching tasks MD receives diffuse input from other thalamic nuclei, projects to parietal lobe |
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lesions to the pulvinar result in?
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difficulty in language processing, visual processing, and pain perception
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the pulvinar is connected with which regions of cortex?
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association cortices in occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes
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how is limbic cortex histologically different than other cortices?
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it is agranular (no granule cells)
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what thalamic nuclei innervate the limbic cortices?
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the anterior, midline, and MD nuclei
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what is the general type of thalamic nuclei and other cortices that innervate the limbic cortices?
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they are generally ASSOCIATION areas
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what is the area of cortex for Affective association to many sensory modalities?
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the insula
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what are the 2 main functions of the amygdala?
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EMOTIONAL learning/conditioning
Sexual behavior |
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what lesion can cause
hypersexuality hyperorality psychic blindness (can't distinguish sexual partners) fearlessness memory and learning problems |
amygdala lesion
Kluver Bucy |
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what is the overall structure of the hippocampus?
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three layered structure capped by the dentate gyrus
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what are the major sources of input and output to the hippocampus?
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input: entorhinal cortex of the parahippocampal gyrus
output: mamillary bodies through fornix |
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what limbic lobe lesion can cause selective retrograde memory loss and COMPLETE anterograde memory loss?
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lesion to the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus
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what are the effector mechanisms of the amygdala?
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throught eh periaqueductal gray, freeze/startle response
the central nucleus leads to cardio effects, increased breathing, and stress |
