Neuro - 13 Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves

Front 1

What are 3 functions of the spinal cord?

Back 1

Spinal cord reflexes, integration (summation of inhibitory/excitatory) nerve impulses (gray matter), highway for travel of sensory/motor info (white matter).

Front 2

What 3 structures protect the spinal cord?

Back 2

Meninges, vertebra, cerebrospinal fluid.

Front 3

Protective covering (3 parts) that surround spinal cord & brain.

Back 3

Meninges

Front 4

Outermost layer of meninges composed of dense, irregular CT.

Back 4

Dura mater

Front 5

Cushion of fat/CT located in this space b/w dura mater & wall of vertebral canal.

Back 5

Epidural space

Front 6

Middle layer of meninges arranged as spider web of collagen fibers.

Back 6

Arachnoid mater

Front 7

Space containing interstitial fluid b/w dura mater & arachnoid mater.

Back 7

Subdural space

Front 8

Thin, transparent CT layer that adheres to surface of spinal cord & brain containing blood vessels.

Back 8

Pia mater

Front 9

Layer b/w arachnoid mater & pia mater containing cerebrospinal fluid that acts as shock absorber, suspension system for spinal cord & brain.

Back 9

Subarachnoid space

Front 10

Thickenings of pia mater that suspend spinal cord in middle of its dural sheath.

Back 10

Denticulate ligaments

Front 11

Procedure of removing CSF from subarachnoid space from L3-L5. Purpose - diagnose CSF pathologies, injection of antibiotics, anesthetics, chemotherapy, measure CSF pressure.

Back 11

Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

Front 12

Where does the spinal cord start/end in the body in an adult? Newborn? At what age does the cord stop growing?

Back 12

Medulla oblongata to L2 in adults. Newborn - L4. Growth stops at age 5.

Front 13

What are the 2 spinal cord enlargements that supply the upper/lower limbs?

Back 13

Cervical enlargement (C4-T1) - upper limbs. Lumbar enlargement (T9-T12) - lower limbs.

Front 14

Inflammation of meninges due to infection.

Back 14

Meningitis

Front 15

Cone-shaped end of spinal cord

Back 15

Conus medullaris

Front 16

Thread-like extension of pia mater that anchors spinal cord to coccyx.

Back 16

Filum terminale

Front 17

Dorsal & ventral roots of lowest spinal nerves. Formed by lower lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nn.

Back 17

Caudae equinae

Front 18

Area of spinal cord from which each pair of spinal nerves arises.

Back 18

Spinal segment

Front 19

List the number of spinal nerve pairs in each region of the total 31 pairs.

Back 19

Cervical 8. Thoracic 12. Lumbar 5. Sacral 5. Coccygeal 1.

Front 20

Paths of communication b/w spinal cord & most of body.

Back 20

Spinal nerves

Front 21

2 points of attachment that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of spinal cord.

Back 21

Roots

Front 22

Which root (anterior/posterior) contains sensory neurons? Also has a ganglion of sensory nerve cell bodies.

Back 22

Posterior/dorsal root

Front 23

Which root (anterior/posterior) contains motor neurons?

Back 23

Anterior/ventral root

Front 24

What structures do dorsal rami supply?

Back 24

Skin, back mm

Front 25

What structures do ventral rami supply?

Back 25

Anterior trunk, limbs

Front 26

What structures do meningeal branches supply?

Back 26

Meninges, vertebrae, blood vessels

Front 27

What are the 2 grooves that divide the spinal cord into L/R sides?

Back 27

Anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus

Front 28

(Gray/white) matter consists of cell bodies, neurons, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons, dendrites of association/motor neurons.

Back 28

Gray matter

Front 29

Cross bar of H-shaped gray matter.

Back 29

Gray commissure

Front 30

(Gray/white) matter consists of myelinated axons of motor/sensory neurons.

Back 30

White matter

Front 31

Space in center of gray commissure filled w/ CSF. Continuous w/ 4th ventricle of brain.

Back 31

Central canal

Front 32

Gray horn that is only located in thoracic/upper lumbar cord.

Back 32

Lateral gray horn

Front 33

Connects white matter of R/L sides of spinal cord. Anterior to gray commissure.

Back 33

Anterior white commissure

Front 34

Regions that divide white matter containing axon bundles w/ common origin, destination, similar info.

Back 34

Columns

Front 35

Axons bundles in CNS

Back 35

Tract

Front 36

Tract that conveys sensory impulses for pain, warmth, coolness, itching, tickling.

Back 36

Spinothalamic tract

Front 37

Column (made of 2 tracts) that convey sensory impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception.

Back 37

Posterior column

Front 38

Motor pathway that includes lateral/anterior corticospinal, corticobulbar tracts. Voluntary movement.

Back 38

Direct pathway

Front 39

Motor pathway that includes rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal tracts.

Back 39

Indirect pathway

Front 40

Fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in environment that helps to maintain homeostasis. Occurs in gray matter.

Back 40

Reflex

Front 41

What are 4 different types of reflexes?

Back 41

Spinal, cranial, somatic, autonomic.

Front 42

Simple, specific nerve impulse pathway is ___. What are the 5 components?

Back 42

Reflex arc. Receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector.

Front 43

What are 4 types of somatic spinal reflexes?

Back 43

Stretch reflex, tendon reflex, flexor (withdrawal) reflex, crossed extensor reflex.

Front 44

Arrangement of neural circuit that causes causes contraction of mm & relaxation of its antagonists.

Back 44

Reciprocal innervation

Front 45

Reflex that controls mm length by causing contraction. Prevents over stretching. Involves mm spindles. Ipsilateral, monosynaptic reflex arc.

Back 45

Stretch reflex

Front 46

Reflex that controls mm tension by causing relaxation when force becomes extreme. Involves Golgi tendon organs. Ipsilateral, polysynaptic reflex arc.

Back 46

Tendon reflex

Front 47

Ipsilateral, protective withdrawal reflex that moves limb to avoid pain. Flexor mm contraction.

Back 47

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

Front 48

Contralateral reflex that helps to maintain balance during flexor reflex. Causes synchronized extension of joints during flexion in opposite limb.

Back 48

Crossed extensor reflex

Front 49

CT layer wrapping each nerve fiber.

Back 49

Endoneurium

Front 50

CT layer surrounding group of nerve fibers forming fascicle.

Back 50

Perineurium

Front 51

CT layer covering entire nerve. Fuses w/ dura mater at intervertebral foramen.

Back 51

Epineurium

Front 52

Inflammation of spinal cord.

Back 52

Myelitis

Front 53

Inflammation of nerves that may result from nerve irritation from direct blows, bone fractures, contusions, infections, B12 deficiency.

Back 53

Neuritis

Front 54

Viral infection causing motor neuron death, possible death from cardiac failure, respiratory arrest.

Back 54

Poliomyelitis

Front 55

Attacks of pain along entire course/branch of sensory nerve.

Back 55

Neuralgia

Front 56

Paralysis of one limb.

Back 56

Monoplegia

Front 57

Paralysis of both upper or both lower limbs.

Back 57

Diplegia

Front 58

Paralysis of both lower limbs.

Back 58

Paraplegia

Front 59

Paralysis of 1 side of body.

Back 59

Hemiplegia

Front 60

Paralysis of all 4 limbs.

Back 60

Quadriplegia

Front 61

Joining of ventral rami of spinal nn to form nerve network. Not found in ___ region due to ___. T7-T12 supply ___.

Back 61

Plexus. Thoracic. Intercostal nn. Abdominal wall.