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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Basal Ganglia consists of what? List 5.
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Caudate Nucleus
Putamen Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nucleus Substantia Nigra |
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What artery can rupture thru the Lamina Terminalis and CSF gets in the ventricles?
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Anterir Communicating Artery---most COMMON place for an Aneurysm
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What part of the brain regulates emotional behavior, short term memory, control autonomic, and hormonal fxns?
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Limbic Structures
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Limbic Stx include what? List 5.
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Amygdala
Hippocampus Fornix Stria Terminalis Cingulate Gyrus (Prefrontal Cortex) |
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What brain hemisphere is dominant in 95% of Right Handed people?
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L. Hemisphere
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___________ is represented in cortical areas bordering the lateral fissure of dominant hemisphere.
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Language Areas
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______ comprises the opercular and triagular parts of inferior frontal gyrus.
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Broca's Area
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Where is the Recepetive Speech Area located?
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Posterior part of area 22 in the Superior Temporal Gyrus
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A lesion in Wernicke's area would present with what?
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Recepive or Sensoy Aphasia-- fluent but words are defective.
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A lesion n Wernicke's area would present with what?
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Expressive or Motor Aphasia--- nonfluent with correct words (verbs, nouns, pronouns)
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Wernicke's area projects to Broca's area via what?
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Arcuate Fasciculus
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Where is the Arcuate Fasciculus located?
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Arcuate and Superior Longitudinal Fasciculi
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A lesion in teh Arcuae Fasciculus would result in what?
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Conduction Aphasia
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What type of lesion does a patient have when they make repeated attempts to say the right words?
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Lesion to Arcuate Fasculilus
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Superior C. Peducle is attached to what?
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rostrally to upper pons
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Middle C. Peduncle is attached to what?
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lateral aspect of pons
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Inferior C. Peduncle is attached to what?
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Upper medulla
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Each hemisphere of the Cerebellum is divided into what 3 sections?
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Anterior
Posterior Floccunodular |
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Where is the Anterior Lobe of the Cerebellum located?
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toward midbrain (input from spinal cord)
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Where is the Posterior Lobe of the Cerebellum located?
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Extends post/inf from the anterior lobe (cortical inpus)
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What lobe of the cerebellum receives vestibular inputs?
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Flocculonodular lobe
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Dorsal half of the Pons is called what?
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Tegmentum
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Ventral surface of the Brainstem contains what?
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ROOTS of the cranial nerves
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Congenital drop of the tonsils thru the Foramen magnum?
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Arnol Chiari Malformation
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The spinal cord runs from the foramen magnum to what?
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Rostral edge of L2
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SC occupies the whole length of the vertebral canal up to when in the fetus?
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3rd month
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What subarachnoid space is widest from the caudal end of SC to S2 vetebra and contains no CNS strx except the filum terminal and nerve roots of the cauda equina?
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Lumbar Cistern
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Space from L2 to S2 is known as what?
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Lumbar Cistern
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In children the caudal end of the spinal cord is located where?
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L3
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Where is a lumbar puncture inserted on an adult?
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L3-4
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Where is a lumbar puncture performed on a child?
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L4-5
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What are the CONTRAindications to Lumbar Punctures? List 6.
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1. symptoms attritrutable to Intracranial Dx
2. Raised ICP (including confusion) 3. Papilledema (may be absent in raised ICP) 4.Imaging showing obstrxn of CSF flow 5. Bleeding Diasthesis 6. Local Sepsis (LS skin infxn) |
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In the cervical region nerves exit thru the foramen just ___ to the vertebra of the same name
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ROSTRAL ---- just think cervical is near your head, rostral
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C8 exits thru the foramen just _______ to the T1.
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rostral
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Common Spinal Nerve trunk is connected with ______________located on either side of t vertebral column thru the white and gray rami.
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Paravertebral Ganglia
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Cervical Enlargement includes what?
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Four lower cervical segments and first Thoracic Segment
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Lumbar Enlargement includes what?
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L4-S2
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Sacral Spinal Nerves emerging from the conus medullaris contain what?
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Parasympathetic fibers and Motor fibers innervating the bladder and it's sphincter
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What is a bundle containing one or more tracts or fasciculi?
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Funiculus
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Each half of the spinal cord has how many funiculus?
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3
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Where is the Dorsal Funiculu located? (specifically)
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between dorsal horn and dorsal median septum
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Where is the Lateral Funiculus located? (specfic)
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between Dorsal horn entrance and Ventral Zone Exit
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Where is the Anterior Funiculus Located?
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between anterior median fissure and Ventral Zone Exit
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Central canal may be filled with what?
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debris (macrophages)
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What is the name of the Dorsolateral Fasciculus?
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Zone of Lissauer
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Laminae 1-4 in the dorsal horn receive what type of inputs?
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EXTEROceptive (PTT)
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_____ contains terminals of dorsal root fibers mediting P & T that synapse on Posteromarginal nucleus.
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Lamina 1
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Axons of the Posteromarginal Nucleus cross to the opposite side and ascend as what?
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SpinoTHAL
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What Lamina contais Substantia Gelatinosa?
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Lamina II
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Neurons in ________ modulate the activity of P & T?
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Substantia Gelatinosa
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How is Subtantia Gelatinosa involved in activation of Peripheral pain receptors?
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release of Substance P and Glutamate into Substantia Gelatinosa
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Lamina III and IV contain what nucleus?
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Proper Sensory Nucleus
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Proper Sensory Nucleus receives and contributes to what?
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Receives: input from Substantia Gelatinosa
Contributes to: SpinoTHAL tracts mediating P & T and CRUDE TOUCH |
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What lamina receives descending fibers and form the CORTICOspinal and RUBROspinal tracts and contributes to the SpinoTHAL tract?
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Lamina V
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What lamina is present only in cervical and lumbar segments?
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Lamina VI
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What does Lamina VI receive?
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Medially: Muscle Spindle and Joint Afferents
Laterally: BIG dogs--Corticospinal and Rubrospinal |
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What lamina contains the Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke?
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Lamina VII
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Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke extends from _________ to _____ and receives ________.
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C8 to L2
receives muscle and tendon afferents |
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Axons of what nucleus form the dorsal SpinoCEREbellar tract?
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Nucleus Dorsalis of Clarke
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The IML of the Thoracolumbar cord (T1-L2) consists of Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons. What lamina is located in?
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Lamina VII
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Renshaw Cells regulate what thru Recurrent Inhibition?
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output of ALPHA motor neurons in the ventral horn o gray matter
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Renshaw cells ar interneurons that make inhibitory (glycinergic) synapses on th __ and receive excitatory (cholinergic) collaterals from the same neuron.
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ALPHA motor neurons
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When an ALPHA motor neuron is excited it activates ________ via the excitatory cholinergic collaterals.
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Renshaw cells
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How do Renshaw cells inhibit the activity of ALPHA motor neurons?
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Glycinergic synapses
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What lamina gives rise to both ALPHA and GAMMA motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles?
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VIII and IX
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Neurons in the Lamina VIII and IX are arranged how?
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Somatotopically- extensor muscle neurons are ventral, flexor neurons are lateral . neurons innervating axial muscles are MEDIAL
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What tract is responsible for Tactile, vibration sense, position and movement?
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Dorsal Columns
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What tract is responsible for Tactile, vibration sense, position and movement?
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Dorsal Columns
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What tract is responsible for proprioception?
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Spinocerebellar
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What tract is responsible for proprioception?
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Spinocerebellar
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What tract is respon. for lower limb proprioception?
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Dorsal Spinocerebellar
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What tract is respons. for whole limb movements and posture adjustments?
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Ventral Spinocerebellar
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What tract is respon. for lower limb proprioception?
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Dorsal Spinocerebellar
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What tract is respons. for whole limb movements and posture adjustments?
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Ventral Spinocerebellar
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Where do you find the Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract nuclei?
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Dorsalis Clarke c8-L2
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Where do you find the Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract nuclei?
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Dorsalis Clarke c8-L2
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Where does the Spinothalamic tract cross?
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at the anterior white commissure
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Where are the Neospinothalamic Nuceli located?
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Proper Sensory Nucleus
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What is responsible for affective arousal of Pain, Temp and Tactile Sensation?
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Indirect Spinothalamic Tracts
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Where do you find teh Spinomesenphalic Tract nuclei?
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Periaqueductal gray
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Where does the Corticospinal tract decussate?
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Pyramidal Decussation
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what is the action of the Corticospinal Tract?
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Flexor and Fine movements
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Where does the Corticospinalo tract arise from?
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Precentral gyrus
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Where does the Rubrospinal Tract arise from?
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Red Nucleus
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Where does the Tectospinal Tract arise from?
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Superior Colliculus
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Where does the Tectospinal tract decussate?
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at the Dorsal Tegmental Decussation
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What tract is responsible for head movements to visual and auditory stimulus?
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Tectospinal Tract
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What tract is respon. for posture and balance thru use of extensors?
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Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
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What tract is responsible for adjusting head position to posture changes?
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Medial Vestibular Tract
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What tract is respon. for suppressing extensor spinal reflex activity?
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Reticulospinal Tract from the Medullary reticular formation
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What tract facilitates extensor spinal reflexes?
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Reticulospinal from Pontine Medial reticulo. formation
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What controls head position in response to labyrinthe excitement?
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MLF
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What is respon. for coordination of upper and lower limb?
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Fasciculi Proprii
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What tract provides sympathetic innervation to visceral organs?
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Autonomic fxn of the Reticulospinal Tract
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What tract modulates pain impulses ascending in the Spinothalamic Tract?
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Pain Modulator of Reticulospinal Tract
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Where does the Autonomic Fxn of the Reticulospinal Arise?
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Ventrolateral Medulla to IML
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What NT is released from Sympath. Pregangl.?
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Ach
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What NT is released from Sympth. Postgang.?
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Norepinephrine
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What NT is released from Adrenal Medulla?
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Adrenaline
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What NT is released from Para Pregang?
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Ach
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What NT is released from Para Postgang?
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Ach AND NO
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Where does the Sympathetic System arise from?
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Spinal Cord
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Where does the Parasympth. arise from?
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Medulla Oblongata
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Where do the Sympth Pregang. arise from?
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IML T1-L2
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What in the Autonomic System present rostral to caudal viscerotopy?
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Sympathet Pregangl.
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What division of ANS has pregang. that synapse on MANY postgang (like 30)?
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Sympath. Pregang
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What is the main blood supply to the Internal Capsule?
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MIddle Cerebral A
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What is the main blood supply to the Thalamus?
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Posterior Cerebral A
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What is the main blood supply to the Primary Motor Cortex?
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Anterior Cerebral A
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What is the main blood supply to the Primary Somatosensory?
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Anterior Cerebral A
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What is the main blood suply to Broca's?
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Middle Cerebral A
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What is the main blood supply to the Hippocampus?
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PCOM and Anterior Choroid A
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What are the principle cells to the Olfactory bulb?
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Mitral Cells
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The Enteric Division uses what excitatory NT?
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Ach and Substance P
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What is the responsiblity of the Enteric Division?
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regulate GI motility and secretion
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What in the Enteric Div. controls GI motility?
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Myenteric (Auerbachs)
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What in the ENt. Div.controls water and ion movement?
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Submucosal (Meissners)
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Paraplegic patients have what problems with their Urinary Bladder?
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Incomplete bladder emptying, chronic UTIs and will need an indwelling catheter
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What detects changes in our BP?
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Baroreceptors
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What detects changes in our blood gases and pH?
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Chemoreceptors
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What detects noxious chemicals in circulation?
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Cardiopulmonary Sensory
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What are some causes of Orthostatic Hypotension?
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Diabetes
Syphilis Sympatholytic Drugs Autonomic Insuff. |
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What is the relay nucleus for activated Baroreflex and Cardiopulmonary Reflexes?
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CVLM (Caudal Ventrolateral Medullary DEPRESSOR Area)
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Activated Baroreflex and Cardiopulmonary Reflex release GABAergic neurons and thus inhibit _________.
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RVLM
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What provides a tonic excitatory input to IML?
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RVLM
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What is responsible for maintanence of sympathetic tone?
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RVLM
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what in the medulla oblongata receives inputs from Pulmonary Stretch Receptors?
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DRG- Dorsal Respiratory Group, it is responsible for rhythmic pattern of breathing
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What in the Pontine Tegmentum is essential for maintaining Normal breathing pattern?
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Pneumotaxic Center
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What activates the RVLM? What inhibits the RVLM?
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Carotide Chemoreflex activates it to increase blood pressure and Baroreceptor and Cardiopulmonary Reflex inhibits it.
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Artery involved with Wallenberg's?
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PICA
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What are 2 ways to cause unconsciousness?
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1. Bihemipheric Injury
2. Damage to Brainstem |
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Where does the Tentorium Cerebelli attach?
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-dorsally to the falx cerebri in midline
-posteriorly to the ridges of the occipital bone -rostral edge is free and forms boundary to tentorial notch |
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What forms a tent like roof over the posterior cranial fossa?
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Tentorium Cerebelli
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What is a vertically oriented triangular projection into the posterior fossa?
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Falx Cerebelli
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What "partially" seperates the cerebellar hemispheres in the posterior fossa?
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Falx Cerebelli
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What keeps the brain suspended within the meninges?
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Arachnoid trabeculae
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Small tufts of arachnoid villi project into the Superior sagittal sinus and other dural sinuses. What is this called?
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Arachnoid Villi
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What are LARGE aggregations of Arachnoid Villi?
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Arachnoid Granulations
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What is the cistern that surrounds the great cerebral vein dorsal to the midbrain colliculi?
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Quadrigeminal
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What is the cistern found along the lateral sulcus (Sylvius Fissure)
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Cistern of Lateral Cerebral Fossa
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What is the normal pressure in the Subarachnoid Space?
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greater than 200mm H20
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What is the normal pressure in the Dural Venous Sinuses?
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80 mm H20
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Spinal Epidural Space is an ACTUAL space where _____________ is located.
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Venous Plexuses. it is here that Epidurals are injected.
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_____________% of CSF is produced by Choroid Plexus. Rest is produced by brain parenchyma, crosses the ependyma and enters the vesicle.
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70%
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How much CSF is produced a day?
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500 ml/day
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What is the TOTAL volume of CSF?
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90-140 ml (23ml of it is in the ventricles and rest in the subarachnoid space)
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Where is the Choroid Plexus located in the Lateral Ventricle?
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in medial wall that extends from tip of inferior horn to interventricular foramina
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What are the 3 layers of the Choroid Plexus?
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1.Endothelial Layer
2. Pial Membrane 3. Layer of Choroidal EPIthelial cells (contain mitochondria and have microvilli on surface) |
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What are the 4 functions of CSF?
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1. Bouyancy
2. Cushioning 3. Removal of metabolites 4. Stable Ionic Environment |
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What is the major compensatory mechanism within the Intracranial vault to prevent prob. from an increase in contents?
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CSF volume b/c only 10% is in vault. 90% of it is in the subarachnoid space.
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Hydrocephalus is often assoc. with what 2 causes?
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1. Dilatation of ventricular system (almost always the cause!!!)
2. Increased ICP |
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What is the INCIDENCE of pediatric hydrocephalus as an isolated congenital disorder?
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1/1000 liv births!!!!
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What is another condition that is often assoc. with Ped.Hydrocephalus?
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Spina Bfida
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Where are 5 common obstruction sites of CSF causing Hydrocephalus?
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1. Foramen of Munro
2. III ventricle 3. Aqueduct of Sylvius 4. Basilar Obstruction 5. Absorptive Obstruction at arachnoid granulation drainage |
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Non-communicating refers to lesions that _____________.
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obstruct the ventricular system at either the Aqueduct of Sylvius or Basal Foramina (Lushka/Magendie)
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What are Communicating hydrocephalus?
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lesions that obstruct at the level of teh subarachnoid space and arachnoid villi
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What are some symptoms of increased ICP? give 3.
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HA, papilledema, concentric visual loss
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What is a vascular membrane that projects into the ventral fissure of the spinal cord?
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Pia of the SC
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What anchors the spinal cord to Arachnoid and inner surface of dura?
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Dentate Lig
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What consists of a plexus of BV that are embedded in CT and are covered externally with mesothelial cells?
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Pia Mater of Brain
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When small BV penetrate the brain, they take some pia with them, forming what?
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Perivascular Space that is continuous with Subarachnoid Space
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