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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Forebrain (prosencephalon) |
Telencephalon: cerebrum, hippocampus, basal ganglia, amygdala Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, epithalamus |
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Midbrain (mesebcephalon) |
Tectum: superior and inferior colliculi Tegmentum: cerebral aqueduct, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation, substantial nigra, red nucleus |
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Hindbrain (rhombencephalon) |
Metencephalon: cerebellum, pons Myelencephalon: medulla oblongota |
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Brainstem |
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
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Sympathetic nervous system |
Fight or flight Norepinephrine neurotransmitter |
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Parasympathetic nervous system |
Rest and digest AcH transmitter |
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Limbic system |
Corpus callosum, olfactory tract, mammillary bodies, fornix, thalamus nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, Cingulate gyrus, hypothalamic nuclei Control and expression of mood and emotion, recent memory, smell, appetite |
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Frontal lobe |
Voluntary movements Broca’s area Personality Reasoning Behavior Executive functions |
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Parietal lobe |
Sensation, vibration, temp Receives info from other areas Interpret language Spatial and visual perception |
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Temporal lobe |
Primary auditory processing and olfaction Wernickes area Interpret emotions |
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Occipital lobe |
Main processing center for visual info Processes visual info Judgment of distance |
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Hippocampus |
Forming and storing new memories Declarative memory Learning language Sends memory for long term storage |
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Basal ganglia |
Gray matter deep within white matter of cerebrum Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei Voluntary movement,autonomic movement, posture, muscle tone |
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Anygdala |
Emotional and social processing Fear and pleasure responses Arousal Processing of memory |
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Thalamus |
Processes info that goes to cerebral cortex Coordinates sensory perception and movement Relays info appropriately to other areas of cortex |
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Hypothalamus |
Receives and integrates info from ANS and regulates hormones Controls hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, sleeping Regulates temp, adrenal glands, pituitary gland |
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Subthalamus |
Regulates movements produced by muscles Associated with basal ganglia and sunstantia nigra |
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Epithalamus |
Represented by pineal gland Secretes melatonin and involved in circadian rhythms Associated with limbic system and basal ganglia |
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Cerebellum |
Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular Damage to one side produces ipsilateral impairments to body Lessons produce ataxia, nystagmus, tremor, poor coordination |
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Pons |
Regulation of respiratory rate Associated with orientation of head in relation to visual and auditory stimuli CN5-8 originate here |
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Medulla oblongata |
Autonomic nervous activity and regulation of respiration and heart rate Relays somatic sensory info from internal organs Arousal and sleep CN 9-12 originate here |
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Brainstem |
Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata Relay station sending messages between various parts of body and cerebral cortex |
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Anterior cerebral artery and stroke |
Anterior frontal lobe Medial surface of frontal and parietal Contralateral LE motor and sensory involvement Neglect, aphasia, behavior |
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Middle cerebral artery and stroke |
Flat affect Wernickes or brocas Homonymous hemianopsia Apraxia UE > LE |
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Posterior cerebral artery and atroke |
Contralateral pain and temp sensory loss Contralateral hemiplegia Ataxia |
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Vertebral basilar artery and atroke |
Pons, midbrain, cerebellum, medulla, midbrain Consciousness, hemi or tetra, lot of bad stuff |
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Meninges - dura mater |
Outermost layer, four folds, lines periosteum of skull, subdural space separates this and arachnoid |
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Meninges - dura mater |
Outermost layer, four folds, lines periosteum of skull, subdural space separates this and arachnoid |
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Meninges - arachnoid |
Middle layer, impermeable, subarachnoid space separates this and pia |
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Meninges - pia mater |
Innermost layer, covers contours of brain, forms choroid plexus in ventricular system |
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Meningitis |
Fever, headache, stiff neck, lumbar pain, budzinskis sign, kernigs sign Lumbar puncture gold standard |
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Epidural space |
Area between skull and outermost layer |
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Subdural space |
Dura and arachnoid space |
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Subarachnoid space |
Between arachnoid and pia mater, contains CSF and circulatory system of cerebral cortex |
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Blood brain barrier |
Meninges, glial cells, capillary beds of brain Exchange of nutrients between CND and vascular system Protects CNS by restricting certain molecules to pass |
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Fasciciulus cuneatus |
Sensory- trunk, neck, UE Proprioception, vibration, 2 point |
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Fasciculus gracilis |
Sensory- trunk, LE Proprioception, vibration, 2 point |
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Fasciculus gracilis |
Sensory- trunk, LE Proprioception, vibration, 2 point |
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Spinocerebellar tract dorsal |
Ipsilateral subconscious proprioception, tension, joint sense, posture of trunk and LE |
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Fasciculus gracilis |
Sensory- trunk, LE Proprioception, vibration, 2 point |
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Spinocerebellar tract dorsal |
Ipsilateral subconscious proprioception, tension, joint sense, posture of trunk and LE |
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Spinocerebellar tract ventral |
Some fibers cross and recross at level of pons, ipsilateral subconscious proprioception, tension, joint sense, posture of trunk, UE and LE |
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Spino olivary tract |
Ascend to cerebellum Relays info from cutaneous and proprioceptive organs |
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Spino reticular tract |
Afferent pathway for reticular info to influence consciousness |
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Spino tectal tract |
Spinovisual reflexes and assists with movement of eyes and head toward stimulus |
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Anterior spinothalamic tract |
Light touch and pressure |
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Lateral spino thalamic tract |
Pain and temp |
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Anterior corticospinal tract |
Pyramidal motor for ipsilateral voluntary, discrete, and skilled movements Positive babinskis |
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Lateral corticospinal tract |
Pyramidal motor contralateral voluntary fine movement Positive babinskis |
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Reticulospinal tract |
Extrapyramidal motor for facilitation and inhibition of voluntary and reflex activity through alpha and gamma motor neurons |
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Brachial plexus |
Back (Definition) |
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Rubrospinal tract |
Extrapyramidal motor input of gross postural tone, facilitating activity of flexors and inhibiting of extensors |
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Tectospinal tract |
Extrapyramidal motor for contralateral postural muscle tone associated with auditory/visual stimuli |
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PNS terminology |
Back (Definition) |
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PNS terminology |
Back (Definition) |
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PNS Alpha fibers |
Muscle spindle, GTO, tocuh |
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PNS beta fibers |
Touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle |
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PNS gamma fibers |
Touch, pressure, gamma motor neurons |
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Cranial nerves |
Back (Definition) |
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Brachial plexus |
Back (Definition) |
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LE innervation |
Back (Definition) |
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DTRs |
Biceps - C5-6 Brachioradialis - C5-6 Triceps - C6-7 Patellar - L3-4 Achilles - S1-2 Hamstring -L4-5 |
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UMN vs LMN |
Back (Definition) |
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Modified ashworth scale |
Assesses spasticity |
0 - no increase 1 - slight muscle tone increase, catch and release 1+ - slight increase, catch followed by minimal resistance 2 - more increase but still easily move through ROM 3 - considerable increase, PROM difficult 4 - rigid in flexion or extension |
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Classification of acute nerve injuries |
Neurapraxia - mild Aconotmesis - mod severe Neurotmesis - most severe |
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Vestibuloocular reflex |
Head/eye movement coordination Supports gaze stabilization |
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Vestibuloocular reflex |
Head/eye movement coordination Supports gaze stabilization |
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Vestibulospinal reflex |
Stabilize body and control movement Assists with stability while head is moving and coordination of trunk |
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Postural strategies |
Ankle - first to elicit with small perturbation Hip - greater force to elicit Stepping - big perturbation |
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BPPV |
Vertigo with changes in head position Most often posterior semicircular canal Usually otoconia loosens and goes into canal Dix-hallpike used to assess and treat |
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Spontaneous nystagmus |
Imbalance of vestibular signals Fast and slow phase Acute vestibular lesion |
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Peripheral nystagmus |
Peripheral vestibular lesion Inhibited with gaze fixation |
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Central nystagmus |
Central lesion Not inhibited by visual fixation |
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Positional nystagmus |
Induced by change in head position Semicircular canals stimulate nystagmus |
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Gaze-evoked nystagmus |
When eyes shift from primary position to alternate position Caused by inability to maintain stable gaze position Indicative of CNS pathology |
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Central vs peripheral nystagmus |
Back (Definition) |
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Fluent aphasia |
Temporal, wernickes, or parietal Word output is fine Jibberish |
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Fluent aphasia |
Temporal, wernickes, or parietal Word output is fine Jibberish |
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Non fluent aphasia |
Frontal lobe of dominant hemisphere usually Poor word output Content is present |
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Wernickes aphasia |
Posterior region of superior temporal gyrus “Receptive aphasia” Comprehension impaired |
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Conduction aphasia |
Actuate fasciculus Comprehension fine Impairment with repetition Word finding difficulties |
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Brocas aphasia |
“Expressive” aphasia Comprehension is good Word output is bad |
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Global aphasia |
Frontal, temporal, parietal Comprehension is bad Impaired writing, naming Involuntarily verbalize |
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Dysarthria |
Motor disorder of speech UMN lesion |
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Alzheimer’s disease |
Progressive neurodegenerative Irreversible damage within cortex and subcritical areas Less AcH Amyloid plaques develop and neurofibrillary tangles |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
Chronic degenerative disease UMN and LMN impairments Loss of anterior horn cells in spinal cord Loss of motor cranial nerve nuclei Weakness and muscle atrophy |
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Guillain barre syndrome |
Acute polyneuropathy Inflammation and demyelination of peripheral myelin sheaths |
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Multiple sclerosis |
Demyelination of myelin sheaths surrounding nerves in brain and spinal cord |
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Myasthenia gravis |
Autoimmune disease Neuromuscular junction pathology Block and destroy AcH receptors for muscle contraction |
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Parkinson’s disease |
Primary degenerative disorder Decreased dopamine production in substantia nigra of basal ganglia |
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Transient ischemic attack |
Atherosclerotic thrombosis causing temporary blockage to brain Usually resolve in 24-48 hours Carotid and vertebrobasilar artery most common |
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Ischemic stroke |
Loss of perfusion to part of brain |
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Hemorrhagic stroke |
Abnormal bleeding in brain from rupture of blood supply |
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Motor learning cognitive atage |
Initial stage Concentration on conscious processing of info |
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Motor learning associative stage |
More independent to distinguish correct vs incorrect Linking feedback to performance Avoid excessive external feedback |
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Motor learning autonomous stage |
Final stage of learning Improving efficiency of activity Automatic |
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Motor learning - non associative |
Single repeated stimulus |
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Motor learning - associative |
Understanding relationship between two stimuli Classical and operant conditioning |
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Motor learning - procedural |
Learning tasks performed without attention or concentration |
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Motor learning - procedural |
Learning tasks performed without attention or concentration |
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Motor learning - declarative |
Requires attention, awareness, reflection, to obtain knowledge |
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Open vs closed loop |
Closed - constant feedback and adjustment Open - single transfer of info with no feedback |
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Brunnstrom stages |
1 - no volitional movement 2 - basic limb synergy, beginning of spasticity 3 - synergies performed voluntarily, spasticity increases 4 - spasticity decreases, movement patterns not dictated solely by limb synergies 5 - more decrease, independence from limb synergies 6 - isolated joint movements performed with coordination 7 - normal |
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ASIA scale |
Back (Definition) |
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SCI anterior cord |
Incomplete lesion Loss of motor function and pain and temp below lesion |
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SCI Brown sequard |
Incomplete, hemisection lesion Paralysis and vibration and position sense loss on same side Loss of pain and temp on opposite side |
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Cauda equina stndrome |
Injury below L1 spinal level Duh |
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Cauda equina stndrome |
Injury below L1 spinal level Duh |
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Central cord syndrome |
UE > LE Motor affected more than sensory |
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Posterior cord syndrome |
Loss of proprioception, two point, and stereognosis Motor function preserved |
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Neurogenic bladder |
Flaccid bladder with cauda equina or conus medullaris lesion Reflexive bladder for injury above T12 |
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Neurogenic bladder |
Flaccid bladder with cauda equina or conus medullaris lesion Reflexive bladder for injury above T12 |
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TBI primary injury |
Initial injury from impact Coup- direct lesion at point of impact Contrecoup- opposite side of impact |
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TBI secondary injury |
Damage as a response to initial injury Epidural vs subdural hematoma |
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Epidural vs subdural hematoma |
Epidural - hemorrhage between skull and dura Subdural- hemorrhage due to venous rupture between dura and arachnoid |
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Ranchos los amigos |
1- no response 2- generalized response 3- localized response 4- confused agitated 5- confused inappropriate 6- confused appropriate 7- automatic appropriate 8- purposeful appropriate |
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Glasgow coma scale |
Back (Definition) |
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Duchennes muscular dystrophy |
Progressive neuromuscular degenerative disorder Fat and connective tissue replace muscle |
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Erbs palsy |
Upper brachial plexus injury C5-6 Affects rotator cuff, deltoid, brachialis, coraco, bicep |
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Erbs palsy |
Upper brachial plexus injury C5-6 Affects rotator cuff, deltoid, brachialis, coraco, bicep |
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Klumpkes palsy |
Lower brachial plexus injury C7-T1 Flexion and supination of elbow Claw hand posture |
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