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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fragile X Syndrome
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a socially defective disease
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Downs Syndrome
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a socially defective disease
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Austism
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a socially defective disease
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frontal lobe
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governs personailty, associations
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amygdala
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involved in reward, emotions
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occipital lobe
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governs sight
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hippocampus
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governs memory
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal
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discovered neurons
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Golgi
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discovered the silver stain method
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Differences between animal brains
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1.size is usually proportional to size of animal
2. we have large brains for our size 3. we have large neocortexes for our size |
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how many neurons in the brain?
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10 ^11
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how many synapses?
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10 ^ 15
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fMRI
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first level- measures blood activity
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ISI
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second level- looks at maps in the brain
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high res optical
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third, closest level
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Differences between the brain and technology
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1. Brains don't always tell the truth
2. Brains make lots of errors 3. made of unreliable components (cytoplasm is not good at conducting electricity) 4. survival machines 5. extremely efficient 6. Doesn't use metals, uses salts, proteins and fats. 7. signals are slow compared to computers |
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Use of the 15 watts
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mostly for action potentials
rest goes towards: packaging, rerouting, building things, and generating other electrical signals |
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Glial Cells
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cells that are also in the brain, function not completely known, but they are known to possibly help in the formation of new neurons
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Chemical synapses
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1. unidirectional
2. can signal other things to happen in the body besides a spike 3. can be inhibitory 4. does not lose signal potency |
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electrical synapses
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1. very fast
2. have gain 3. Bidirectional |
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Na+
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high concentration outside of cell, rushes into cell during spikes, causes positive feedback. leaks in to maintain -70 mV
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K+
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high concentration inside of cell rushes out during spike after na comes in
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Grey matter
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neuronal cell bodies
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white matter
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axons
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corpus collosum
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links hemispheres of the brain together
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4-AP
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stops leak of K+ by activating metabotropic receptors, which stops voltage loss during a spike, thus reducing the need for the myelin sheath. This is helpful for MS patients
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Ionotropic receptors
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also ion channels. Open up when activated by neurotransmitter
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metabotropic receptors
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do not open up, but activate second messengers to do a variety of other things, such as opening or closing ionotropic receptors
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Agonists
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molecules that attach to receptors and activate them
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antagonists
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molecules that attach to receptors but do not activate them
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Caffeine
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works by blocking adenosine receptors
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Nicotine
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works by blocking adenosine receptors
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Adenosine
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attaches to receptors and slows neuronal activity
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THC
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attaches to cannibanoid receptors
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Glutamate
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excitatory, most common NT
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GABA
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inhibitory, second most common NT
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Cocaine
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affects Dopamine reuptake
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Cannibanoid receptor
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in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and the hippocampus
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Amphetamines
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affects dopamine reuptake
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Dopamine
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affects reward, addiction, development and without it parkinsons can develop
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Biogenic Amine
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used in all animals- includes dopamine, adrenaline, and histamine
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CAGE test
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tests for addiction
C- cut down A- annoys peers G- guilt E- first thing reached for? |
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Dorsal Root ganglion
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converts touch to electrical signal
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Free nerve endings
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senses temperature
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ensheathed nerve endings
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senses pressure, movement etc.
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pacinian corpuscle
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ensheathed
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messner's corpuscle
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ensheathed
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ganglial cell
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converts sound vibration to spike
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Rods
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light intensity
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Cones
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color - three kinds
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Rhodopsin
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chemical secreted by rods to control amount of second messenger
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Melanopsin
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chemical secreted by cones to control amount of second messenger
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thalamus
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vision signal gets sent to this- this process info and sends it to other areas of brain
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Superior Colliculus
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vision center in brain stem
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Pretectum
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Controls pupil contraction
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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controls sense of time, day, night, biorhythms
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V4
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color center in brain
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MT
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motion, depth, position center in brain
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fovea
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detail, has lots of cones
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chiasm
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part of brain where optical nerves cross
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striatum
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reward neurons here- controls attention
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orbitofrontal cortex
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reward neurons here
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Basal Ganglia
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involved in updating importance of stimuli and inhibiting actions that cause switches in attention
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What does attention involve?
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working memory, conscious control of attention (top down), competitive selection of inputs, bottom up filtering
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why is ADHD real?
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1. specific genes
2. Specific treatments 3. specific brain activity associated with ADHD |
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ventral tegmental area
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area with dopamine pleasure receptors
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substantia negra
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area with dopamine pleasure receptors
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Nucleus solitaries
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involved in taste
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insula
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associates positive/negative feelings with senses such as pain and taste
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somatosensory cortex
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where is the pain?
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anterior cingulate cortex
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involved in pain consciousness
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aspirin, tylenol, ibuprofen
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blocks the formation of pain second messengers
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prostyglandins
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pain second messengers
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opiates
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attach to opiate receptors
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endorphins
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body's natural opiates
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naloxone
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blocks opiate receptors
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periacqueductal grey
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place in spinal cord that has opiate receptors
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periventricular great
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another place in spinal cord that has opiate receptors
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referred pain
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caused by pain same pathways as other parts of your brain- these pathways converge in the spinal cord
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proprioception
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sense of where you are, movement, sense of body in space
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