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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sensory Ganglia
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The dorsal/spinal root ganglia
Contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves |
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Sympathetic Ganglia
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The Paravertebral/Sympathetic Chain-Trunk Ganglia
1.Cervical Ganglia 2. Thoracic Ganglia 3. Lumbar Ganglia 4. Sacral Ganglia & Pre-Vertebral ganglia - lies between sympathetic chain and organ of supply (Supplies abdomen and pelvic viscera) 1. Celiac 2. Superior Mesenteric 3. Inferior Mesenteric |
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Parasympathetic Ganglia
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They lie near or within the organs they innervate
Except for: The Ciliary, Pterygopalatine, Submandibular, Otic ganglia |
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Glial cells
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Supporting cells of neurons in the CNS
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Schwann Cells
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Supporting cells of neurons in the PNS
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What is the embryonic tissue source for neurons?
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Neuroectoderm
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Where is the only place that the nerve cell is not surrounded by supporting cells?
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The synapse
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Neural tube gives rise to what?
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Produces structures of CNS like:
the brain (rhombencephalon, mesencephalon, prosencephlon) and spinal cord Also the retina and posterior pituitary |
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Neural crest gives rise to what?
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Produces structures of PNS like:
Spinal sensory ganglia and neurons (dorsal root ganglion), sensory ganglia of cranial nerves (trigeminal ganglion), autonomic ganglia (paravertebral & prevertebral ganglia), Schwann/neurolemma supporting cells, adrenal medulla, muscles, cartilage, ligaments and skeletal components of branchiometric origin, pigment cells of skin, spiral septum of heart |
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Peduncles
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Pairs of white matter in CNS
Connects Cerebrum to Brainstem 3 Cerebral Peduncles on each side: Superior, Middle, Inferior Also Cerebellar Peduncle attaching cerebellum to brainstem |
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Paravertebral Ganglia
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AKA: Sympathetic Chain/Trunk Ganglia
1.Cervical Ganglia 2. Thoracic Ganglia 3. Lumbar Ganglia 4. Sacral Ganglia |
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Pre-Vertebral Ganglia
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Type of Sympathetic ganglia
Lies between sympathetic chain and organ of supply (Supplies abdomen and pelvic viscera) 1. Celiac 2. Superior Mesenteric 3. Inferior Mesenteric |
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Ectoderm
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Embryonic tissue that borders on the amnion
Subdivides in neuroectoderm to develop the nervous system Develops into outer body, skin, epidermis of skin, etc |
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Endoderm
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Embryonic tissue that borders on the yolk sac
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Mesoderm
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Embryonic tissue that arises from the Primitive Steak
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Primitive Streak
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Cells that are adding in between the ectoderm and endoderm
Gives rise to Mesoderm |
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Neural groove
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Develops when the neural plate starts to invaginate
It is bordered by 2 neural folds Found in central part of ectoderm tissue Later develops into neural tube and portions of neural crest separate from it |
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Neural crest
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Developed from lateral portions of the ectoderm coming together at the midline and separating from the Neural Groove that is closing to form the Neural Tube
It separates from the ectoderm This develops into the PNS |
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What neural pore closes first?
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The rostral neural pore closes first at day 24
Caudal neural pore closes at day 26 |
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Where does the neural tube begin to close first?
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The tube closes from the middle outwards creating 2 pores, a rostral and a caudal
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Somites
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Thickening of mesodermal tissue bilaterally positioned alongside the neural tube
Each somite has a spinal nerve going into it Each somite later becomes a dermatome, myotome, or sclerotome |
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Why is the posterior part of the neural tube smaller than the anterior part?
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Because the head grows first and faster than the posterior portion
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Prosencephalon
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Develops in forebrain
Divides into: Telencephalon (Cerebrum and 2 lateral ventricles) Diencephalon (Thalamus and 3rd Ventricle) |
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Telencephalon
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From Prosencephalon
Develops into: Cerebrum Lateral ventricles Also develops the TISSUE of the eye |
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Diencephalon
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From Prosencephalon
Develops into: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus Pineal gland 3rd ventricles Also forms optic cup to make retina of the eye |
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Mesencephalon
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Forms the Midbrain and Central Aqueduct
Undergoes the least amount of change |
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Rhombencephalon
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Forms the hindbrain
Divides into: Metencephalon (Pons, Cerebellum and 4th ventricle) Myelencephalon (Medulla and 4th Ventricle) |
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Metencephalon
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Derived from Rhombencephalon
Develops into Pons and Cerebellum Also develops part of 4th ventricle |
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Myelencephalon
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Develops from Rhombencephlon
Becomes Medulla Also forms portion of 4th Ventricle |
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Interventricular Foramen
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AKA Foramen of Monroe
Connects lateral ventricles of the cerebrum to the 3rd ventricle in the diencephalon |
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What structures form the walls of the 3rd ventricle?
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Thalamus and Hypothalamus
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What structures form the walls of the 4th ventricle?
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Pons and Medulla
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Central Canal
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Below medulla
Continuous down into spinal cord |
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Lamina Terminalis
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Where the central anterior portion of the Telencephalon thins out
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Cephalic flexure
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Where the neural tube bends in between the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon
Basically occurs at mesencephalon Causes the axis of the brain to become almost perpendicular to the axis of the spinal cord (dorsal becomes superior surface and ventral becomes inferior surface of the brain) |
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Cervical flexure
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Where the neural tube bends in between the rhombencephalon and the spinal cord
Basically at the start of the spinal cord |
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Pontine flexure
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Where the neural tube bends in between the metencephalon and the myelencephlon
Therefore, what was once dorsal becomes lateral |
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Ependyma
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Adult - Epithelial lining around ventricles in CNS Involved in the production of CSF Embryo - Develops and produces nerve cells, glial cells and supporting cells |
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Sulcus Limitans
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A division located between the dorsal and ventral walls of the neural tube
Acts as a dividing line between sensory and motor functions |
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Alar plate
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Tissue of the dorsal portion of the neural tube that has afferent sensory neurons
Houses cell bodies of interneurons (not sensory neurons which are in dorsal root ganglia) Cells process sensory information |
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Interneurons
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Neurons that are completely within the CNS
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Basal Plate
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Tissue of the ventral portion of the neural tube that has efferent motor fibers
Houses cell bodies of motor neurons Cells process motor information |
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Which way will dorsal sensory migrate in the brain?
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It migrates laterally
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Which way will ventral motor migrate in the brain?
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It migrates medially
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Where is the gray matter in the brain?
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Found in the periphery
Cell bodies are in the periphery That means white matter is found centrally in the brain |
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Where is the gray matter in the spinal cord?
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Found in the central
Cell bodies are found in the center That means that white matter is found peripherally in the spinal cord |
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Gray matter Nuclei
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Subdivisions of gray matter in the spinal cord containing cell bodies that a have a common sensory/motor function
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Sensory Nuclei
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Type of Gray Matter Nuclei
Located Dorsal to the Sulcus Limitans Subdivisions: General Visceral Afferent (GVA) General Somatic Afferent (GSA) |
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General Visceral Afferent
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Sensory Nuclei located dorsal to the Sulcus Limitans
Brings sensory info from organs that we're not aware of until they become excessive GVA fibers can be found in glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve |
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General Somatic Afferent
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Fibers that bring info from the body wall including touch, pain, pressure, temperature and goes to the Cerebral Cortex making us aware of them
Also receive proprioception information about body position and muscle stretch and sends to cerebellum |
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What is the most dorsal gray matter nuclei?
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GSA
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What is the most ventral gray matter nuclei?
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GSE
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Motor Nuclei
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Type of Gray Matter Nuclei
Located ventral to the Sulcus Limitans Subdivisions: General Somatic Efferent General Visceral Efferent |
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General Somatic Efferent
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Motor nuclei found ventral to the Sulcus Limitans
Carries info for voluntary movements of skeletal muscles The most ventral nuclei in the spinal cord |
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General Visceral Efferent
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Motor nuclei found ventral to the Sulcus Limitans
Carries info for involuntary movement of smooth muscles They carry preganglionic sympathetics from T1-L2 and Parasympathetics located at sacral portion of spinal cord |
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How many gray matter nuclei are in the spinal cord
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4
GSA GVA GSE GVE |
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White Matter Funiculus
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Subdivisions of white matter in the spinal cord containing similar axons
Share the same axonal diameter and myelination Convey similar info along the same ascending/descending tracts to common areas |
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What type of neurons are multipolar?
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Motor neurons, interneurons, neurosecretory neurons
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What type of neurons are bipolar?
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Neurons associated with special senses such as seeing, hearing, balance, taste, and smell
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What type of neurons are pseudounipolar?
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Non special sensory neurons involved in general sense of touch
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Why type of neurons are unipolar?
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Only found in embryos that are still developing it's neurons
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What are some structural types of neurons?
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Multipolar
Bipolar Pseudopolar Unipolar |
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What are some functional types of neurons?
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Somatic motor neurons
Visceral motor neurons Special sensory neurons Non-special sensory neurons Interneurons Neurosecretory neurons |
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Somatic Motor Neurons
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Multipolar neurons involved in carrying voluntary movement info to skeletal muscles
Uses acetylcholine as neurotransmitter |
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Visceral Motor Neurons
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Multipolar neurons involved in involuntary movement of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Neurotransmitter used is epinephrine, norepinephrine or serotonin |
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Special Sensory Neurons
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Bipolar neurons involved in converting mechanical, light, chemical stimuli into electrical energy
AKA Transducers |
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Non-Special Sensory Neurons
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Pseudounipolar neurons
Exteroreceptors - involved in body surface's general sense of touch Enteroreceptors - involved in viscera's general sense of satiety, pain, etc Proprioreceptors - involved in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints. AKA stretch receptors |
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Transducer
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Special sensory neurons
Convert mechanical/light/chemical energy into electrical energy |
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Exteroreceptors
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Non-special sensory neurons
Involved in the body surface's general sense of touch |
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Enteroreceptors
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Non-special sensory neurons
Involved in the viscera's general senses of satiety, pain, etc |
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Proprioreceptors
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Non-special sensory neurons
Involved in the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints AKA stretch receptors Prevents joint hyperextension Provides info on body's orientation in space |
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Interneurons
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Multipolar neurons involved in the brain's coordination and amplification of impulses for control of movements
Part of reflex arc : Sensory neuron --> Interneuron --> Motor neuron |
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Neurosecretory Neurons
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Multipolar neurons that function as glandular cells that secrete hormones
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What peduncle connects the midbrain to the cerebellum?
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Superior cerebellar peduncle
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What peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum?
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Middle cerebellar peduncle
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What peduncle connects the Medulla to the cerebellum?
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Inferior cerebellar peduncle
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Where in the brain does CN I attach?
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Cerebrum/telencephalon
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Where int he brain does CN II attach?
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Thalamus/diencephalon
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Which CN don't have nuclei in the brainstem?
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CN I and CN II
CN I attaches to cerebrum/telencephalon CN II attaches to thalamus/diencephalon |
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Where in the brain does CN III attach?
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Midbrain along with CN IV
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Where in the brain does CN IV attach?
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Midbrain along with CN III
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Where in the brain does CN V attach?
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Pons along with CN VI, VII, VIII
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Where in the brain does CN VI attach?
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Pons along with CN V, VII, VIII
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Where in the brain does CN VII attach?
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Pons along with CN V, VI, VIII
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Where in the brain does CN VIII attach?
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Pons along with CN V, VI, VII
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Where in the brain does CN IX attach?
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Medulla along with CN X, XI, XII
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Where in the brain does CN X attach?
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Medulla along with CN IX, XI, XII
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Where in the brain does CN XI attach?
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Medulla along with CN IX, X, XII
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Where in the brain does CN XII attach?
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Medulla along with CN IX, X, XI
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What does the Superior Cerebellar Peduncle connect?
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Connects the Midbrain to the Cerebellum caudally
Also connects midbrain to Internal Capsule of the Thalamus rostrally |
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Where is the Red Nucleus located?
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Tegmentum (floor) of the Midbrain (rostral)
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Where is the Substantia Nigra located?
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Tegmentum (floor) of the Midbrain (caudal)
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Where is the Superior Colliculi located?
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Tectum (roof) of the Midbrain
Involved in vision |
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Where is the Inferior Colliculi located?
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Tectum (roof) of the Midbrain
Involved in auditory |
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Tegmentum
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The floor of the Midbrain
Contains red nucleus rostrally Contains substantia nigra caudally |
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Tectym
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The roof of the Midbrain
Contains the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi |
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What does the Middle Cerebellar Peduncle connect?
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Connects pons to cerebellum
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What does the Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle connect?
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Connects medulla to cerebellum
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Central portions of the cerebellum control what?
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Posture and balance
Deficits cause postural instability |
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Deficits in the central portion of the cerebellum lead to what?
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Postural instability
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Lateral portions of the cerebellum control what?
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Fine coordination and timing of motor commands
Deficits causes past-pointing & disdiadochokinesia |
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Deficits in the lateral portion of the cerebellum lead to what?
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Past pointing and disdiadochokinesia
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Disdiadochokinesia
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Inability to perform rapidly alternating movements, such as rhythmically tapping the fingers on the knee
Due to deficit in lateral portion of cerebellum on ipsilateral side |
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What are the lobes of the Cerebellum?
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Anterior, posterior, central vermis, and flocculonodular lobe
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What are the nuclei in the Cerebellum?
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Dentate Nucleus
Fastigial Nucleus Globose Nucleus Emboliform Nucleus |
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What information does the Thalamus relay?
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relays sensory info flowing to and from the ipsilateral cerebral cortex
Relays motor info flowing to and from basal nuclei and cerebellum |
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Interthalamic Adhesion
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AKA Masa Intermedia
Result of bilateral sides of thalamus growing together |
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Reticular Activating System
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Portion of the thalamus that turns on and off the alertness of the cerebral cortex
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Relay Nuclei
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Carries info from specific functional systems to their respective areas in the cerebral cortex
Includes: Sensory (VPL, VPM, Medial Geniculate, Lateral Geniculate) Motor (Ventral Lateral Nucleus, Ventral Anterior Nucleus) Limbic (Anterior Nucleus) |
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Ventral Posterior Lateral
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VPL
Relay Nuclei Sensory fibers from the spinal cord ascend to the post-central gyrus |
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Ventral Posterior Medial
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VPM
Relay Nuclei Sensory fibers from the cranial nerves ascend to the post-central gyrus |
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Medial Geniculate Nucleus
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Relay Nuclei
Sensory fibers project to the auditory pathway |
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
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Relay Nuclei
Sensory fibers project to the visual pathway |
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Ventral Lateral Nucleus
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Relay Nuclei & Feedback/Reverberating Nuclei
Motor fibers descend from the pre-motor cortex and the pre-central gyrus |
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Ventral Anterior Nucleus
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Relay Nuclei & Feedback/Reverberating Nuclei
Motor fibers descend from the frontal cortex |
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Anterior Nucleus
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Relay Nuclei
Limbic association fibers ascend to the cingulated gyrus Also receives input from the limbic system's mammillothalamic tract for memory & emotion |
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Feedback/Reverberating Nuclei
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Receive motor control circuits from the basal nuclei, cerebellum, and limbic system
Includes Ventral Lateral Nucleus Ventral Anterior Nucleus |
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What does the Hypothalamus play a role in?
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Body temp
fluid balance neuroendocrine function, autonomic function, emotions, sex drive |
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Infundibulum
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Part of hypothalamus where the pituitary gland attaches
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Mammalary Bodies
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Collection of nuclei in the hypothalamus
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Pineal Gland
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Secretes hormone Melatonin which has a role in modulating sleep rhythms
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What is included in the Limbic System?
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Hippocampus + Amygdala
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Corpus Collosum
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Integrates info between grey matter and R&L cerebral hemispheres
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Basal Nuclei
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Inner grey matter buried deep within the cerebrum
Includes the caudate, putamen, and globus palladus |
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Corpus Striatum
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Includes Caudate and Putamen
Part of Basal Nuclei |
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Lenticular Nuclei
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Includes Putamen and Globus Palladus
Part of Basal Nuclei |
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What lobes are the cerebral cortex divided into?
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Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and the Insula
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Insula
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Central lobe found deep within cortex and seen when pull apart the Lateral Sulcus
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Central Sulcus
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Divides the frontal and parietal lobes
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Lateral Sulcus
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Divides the frontal and temporal lobes
When pulled apart, reveals Central Lobe |
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Parieto-occipital Sulcus
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Divides the parietal and occipital lobes
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Pre-Occipital Notch
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Found on the lateral surfaces of the brain between occipital lobe and temporal
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Calcarine Fissure/Sulcus
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From from occipital lobe internally
Where the primary visual cortex is concentrated. |
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Pre-central Gyrus
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Primary motor cortex found in the Frontal Lobe
Initiates voluntary movement Contains cells of the descending motor pathways |
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Prefrontal cortex
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Involved in personality, insight and foresight
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Broca's Area
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Area in frontal cortex - located in frontal operculum & inferior frontal gyrus of Left Hemisphere
Involved in spoken and written language |
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What area in the brain is involved in spoken and written language?
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Broca's area
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Post-central Gyrus
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Primary somatosensory cortex found in the Parietal Lobe
Processes tactile and proprioceptive info |
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Wernicke's Area
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Area of Parietal Lobe - located in inferior parietal lobuule and some temporal lobe of Left Hemisphere
Involved in comprehension of language |
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What area of the brain is involved in comprehension of language
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Wenicke's Area
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What area of the brain is involved in spatial orientation and perception (stereognosis)
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Parietal Lobe
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Primary Auditory Cortex
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Found in the anterior portion of the Superior Temporal Gyrus
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What area of the brain is involved in learning and memory
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Temporal Lobe
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Where is the primary visual cortex found?
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Occipital lobe in the the Calcarine sulcus
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What role does the limbic system play?
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Learning and memory, drives and emotions
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Steiognosis
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Ability to hold something and know what it is
Function of Parietal lobe |
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Where is the Primary visual cortex
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Occipital lobe
But temporal lobe does higher order processing of visual information |
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What sensory information does NOT synapse in thalamic nuclei before reaching cortex
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Olfaction
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Where is CSF reabsorbed?
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In arachnoid granulation where it goes to superior sagittal sinus and then into the blood stream
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What is the blood supply to the lateral side of the brain?
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Middle Cerebral Artery
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What is the blood supply to the medial anterior portion of the brain?
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
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What is the blood supply to the medial posterior portion of the brain?
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
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What is the blood supply to the lateral side of the brain?
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Middle Cerebral Artery
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What symptoms are seen in patients with a missing Broca's Area?
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They grunt and mumble
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What is the blood supply to the medial anterior portion of the brain?
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
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What symptoms are seen in patients with a missing Wernicke's Area?
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They talk nonsense
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What is the blood supply to the medial posterior portion of the brain?
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
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What symptoms are seen in patients with a missing Broca's Area?
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They grunt and mumble
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What is the blood supply to the lateral side of the brain?
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Middle Cerebral Artery
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What symptoms are seen in patients with a missing Wernicke's Area?
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They talk nonsense
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What is the blood supply to the medial anterior portion of the brain?
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
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What is the blood supply to the medial posterior portion of the brain?
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
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What symptoms are seen in patients with a missing Broca's Area?
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They grunt and mumble
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What symptoms are seen in patients with a missing Wernicke's Area?
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They talk nonsense
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What is the blood supply to the lateral side of the brain?
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Middle Cerebral Artery
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What is the blood supply to the medial anterior portion of the brain?
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
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What is the blood supply to the medial posterior portion of the brain?
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
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What symptoms are seen in patients with a missing Broca's Area?
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They grunt and mumble
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What symptoms are seen in patients with a missing Wernicke's Area?
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They talk nonsense
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Do ears project sound ipsilaterally or contralaterally
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Contralaterally to opposite temporal lobe
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What is the dominant function of the left temporal lobe?
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It's better at processing language
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What is the dominant function of the right temporal lobe?
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It's better at processing sounds
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If I said a word in both ears, which ear processed it and which heard it better/
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Left temporal processed it
therefore Right ear heard it better |
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If I said a sound in both ears, which ear processed it and which heard it better?
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Right temporal processed it
therefore Left ear heard it better |
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What symptoms occur if you have a lesion on the Left Parietal Lobe?
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Lose the ability to process sequential data (math) and ability to distinguish and name objects
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What symptoms occur if you have a lesion on the Right Parietal Lobe?
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Lose the ability to process body orientation
They ignore their entire left side of their body |
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What symptoms occur if you damage your frontal lobe?
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Patient will not think about consequences of their action
Lose the ability to plan ahead, and ability to control temper |
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Nucleus Gracilis
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Located in medulla
Part of dorsal column-medial lemniscus system participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body (below T6) to the contralateral thalamus It is medial to Nucleus Cuneatus |
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Nucleus Cuneatus
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Located in medulla
Part of dorsal column-medial lemniscus system participate in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the upper body (above T6) to the contralateral thalamus except the face which is carried by principal sensory nucleus of trigeminal nerve It is lateral to Nucleus Gracilis |
