Neuro 1

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Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord via

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the posterior
(dorsal) root

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motor fibers exit through

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the anterior
(ventral) root.

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Cellular Components of CNS

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Glial, macroglia and microglia (macrophages) cells

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macroglia are

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astrocytes
oligodendrocytes

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In the PNS macroglia are

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satellite cells
schawnn cells

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Gray matter is
white matter is

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Cell body
myelin wrapped axons

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Most common synapse in CNS

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electrical. Consists of a presynaptic element, a synaptic cleft and a !
postsynaptic region of the innervated neuron.

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If the binding of neurotransmitters increases the voltage (depolarizes the membrane) then

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the synapse is excitatory

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If the binding of neurotransmitters decreases the voltage (hyperpolarizes the membrane then

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it is inhibitory

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Rare event in stimulus propagation

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excitatory voltage reaches the axon hillock and depolarizes the membrane enough to provoke
a new action potential.

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Typical event in stimulus propagation

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the excitatory potentials from several synapses must work together at nearly the same time to
provoke a new action potential

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Myelin, Nodes of Ranvier and Saltatory
conduction Composed of

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oligodendrocytes (CNS) or schwann cells (PNS).

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Oligodendrocytes wrap themselves around

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numerous axons at once

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single schwann cell makes up

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a single segment of an axon's myelin sheath

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This insulation (myelin) prevents

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signal decay and induces faster
signal speed.

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At the furthest end, the axon loses its insulation and begins
to

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branch into several axon terminals.
axon terminal buttons have voltage activated calcium channels

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Axons with a large diameter have

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thick myelin sheaths with longer internodal !
distances and therefore exhibit faster conduction velocity

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Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

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The persistent (long-lasting) increase in the communication between two neurons

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This long-lasting increase in synaptic strength occurs following

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high-frequency
stimulation of a chemical synapse

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The hippocampus: storage of explicit memory
Each of the following hippocampal pathways is remarkably sensitive to the history of
previous activity.
A brief high-frequency train of stimuli (a tetanus) to any of these synaptic pathways increases

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the amplitude of the excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the target hippocampal neurons

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In an axon organelles move.....by

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anterograde(towards synapse)
by Kinesin

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In an axon macromolecules move..by

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retrograde (towards cell body)
dynein

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CNS characteristics

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A nucleus: a cluster of functionally-related cell bodies
Arranged in layer: layer, lamina, stratum
Arranged in columns: columns
Tracts, fasciculi, lemnisci: bundles of axons

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PNS main characteristics

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Ganglia: collections of cell bodies
Roots, nerves or rami: bundles of axons
Projections: neurons with long axons
Interneurons: neurons that act locally with short axons
Afferent
A neuron that conducts signals from the periphery to the CNS
Efferent
A neuron that conducts signals from the CNS to the periphery.

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PNS Glial cells

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Satellite cells
schwann cell
macrophages

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Protoplasmic astrocytes

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gray matter

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Fibrous astrocytes

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white matter

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Astrocytes can be found in

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The Bergmann glia of the molecular layer of the cerebellum
The Muller cells of the retina

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Astrocytes morphology

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Highly branched and mitotic

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Buffer neuronal environment of astrocytes

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Homeostasis of H+
Detoxification (e.g., excess neurotransmitters)
Free radical scavenging
Na+ and K+ buffering
stabilization of levels of metabolites

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Astrocytes produce and release

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growth factors and neurotrophic factors
(e.g., NGF, BDNF, PDGF, FGF-2, GDNF, TGFβ)

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Astrocytes characteristics

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-Maintain a direct cross-talk with neurons
-Support the blood-brain barrier (BBB)
-Respond to injury, insult and alterations in the brain environment
Proliferate, undergo hypertrophy and ramification
-Mechanical injury to the white matter: glial scar
-Modulate synaptic activity by releasing glutamate
-Do not evoke or propagate action potential
-A subpopulation of GFAP positive cells are thought to be
neural stem cells in the post- natal brain.

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Microglia

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Origin is unclear. Thought to be peripheral monocytes that penetrated the CNS during development.
Inflammatory cells of the CNS. Phagocytosis, debris clearance, secretion of cytokines

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Microglia are thought to be partially-quiescent compared

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With peripheral monocytes

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microglia

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Respond to brain insult by migration to the injury site,
proliferation and activation.

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Post-natal neurons are

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post-mitotic.

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Gray matter insult or disease: neurodegeneration

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Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s

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Traumatic white matter injury (e.g., axotomy):

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nerve regeneration, CNS- nerve degeneration

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New neurons are formed in the

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subgranule layer (SGL) and the subventricular zone (SVZ)

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Neural stem cells characteristics

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Self renewal: the generation of exact copies of themselves.
The ability to undergo continuous cellular proliferation.
The ability to generate a large number of regional cellular
The ability to generate new cells in response to injury or disease.
Multipotentiality- the ability to differentiate and give rise to