Neuro 1

Front 1

Which area of neuroscience is primarily focused on the study of how neuronal connection are established?

Back 1

Developmental Neuroscience

Front 2

The human brain consists of approximately _________ neurons and ________ glia.

Back 2

100 billion neurons, 1 trillion glia

Front 3

Insights about neuroscience...

Back 3

-study of how the nervous system is organized
-study of how nervous system functions to control behavior
-study development, stress, emotions, sensation and perception, learning, memory, aging, and motivation
-tools include genetics, molecular and cell biology, systems anatomy, physiology, behavior and psychology

Front 4

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Back 4

-used silver staining
-argued the brain is composed of discrete entities
-won nobel prize in 1906

Front 5

Neuronal information typically flows in what direction?

Back 5

dendrite-cell body-axon

Front 6

The use of L-Dopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease instead of dopamine is necessary because of?

Back 6

the blood-brain-barrier

Front 7

Imagine the brain as a loaf of bread. If the ends of the bread were the rostral and caudal extremes of the brain, which of the following sections would represent the way white bread is normally sliced?

Back 7

Coronal

Front 8

Which cells produce myelin?

Back 8

-oligodendrocytes
-Schwann cells

Front 9

The occipital lobe is clearly _______ to the frontal lobe.

Back 9

Caudal

Front 10

During the knee jerk reflex, the firing of the interneuron that innervates the flexor muscle increases or decreases?

Back 10

increases to inhibit the flexor muscle

Front 11

Which type of section would separate the left side from the right side of the brain?

Back 11

sagittal

Front 12

Which protective layer of the brain is in closest contact to the sucli and gyri?

Back 12

pia matter

Front 13

What is the typical range for the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Back 13

-65 to -80mV

Front 14

Which cortical lobe of the brain is the most rostral?

Back 14

Frontal

Front 15

A groove in the cerebral cortex that does not penetrate very deep is known as?

Back 15

sulcus

Front 16

The cerebellum is involved with?

Back 16

motor control

Front 17

The ability of an ion to pass through the membrane is referred to as the?

Back 17

conductance

Front 18

How much an ion wants to pass through the membrane is referred to as?

Back 18

driving force

Front 19

What factors contribute most to the elecrical current?

Back 19

driving force and conductance

Front 20

What are the limitations of using EEG to obtain information about the brian?

Back 20

-doesn't provide information about individual neurons
-doesn't provide information about deep brain areas

Front 21

At rest, the cell is most permeable to?

Back 21

potassium

Front 22

At rest, the driving force for which ion is strongest?

Back 22

sodium

Front 23

By definition, the equilibrium potential for potassium is where...

Back 23

the concentration gradient is equal but opposite to the electrical gradient

Front 24

What occurs during the depolarization of a cell?

Back 24

-neuronal membrane undergoes a change in permeability
-cell's membrane potential becomes less negative
-voltage-dependent potassium channels open and allow potassium ions out of the cell

Front 25

What is true about the Nernst equation?

Back 25

-it predicts the equilibrium potential
-it determines where the concentration gradient equals the electrical gradient
-it determines where the driving force is equal to zero

Front 26

What will the opening of potassium channels do to a neuron at rest?

Back 26

hyperpolarize

Front 27

Which ionic flux is responsible for the rising phase of the membrane potential during an action potential?

Back 27

sodium flowing in

Front 28

Which ionic flux is responsible for the falling phase of the membrane potential during an action potential?

Back 28

potassium flowing out

Front 29

How could you increase the probability of generating an action potential in a neuron?

Back 29

-position depolarizing stimuli closer to each other
-increase the frequency of depolarizing stimuli
-increase the magnitude of depolarizing stimuli

Front 30

Some facts about action potentials...

Back 30

-a threshold potential must be reached before an action potential occurs
-it is an active response generated by the neuron in response to change in permeability of the membrane
-the shape of an action potential can differ in various neurons depending on the type of channels and ion concentration

Front 31

As the voltage of the neuronal membrane moves from rest to more depolarized potentials, the sodium channel conductance ______, driving forces ________, and current _________.

Back 31

increases, decreases, vaires

Front 32

True of False?
Under voltage clamp, the conductances for sodium and potassium channels are approximately equal at +40mV.

Back 32

TRUE

Front 33

What is directly responsible for the "re-setting" of an inactivated sodium channel?

Back 33

hyperpolarization back to the resting potential

Front 34

What is true of chemical synapses?

Back 34

-pore size of a chemical synapse is small
-gap size of a chemical synapse is 20-50nm
-unidirectional
-can be modulated in many ways

Front 35

If we evoke an action potential and inject ionic calcium chelators presynaptically, what would we expect to occur postsynaptically?

Back 35

Not action potential

Front 36

In the absence of extracellular calcium, what did measuring miniature endplate potentials reveal?

Back 36

neurotransmitters are packaged in finite quanta

Front 37

During what step of the synaptic vesicle life cycles are SNAPS and SNARES functionally important?

Back 37

priming

Front 38

When recording End Plate Current of a muscle cell, what do we observe about outward current?

Back 38

Membrane voltage > Reversal potential

Front 39

What is the primary role calcium plays in the process of vesicle release?

Back 39

calcium binds to synaptogamin, facilitating vesicular fusion with the membrane

Front 40

What is true of the synthesis and release of small molecules neurotransmitters?

Back 40

-enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of neurotransmitters are made in the golgi apparatus and transported down the axon
-neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles at the synapse
-vesicles containing neurotransmitters are docked and primed at the active zone

Front 41

What is true of NMDA receptors?

Back 41

- they are permeable to ionic calcium
- not voltage gated
- they bind ionic magnesium at hyperpolarized potentials
they require glycine as a co-agonist to enable opening of receptor

Front 42

What is true of the neurotransmitter Dopamine?

Back 42

- derived from tyrosine
- made by neurons in substantia nigra
- MAOI blocks dopamine degradation

Front 43

The second messenger cAMP can activate which of the following proteins?

Back 43

PKA

Front 44

What is the primary role of second messengers?

Back 44

act as the interface between two effector proteins

Front 45

What is true of G-protein receptors?

Back 45

- ligand biding to the receptor induces alpha subunit release
- alpha, beta, and gamma subunits can affect cell functioning

Front 46

What is the function on protein kinase?

Back 46

phosphorylate proteins

Front 47

What pathway, stimulated by NGF, typically leads to neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation?

Back 47

PLC pathway

Front 48

Transcription is the process of generating _____ from ______.

Back 48

RNA, DNA

Front 49

Which branch of neuroscience would be considered the most reductionistic?

Back 49

Behavioral Neuroscience

Front 50

Who invented a stain that would help support the theory of discrete units composing the brain (as opposed to reticular theory)?

Back 50

Camillo Golgi

Front 51

The _______ receive information from other neurons, the _______ integrates information and determines whether or not an action potential is sent down the ______ to relay messages to other cells.

Back 51

dendrites, axon hillcock, axon

Front 52

What type of cell is not found in the CNS?

Back 52

Schwann Cell (PNS)

Front 53

Which is considered Associative Cortex? Primary Visual Cortex, Primary Motor Cortex, or Primary Somatosensory Cortex?

Back 53

None of these

Front 54

Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced?

Back 54

the choroid plexus

Front 55

What is the function of the cerebral spinal fluid?

Back 55

to provide bouyancy force to counter act the brains' weight

Front 56

Describe the role of interneurons in the knee-jerk reflex

Back 56

they send inhibitory input to the flexor motor neuron, which decreases flexor muscle activity

Front 57

The occipital lobe is _______ to the frontal lobe.

Back 57

caudal

Front 58

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is...

Back 58

- higher resolution than a CT or CAT
- used for studying brain structure

Front 59

Why is a neuron hyperpolarized at the end of an action potential?

Back 59

- the permeability of the cell to K+ is greater than it is to Na+
- The permeability of a cell to K+ is greater following an action potential than the permeability of the cell to K+ at rest

Front 60

A neuron with nodes of Ranvier that are too far apart from each other can no longer faithfully convey an action potential. Why?

Back 60

The passive electrical signal in the axon beneath the myelin dissipates before it can reach the next node of Ranvier

Front 61

Prior to an action potential, a neuron's voltage is closest to the equilibrium potential of _____, and at the peak of an action potential, a neuron's voltage is closest to the equilibrium potential of _____.

Back 61

K+, Na+

Front 62

When a stimulus is applied to a neuron that is not sufficient to generate an action potential the membrane voltage quickly returns back to its resting membrane potential because....

Back 62

the conductance of the membrane remains unchanged

Front 63

Cl- moving out of the cell is considered an inward or outward current?

Back 63

inward

Front 64

Under typical conditions, if a neuron's membrane potential is voltage-clamped at 0mV, the electrical gradient for sodium ions is _____ the concentration gradient for sodium ions.

Back 64

less than

Front 65

A neuron voltage clamped at -20mV, in presence of the K+ channel blocker TEA displays more inward current than when voltage clamped at -40mV. Why?

Back 65

the conductance of Na+ is greater at -20mV that at -40mV

Front 66

True or False?
Immediately following a stimulus above threshold, the probability of a Na+ channel being open is greater than a K+ channel being open.

Back 66

TRUE

Front 67

True or False?
Relative refractory period occurs when a neuron is less conductive to K+ than at rest.

Back 67

FALSE

Front 68

An excess of what type of ion channel will make reaching threshold more difficult for a neuron?

Back 68

Inwardly rectifying potassium channel

Front 69

What would happen to a neuron's action potential if it did not express voltage gated potassium channels?

Back 69

the action potential's duration would be greatly increased

Front 70

A neuron's voltage-gated sodium channels are altered so that the inactivation gate takes longer to deinactivate. What affect will this have on the neuron?

Back 70

the duration of the absolute refractory period will be longer than usual

Front 71

A Nobel Prize was awarded in 2003 that proposed a new model for what?

Back 71

voltage-sensors in ion channels

Front 72

What are some examples of how the structure of an ion channel can effect the properties of the channel?

Back 72

- the C-terminus of a channel can form the ball and chain inactivation gate
- the positive charges on a specific transmembrane domain provides a voltage sensor
- amino acid point mutations or insertion of a premature stop codon can alter channel conductance

Front 73

What role do toxins serve for scientists in ion channel electrophysiology?

Back 73

- they allow for isolation of ion currents
- they block specific ion channels

Front 74

True or False?
There are no voltage-independent channels.

Back 74

FALSE

Front 75

What is true of electrical synapses?

Back 75

- allow for more rapid exchange than chemical synapses
- capable of passing ions
- distances across electrical synapses are smaller than those found in chemical synapses

Front 76

If a chemical were added to a neuron that blocked voltage gated calcium channels on the presynaptic membrane, what change would likely occur?

Back 76

vessicles would not fuse with the presynaptic membrane as frewuently

Front 77

What di miniature end plate potentials (MEPPs) observed in muscle fibers tell us about neurotransmitters?

Back 77

neurotransmitters are released in quanta or packages containing roughly the same amount of neurotransmitter

Front 78

A gap junction is a specific type of synapse that is characterized by...

Back 78

bi-directional flow of ions between the pre- and post-synaptic cells

Front 79

Facts about chemical synapses

Back 79

- slower than electrical synapses
- generally do not allow for synchronous neuronal activity
- smaller gap junctions compared to electrical synapses

Front 80

What role do SNAPS and SNARES serve?

Back 80

they cause conformational changes necessary for docking and priming

Front 81

What are two ways to invoke a decrease in neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic neuron?

Back 81

- addition of ionic calcium chelator in the presynaptic terminal
- addition of a voltage-gated ionic calcium channel inhibitor

Front 82

An experimenter patches on to a single ion channel and voltage clamps it. To their discovery, raising or lowering the extracellular concentration of Na+ does not change its reversal potential. What can be concluded?

Back 82

the channel is not conductive to Na+

Front 83

A channel is discovered that has a reversal potential not equal to the equilibrium potential of any ions present inside or outside the neuron. What can be reasonably concluded?

Back 83

the channel is permeable to more than one ion

Front 84

The Griffin family is studying synaptic transmission and is recording from the post-synaptic neuron while stimulating the pre-synaptic neuron. Stewie accidentally spills his drink into the bath where the neurons reside. Changes in the membrane potential of the post-synaptic neuron immediately stop. What may have been Stewie's drink?

Back 84

anything containing a calcium chelator

Front 85

Johnny Knoxville attempts another crazy stunt and ends up with a nail in his backside. The next day he is treated from muscle stiffness and a case of lockjaw because the nail carried a toxin. What's going on here?

Back 85

the toxin resulted in cleavage of the docking protein synaptobrevin, resulting in contractile paralysis

Front 86

What mechanisms are utilized by neurons to remove neurotransmitters from a synapse?

Back 86

- diffusion
- enzymatic degradation
- presynaptic reuptake
- glial reuptake

Front 87

Low-frequency stimulation of the presynaptic terminal causes the release of ________ vesicles, whereas high-frequency stimulation is required for the release of _______ vesicles.

Back 87

clear-core, dense core

Front 88

What will make ion channels more difficult to open in the the presence of glutamate?

Back 88

add magnesium and remove glycine

Front 89

True or False?
Activation of receptors on the endoplasmic reticulum can increase intracellular Ca2+

Back 89

TRUE

Front 90

What is a major mediator of intracellular signaling?

Back 90

protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation

Front 91

True or False?
Signaling molecules can be membrane associated?

Back 91

TRUE

Front 92

Activation of a kinase can be accomplished by...

Back 92

binding of a secondary messenger

Front 93

True or False?
Translation of new proteins can lead to long lasting changes in cell excitability?

Back 93

TRUE

Front 94

What are amplification steps in a metabotropic receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway?

Back 94

- phosphorylation of target proteins
- receptor activation of G-proteins
- production of cAMP by adenylyl cyclase

Front 95

True or False?
A single second messenger may function in several different signaling pathways

Back 95

TRUE