Neural Integration

Front 1

What are the major divisions of the motor system? What type of muscle and tissue is used in each?

List subdivisions.

Back 1

Somatic: skeletal muscle
Autonomic: visceral--
Symp: smooth muscle, glands, adipose (fight of flight)
Para: Same (rest and digest)

Front 2

Give examples of general senses and special senses.

Back 2

General: Pain, temp, physical distortion, chemical detection

Special: olfaction, vision, gustation, equilibrium, hearing

Front 3

If lightning struck your thumb, how would the brain know?

How else might neurons transmit different sensory information (physically)?

Back 3

Activates specific receptor to indicate type of stimulus

Travels along a labeled line: travels along specific pw to specific part of cortex to give location of sensation.

Frequency and pattern of AP

Front 4

What is a receptor field?
What is the effect of receptor field size on discrimination?

Back 4

The area a sensory receptor monitors.

Smaller field-->better discrimination

Front 5

What is transduction?

Back 5

Converting stimulus into AP

Front 6

What are the characteristics of phasic receptors? Used in?

Back 6

Provide info about intensity and rate of change in a stimulus. Adapt quickly.

Temp

Front 7

What are the characteristics of tonic receptors? Used in?

Back 7

Always active, slowly adaptive.
Pain

Front 8

What are the three types of nociceptors?

Neuronal differences between fast and slow pain? Structures involved?

Back 8

Temp, mechanical damage, dissolved chemicals

Fast: Myelinated type A: somatic reflex, primary sensory cortex

Slow type C, reticular formation, thalamus

Front 9

What are mechanoceptors sensitive to?
Three types?

Back 9

Distortion of their membrane

Tactile, baroreceptors, proprioceptors

Front 10

Label Diag 16 and indicate what kind of stimulus will activate the receptor.

Back 10

1. Merkel/Tactile disc(fine touch)
2. Tactile corpuscle (fine touch, pressure, low freq vibration)
3. Root hair plexus (pressure, movement)
4. Lamellated corpuscle (Deep pressure)
5. Ruffini corpuscle (distortion of dermis)
6. Sensory nerve
7. Free nerve ending (pressure, pain, temp)

Front 11

Types of proprioceptors? Conscious?

Back 11

Spindles, golgi tendon, joint capsules

Mostly unconscious, some perception

Front 12

Types of chemoreceptors? General fn?

Back 12

Carotid, aortic, monitor blood for pH, O2, etc.

Front 13

Describe 1st, 2nd, and 3rd oder neurons.

Back 13

1st: SNs deliver sensory info to CNS

2nd: 1st order synapse on these in brain or SC

Third: in thalamus, 2nd order synapse on these

Front 14

Name the tracts of the posterior column pw.

Back 14

F cunalus, gracilis

Front 15

Name the tracts of the spinocerebellar pw.

Back 15

post/ant spinocerebellar tract

Front 16

Name the tracts of the anterolateral pw.

Back 16

lateral/anterior spinothalamic

Front 17

Information carried by posterior column pw?
Brain pw?
Decussation location?

Back 17

fine touch, pressure, proprioception

Thala to sensory cortex

Medulla

Front 18

Information carried by anterolateral pw?
Brain pw?
Decussation location?

Back 18

poorly localized touch, pressure, pain, temp

Ventral nuc of thalamus

SC

Front 19

Information carried by spinocerebellar pw?
Brain pw?
Decussation location?

Back 19

position of muscles, tendons, joints

Cerebellum

No decussation

Front 20

Receptors used by visceral sensory pw?
Brain pw?

Back 20

Interoceptors

Solitary nucleus of medulla oblongata

Front 21

Info carried by rubrospinal tract?

Back 21

Subconscious motor to upper limb, bg muscle tone

Front 22

Info carreed by vestibulospinal tract?

Back 22

Balance and position (ear)

Front 23

Info carried by reticulospinal tract?

Back 23

Alertness

Front 24

Info carried by tectospinal tract?

Back 24

Response to visual & auditory stimuli--sudden noise, light, movmnt

Front 25

Role of corticospinal pw?
Tracts used? Synapse where?

What occurs at pyramids? locn?

Back 25

Voluntary skeletal control

Corticobulbar: cranial nerve nuclei
Corticospinal: synapse on MN in anterior gray horns of SC

Decussation; medulla

Front 26

Role of basal nuclei and cerebellum in motor functions?

Back 26

Basal nuclei adjust motor commands, provide back ground patterns of movement involved in voluntary motor movements (rhythm)

Cerebellum monitors proprioceptive, visual, and vestibular sensations (fine tunes them)

Front 27

Differences between voluntary and reflex responses?

Back 27

Voluntary: take longer, must occur in cortex

Spinal & cranial: rapid, first to appear

Front 28

Role of autonomic nervous system? Describe synaptic connections.

Back 28

Coordinates cardio, resp, digestion, urinary, reproductive functions

Pregang neurons in CNS-<Gang neurons in autonomic ganglia outside of CNS

Front 29

What are the two divisions of the ANS? Describe their differences in effects and semgents

Back 29

Symp: fight or flight; thoracic and lumbar segments

Para: rest and digest; pregan leave brain and sacral segments

Front 30

What two types of ganglia comprise sympathetic innervation? How do they differ?

Back 30

Chain: lie on both sides of vertebral column, control effectors in body wall.

Collateral: innervate tissues and organs in abdominopelvic cavity.

Front 31

Describe the neuronal pathway of sympathetic neurons going from preganglionic neurons to target organs.

Back 31

Preganglionic: (lateral gray horns)

TO Ganglionic neurons then Target Organs:
-->Sympathetic chain-->viscera in thoracic cavity, body wall

-->Collateral ganglia (unpaired)-->Viscera in abdomino pelvic

-->Adrenal medulla (paired)-->Organs throguhout body

Front 32

Sympathetic chain ganglia aka?

Back 32

Paravertebral ganglia

Front 33

Collateral ganglia aka?

Back 33

Prevertebral

Front 34

Under what circumstances is the sympathetic nervous system activated? Results in?

Back 34

Crisis

Increased alertness, energy/euphoria, increased cardiovascular and respiratory activities, elevation in muscle tone, mobilization of energy resources

Front 35

Stimulation of SNS results in release of which NTs and where are they released? Which constitute the majority of the response?

Back 35

ACh or NE at specific locations
E, NE into general circulation

Most postganglionic neurons are adrenergic

Front 36

What are the receptors of the SNS and what are their responses? What are they activated by?

Back 36

Alpha: NE, a1 exc (Ca++ release), a2 inh (lowers cAMP, inhibits ParaNS)

Beta: NE, Epi
B1 increases metab (inc cAMP), B2 inh, relaxation of resp muscles, AND lipolysis

Cholinergic: Ach, sweat gland secretion, vasodilation

Nitroxidergic: NO, vasodilation

Front 37

Where are the preganglionic and ganglionic neurons of the ParaNS located?

Back 37

Brainstem/sacral SC

Peripheral ganglia within or near target organs

Front 38

Compare the length of sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. What does this allow for?

Back 38

Sym shorter (quicker response)
Para longer

Front 39

What are the effects produced by the parasympathetic NS?

Back 39

Relaxation, food processing, energy absorption

Front 40

NTs of ParaNS?
Types of postsynaptic receptors? How do they differ in mechanism?

Back 40

ACh ONLY

Muscarinic: G proteins

Nicotinic: Excitatory (chemical gates open)

Front 41

Compare the influence of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

Back 41

SYMP: widespread on visceral, somatic

PARA: only viscera serviced by cranial nerves/in abdomnopelvic cavity

Front 42

What does it mean when an organ has dual innervation?

Back 42

Receives input from both PNS and SNS

Front 43

What forms the autonomic plexuses?

Back 43

Sympathetic and parasymp intermingle to form them

Front 44

For both symp and parasymp divisions draw the structures involved in going from the CNS to the PNS and to its target.

Back 44

See index card.

Front 45

What's the difference between a long and short reflex? What class of reflexes are these? Describe their neuronal pathways.

Back 45

Short reflex: Bypasses the CNS
Stimulus-->SN-->Autonomic ganglion (para or symp)-->MN-->Effector

Long: Involves INs & Processing in SC or Brain
Stimulus-->Receptor-->SN--> DRG-->DR-->IN-->Pregang Neuron-->Auton Ganglion-->Ganglionic neuron-->Effector

VISCERAL REFLEXES

Front 46

How is autonomic function coordinated?

Back 46

Medulla coordinates complicated visceral functions.

Front 47

What is the relay & processing center of the ANS?

Back 47

BS

Front 48

Where is the HQ of the ANS?

Back 48

Hypothalamus

Front 49

Where does the ANS receive feedback from?

Back 49

Limbic and thalamus

Front 50

What are the reflexes like in the ANS? Poly or mono? Long or short?

Back 50

Poly, short AND long

Front 51

Where are the relay and processing centers of the SNS?

Back 51

BS and thala

Front 52

Where is the HQ of the SNS?

Back 52

Cerebral cortex

Front 53

Where is feedback received from in the SNS?

Back 53

Cerebellum, basal nuclei

Front 54

Through what process does ST memory become long term?

Back 54

Consolidation

Front 55

How can ST memory be retained better?

Back 55

Repetition

Front 56

What might lead to loss of ST memory?

Back 56

Neural fatigue, shock, interference by other stimuli

Front 57

Function of Reticular Activating System?

Back 57

Arousal and maintenance of consciousness.