Neural Exam 3 Selected Neuropathologies

Front 1

A __________ __________ can be one of the very first signs of brain dysfunction.

Back 1

communication disorder

Front 2

Which lobe has these functions:
- Expressive language
- Volitional movement
- Motor planning
- Cognition
?

Back 2

Frontal Lobe

Front 3

Which lobe has these functions:
- Conscious sensation
- Language
?

Back 3

Parietal Lobe

Front 4

Which lobe has these function:
- Audition
- Receptive language
?

Back 4

Temporal Lobe

Front 5

Which lobe has these functions:
- Vision
- Visual recognition and association
?

Back 5

Occipital Lobe

Front 6

Which lobe has these functions:
- Emotion
- Memory
- Emotion, fear, and aggression
?

Back 6

Limbic Lobe

Front 7

Broadman area for Broca's Area?

Back 7

44 & 45

Front 8

Broadman area for Wernicke's area?

Back 8

22

Front 9

Broadman area for Primary Motor Cortex?

Back 9

4

Front 10

Broadman area for Primary somatosensory?

Back 10

1

Front 11

Which pathology affects motor cell bodies in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, the cranial nerve nuclei, and the precentral gyrus, as well as the motor neurons comprising the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts?

Back 11

ALS
(Lou Gehrig's disease)

Front 12

ALS results in:

Back 12

progressively worse UMN and LMN symptoms

Front 13

What is the typical onset of ALS?

Back 13

- adulthood and life span ranges from 1 to 5 years
- death use to respiratory failure

Front 14

What are the early symptoms of ALS?

Back 14

limb weakness or in weakness of the muscles of the head and neck resulting in speech and swallowing problems

Front 15

What is the pathology where the myelin sheath degenerates but the axon remains intact?

Back 15

MS

Front 16

In MS, Neuronal transmission of _______ ______ is disrupted. It is probably ___________ _______.

Back 16

action potential
auto immune
- Symptoms depend on where damage occurs and may fluctuate

Front 17

What are the 4 main types of MS?

Back 17

1. benign with sudden onset but complete or near complete remission
2. relapsing-remitting with periods of exacerbation followed by incomplete or nearly full remission
3. chronic progressive with slow onset and continuous symptoms worsening
4. malignant with severe, rapid progression

- All may present with dysphagia, dysarthria, aphasia, cognitive problems

Front 18

What pathology is a degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra, which are functional Basal Ganglion connection from the mesencephalon?

Back 18

Parkinson's Disease

Front 19

What are cardinal symptoms of PD?

Back 19

- bra-dykinesia (slowness of movement)
- rigidity
- resting tremor

Front 20

___________ is an inhibitor and works synergistically with _______ (Ach) in the striatum to ____________ ____________.

Back 20

Dopamine
acetylcholine
regulate movement

Front 21

What are the two causes of stroke?

Back 21

- A blockage of fatty plaque in our arteries decreases the blood supply to the brain (ischemic)
- there is diffuse bleeding on the brain (hemorrhagic)

Front 22

What happens if the neuron are deprives of glucose, oxygen, and other nutrients for more than 4 minutes?

Back 22

Neuronal death

Front 23

If the brain is deprived of blood for _____ - ____ seconds, the average person will lose ___________. After _____ to _____ minutes irreparable damage will result.

Back 23

10-12 seconds
3-5 minutes

Front 24

What is defined as a "lack of oxygen to region of brain due to reduced blood flow?"

Back 24

Ischemic stroke

Front 25

What type of stroke is 75-80% of all strokes?

Back 25

Ischemic
- due to sudden loss of cerebral blood flow

Front 26

What causes the reduced blood flow?

Back 26

- Fatty plaque build up in arteries
- when there is a great enough blockage (70%), the blood flow decreases

Front 27

What are the two types of fatty plaque blockage?

Back 27

- Thrombosis: build up of lipids and other items resulting in stenosis and eventually occlusion of artery
- Embolism: a thrombosis that breaks away from the arterial wall and travels up the artery and lodges in a distal artery of vessel

Front 28

What are the 3 main causes of a hemorrhagic stroke?

Back 28

1. Rupture of an artery or blood vessel
2. Having an aneurysm that bursts
3. AV malformation, arteriovenous malformation, something you were born with, the arteries and veins are twisted together (fragile and prone to rupture)

Front 29

What is a TIA?

Back 29

Transient Ischemic Attack

Front 30

A TIA is a ____-_______ with symptoms that seem like a _______ stroke. The symptoms resolve within ____ hours and usually last for ____ hour(s).

Back 30

mini-stroke
"real"
24
1

Front 31

What occurs when there is a blockage in the brain that begins to disrupt blood flow, creating symptoms of a stroke but the blockage resolves itself because it is not big enough to start a more prolonged blockage that would be classified as a stroke?

Back 31

TIA

Front 32

TBIs can be classified as ___________ or ___________.

Back 32

Penetrating or non-penetrating

Front 33

Nonpenetrating TBIs can be classified as _________ or _______ lesions.

Back 33

Discrete or Diffuse lesions

Front 34

Discrete lesions can be classified as __________, _____________, _________, or ______.

Back 34

Concussion
Contusion
Hematoma
Ischemic brain damage

Front 35

A concussion results in an _______ of ________ for a short period of time. A contusion is a ______ _________ consequence of head injury caused by the _______ of the _______ and ______ during trauma.

Back 35

alteration of consciousness
more serious
impact
brain and skull

Front 36

Contusions result from _________ ______ or tearing of _____ _______ at the site of impact and are generally associated with _______ or ________.

Back 36

minor hemorrhages
blood vessels
blows or falls

Front 37

The TBI term ______ refers to the contusion at the site of impact, and the term ___________ refers to the contusion opposite the site of impact.

Back 37

Coup
Contrecoup

Front 38

________ ________ injury is due to shearing of myelin.

Back 38

Diffuse Axonal Injury (Diffuse)

Front 39

_______ is caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain.

Back 39

Hypoxia (Diffuse)

Front 40

Brain damage in children may have:

Back 40

altered consequences because it occurs against the backdrop of physical, mental, communicative, cognitive, and social development.
- May result in cerebral palsy or autism spectrum

Front 41

What is caused by damage to the motor control centers of the developing brain and can occur during pregnancy (75%), during childbirth (5%), or after birth (~15%) up to age three?

Back 41

Cerebral Palsy

Front 42

What does cerebral palsy impact?

Back 42

- communication, swallowing, and sometimes cognitive - linguistic systems

Front 43

Is cerebral palsy a progressive disorder?

Back 43

No, the brain damage does not worsen, but secondary orthopedic difficulties are common

Front 44

_____ out of every _____ children age 3-10 have autism.

Back 44

3.4 out of every 1000

Front 45

The first signs of ASD are:

Back 45

- an engaging, babbling toddler become mute, withdrawn, self-abusive, or indifferent to social overtures