Neural Exam 2 Part A

Front 1

Exteroceptors

Back 1

- Close to body surface
- Detect sensory info from external environment
- touch, pressure, temperature, pain, and vibration

Front 2

Proprioceptors

Back 2

- Transmit info from muscles, tendons, and joints about position of body parts
- May be static or kinetic

Front 3

Interoceptions

Back 3

- detect sensory information concerning body's internal environment

Front 4

Nocioceptors

Back 4

- Pain receptors
- Mechanosensitive nocioceptors
- Temperature-Sensitive
- Polymodal

Front 5

Somatosensory Modality: Pain and Temperature

Back 5

- free nerve endings in skin, muscle, bone, and connective tissue
- Perceive changes in temperature
- Have receptors for chemicals that signal tissue damage

Front 6

Somatosensation Modality: Discriminative Touch

Back 6

- Perception of pressure, vibration, and texture
- Meissner's corpuscles & Pacinian corpuscles (rapidly adapting)
- Merkel's disks & ruffini endings (slowly adapting)

Front 7

Somatosensation Modality: Proprioception

Back 7

- Receptors in muscles and joints
- Muscle spindle, Golgi tendon organs, Joint afferents

Front 8

Somatosensory/General

Back 8

Information coming from the skin and internal organs

Front 9

Somatic

Back 9

voluntary muscles

Front 10

Visceral

Back 10

involuntary muscles

Front 11

Afferent

Back 11

Sensory

Front 12

Efferent

Back 12

Motor

Front 13

Special

Back 13

Special senses such as taste and touch

Front 14

CN Fiber: General Somatic Afferent (GSA)

Back 14

Somatosensory - voluntary muscle - sensory

Somatosensation from the skin and striated muscle spindles

Front 15

CN Fiber: General Visceral Afferent (GVA)

Back 15

Somatosensory - involuntary muscle - sensory

Visceral sensation from the viscera and blood vessels

Front 16

CN Fiber: General Visceral Efferents (GVE)

Back 16

Somatosensory - involuntary muscle - motor

Motor to smooth muscle of the viscera intraocular muscles, heart, salivary glands, etc. *parasympathetic system

Front 17

CN Fibers: General Somatic Efferents (GSE)

Back 17

Somatosensory - voluntary muscle - motor

Motor to most striated (somatic) muscle

Front 18

CN Fibers: Special Somatic Afferents (SSA)

Back 18

special - voluntary muscle - sensory

Sensory from special receptors of the retina and from the auditory and vestibular apparatus

Front 19

CN Fibers: Special Visceral Afferents (SVA)

Back 19

Special - involuntary - sensory

Sensory from the taste receptor cells of the tongue and from the olfactory mucosa

Front 20

CN Fibers: Special Visceral Efferents (SVE)

Back 20

Special - involuntary - motor

Motor to striated muscles derived from the branchial arches

Front 21

Parasympathetic system

Back 21

- part of the ANS that coordinates the "rest and digest" responses of the body
- uses acetylcholene neurotransmitter

Front 22

Somatosensation: Fine Touch

Back 22

- Discriminating between one point and two piont touch, identifying touch, etc.
- Stereognosis: recognizing objects via tactile manipulation
- Graphesthesia: recognizing figure or numbers written on the body

Front 23

Somatosensations

Back 23

Pain, temperature, and crude touch (diffuse pressure)

Front 24

Three neuron system

Back 24

1st order sensory fibers with cell bodies out of CNS
2nd order sensory cell bodies in brainstem
3rd order sensory fibers with cell bodies in thalamus

Front 25

VPM

Back 25

- major thalamic sensory relay for the HEAD and FACE (Trigeminal pathway)
- Afferent connections: pain, temperature, etc.

Front 26

LGB

Back 26

- thalamic relay for vision
- Afferent connection: indirectly half a visual field from each eye

Front 27

UMN (Coticobulbar tract)

Back 27

cell body in precentral gyrus --> axons run down through the corona radiata, through the internal capsule, and into the brainstem.
Will cross when it reaches the location of the CN motor nucleus it wants to synapse on

Front 28

CN I

Back 28

telecephalon - Olfactory nerve - SVE

Front 29

CN II

Back 29

diencephalon - Optic Nerve - SSA

Front 30

CN III

Back 30

Mesencephalon (midbrain) - Oculomotor - GSE, GVE

Front 31

CN IV

Back 31

Mesencephalon (midbrain) - Trochlear - GSE

Front 32

CN V*

Back 32

Pons - Trigeminal nerve - SVE, GSA

Front 33

CN VI

Back 33

Pons - Abducens - GSE

Front 34

CNVII*

Back 34

Pons - Facial - SVE, SVA, GVE, GSA

Front 35

CN VIII

Back 35

Medulla - Vestibulocochlear - SSA

Front 36

CN IX*

Back 36

Medulla - Glossopharyngeal - SVE, SVA, GVA, GSA

Front 37

CN X*

Back 37

Medulla - Vagus - SVE, SVA, GVE, GVA, GSA

Front 38

CN XI

Back 38

Medulla - Accessory - SVE, GSE

Front 39

CN XII*

Back 39

Medulla - Hypoglossal - GSE

Front 40

CN I Olfactory Nerve

Back 40

- sensory cells in nasal mucosa
- axons form the olfactory nerve
- by-passes the thalamus

Front 41

CN II Image Perception

Back 41

1. lens and cornea of the eye refract light rays
2. retinal photoreceptor cells convert the electromagnetic energy of light rays into changes in the membrane potential
3. retinal ganglion transmits generated action potentials to the LGN of the thalamus
4. visual images are perceived in the primary visual cortex

Front 42

Optic Pathway

Back 42

Eye > Optic Nerve > Chiasm > Optic Tract > Lateral Geniculate > Optic Radiation > Occipital Lobe

Front 43

Monocular Blindness

Back 43

One eye completely blind
Lesion: Optic Nerve

Front 44

Bitemporal Hemianopsia (tunnel vision)

Back 44

outside eye blindness
Lesion: Optic chiasm

Front 45

Nasal Hemianopsia

Back 45

nasal side one eye blind

Front 46

Homonymous Hemianopsia

Back 46

Left or right side blind in both eyes
Lesion: Optic tract

Front 47

Visual & Retinal Fields

Back 47

Fibers from nasal fields cross at chiasm while fibers from temporal retinal fields do not