Neural Control Of Motor Behavior

Front 1

______ muscle contractions cause flexion or extension of a limb

Back 1

skeletal muscle contractions cause flexion or ______ of a limb

Front 2

_____-____ _____ muscle(large arteries, hair follicles, eye) contracts in response to neural signals

Back 2

Multi-unit smooth muscle(large arteries, hair follicles, eye) contracts in response to _____ _______

Front 3

_____-____ _____ muscle(GI system, small blood vessels) contracts rhythmically and is involuntary

Back 3

single-unit smooth muscle(GI system, small blood vessels) contracts ___________ and is ___________

Front 4

Cardiac muscle acts like _____-____ _____ muscle

Back 4

_______ muscle acts like single-unit smooth muscle

Front 5

______ muscles __________ fibers provide muscle force and are innervated by alpha motor neurons

Back 5

Skeletal muscles extrafusal fibers provide muscle ____ and are innervated by Skeletal muscles extrafusal fibers provide muscle force and are innervated by _____ ____ _____

Front 6

______ muscles __________ fibers (AKA muscle spindles) are innervated by gamma motor neurons and sensory neurons (sense muscle length)

Back 6

Intrafusal fibers (AKA ____ _____) are innervated by _____ _____ ______ and _____ ______ (sense muscle length)

Front 7

One ____ _____ neuron controls several extrafusal muscle fibers ratio (from 1:3 to 1:1000's)

Back 7

One alpha motor neuron controls _____ extrafusal muscle fibers ratio (from 1:___ to 1:____)

Front 8

NT release causes a _____ _____ of muscle ______ and is all or none, a sustainted contraction requires an increase in rate of firing

Back 8

__ release causes a single twitch of muscle fibers and is all or none, a sustainted contraction requires an increase in ____ ___ ______

Front 9

NMJ consists of an _____ ______ neuron ____ and a ___-synaptic _____ ____ _____.

Back 9

A ____ _______ _______ consists of an alpha motor neuron axon and a post-synaptic motor end plate.

Front 10

____ motor units (____ diameter neruons) recruited first, then _____ units (_____ diamter neruons) recruited if needed

Back 10

Small motor units (small diameter neruons) recruited _____, larger units (larger diamter neruons) recruited __ _______

Front 11

intrafusal sensory fibers(_______ ______)are innervated by __ sensory fibers (big and fast) and are muscle ______ detectors because they are sensitve to ______

Back 11

_______ _______ fibers (muscle spindles)are innervated by Ia sensory fibers (big and fast) and are muscle length detectors because they are sensitve to stretch

Front 12

____ ______ _____ receptors are located in tendons, give risse to Ib sensory axons, and are sensitive to stretch (muscle tension)

Back 12

Golgi tendon organ receptors are located in ______, give rise to __ sensory axons, and are sensitive to stretch (muscle tension)

Front 13

__________ ______ _____ (aka myotatic reflex arc) example is the patellar tendon reflex. It is a very short interval (~50ms) when a muscle spindle senses lengthening of a muscle, it signals alpha motor neuron to contract. This is useful for control of posture.

Back 13

monosynaptic stretch reflex (aka myotatic reflex arc) example is the _______ _____ reflex. It is a very short interval (~__ms) when a _______ ______ senses ___________ of a muscle, it signals _______ ______ _____to contract. This is useful for control of ______.

Front 14

________ ________ is the inhibition of opposing muscle caused by stretching of a muscle. It is the reason that stretch reflex doesnt cause flexion in opposing muscle.

Back 14

Reciprical inhibition is the ________ of opposing muscle caused by _________ of a muscle. It is the reason that ______ _____ doesnt cause _____ in ________ muscle.

Front 15

The _____ _____ neurons control the length of muscle spindles, creating a set point for muscle length.

Back 15

The gamma motor neurons control the _____ of muscle spindles, creating a set point for muscle ______.

Front 16

The brain sends signals to contract both _______ fibers (force, alpha motor neurons) and _______ fibers (muscle length, gamma motor neurons), if there is resistence, spindle gets stretched, triggering stretch reflex.

Back 16

The brain sends signals to contract both extrafusal fibers (force, alpha motor neurons) and intrafusal fibers (muscle length, gamma motor neurons), if there is resistence, the ______ ______ gets ______, triggering a stretch reflex.

Front 17

________ _____ _____ adjusts force based on resistence until proper muscle length is reached

Back 17

Monosynaptic stretch reflex adjusts _____ based on ________ until proper muscle ______ is reached

Front 18

____ _____ _____ sense overal tension on muscle and inhibit alpha motor neurons (the interneruons release glycine)

Back 18

Golgi tendon organs sense overall _____ on muscle and inhibit _____ _____ neurons (the _____neurons release ____)

Front 19

______ _____ reflex is flexion of leg on one side causes extension of the other leg

Back 19

Crossed extensor reflex is _____ of leg on one side causes ______ of the other leg

Front 20

Even simple walking occurs as a _____ ____ reflex, little descending input from ____

Back 20

Even _____ _____ occurs as a spinal cord reflex, little descending input from brain

Front 21

7 major descending pathways:
1)Lateral corticospinal tract(_________to ______ spinal cord) controls limb muscles
2) Ventral corticospinal tract (_________ to ______ spinal cord) controls _____ muscles (neck, shoulder, upper trunk)
3) Corticobulbar (_________ to _______) Never leaves brain. Controls _______ muscles
4)Rubrospinal tract (__ _______ to _______ spinal cord
5)Vestibulospinal tract (_________ _________ to _________ spinal cord) involved in balace and head/neck position
6)Tectospinal tract (_________ to _________ spinal cord)involved in coordinating neck and eye movements
7)Reticulospinal tract (_________ _________ to _________ spinal cord) involved in automatic movements

Back 21

7 major descending pathways:
1)_________ _________tract(primary motor ctx to lateral spinal cord) controls limb muscles
2) _________ _________ tract (Motor cortex to ventral spinal cord) controls axial muscles (neck, shoulder, upper trunk)
3) _________ (motor cortex to brainstem) never leaves brain controls cranial muscles
4)_________ tract (red nucleus to lateral spinal cord)controls arm muscles
5)_________tract (vestibular nucleus to ventral spinal cord)involved in balace and head/neck position
6)_________ tract (tectum to ventral spinal cord)involved in coordinating neck and eye movements
7)_________ tract (reticular formation to ventral spinal cord) involved in automatic movements

Hint 21

VRTVLCR

Front 22

______ pathways (______ _________ and __________) are somatotopic, contralateral, they control distal limbs, and movements of face and eyes, they recieve inputs from cortex

Back 22

Lateral pathways (lateral corticospinal and rubrospinal) are _________, _________, they control ______ limbs, and movements of _____ and _____, they recieve inputs from _____

Front 23

_________ pathways (_________ _________, _________, _________, and _________) are bilateral, they control trunk and proximal limb muscles, they are invovled in posture and autonomic function, coordinated movements such as walking, they recieve inputs from the brainstem

Back 23

Ventromedial pathways (ventral corticospinal, reticulospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal) are _____ , they control _____ and _____ limb muscles, they are invovled in _____ and _____ function, and _____ _____ such as _____ , they recieve inputs from the _____

Front 24

The ______ pathways descend from 1) motor ctx through 2) internal capsule to 3)crus cerebri to 4)basis pontis then to the 5)medullary pyramid where they decussate and travel to 6)lateral white funiculus then to synapse on 7) the anterior horn of spinal cord finally to 8) ventral root

Back 24

The lateral pathways descend from 1) _____ ___ through 2) _______ ______ to 3)___ ________to 4)_____ ________ to 5) _______ _____ where they decussate and travel to 6)_______ _____ _________ then to synapse on 7) _______ _____ of spinal cord and finally to 8) _______ _____

Front 25

Vestibulospinal is a _________ pathway w/ its ________ nucleus in the _______. It recieves inputs from _________ system and controls the ____ and ____ muscles to stabilize the _____.

Back 25

_____________ is a ventromedial pathway w/ its vestibular nucleus in the medulla. It recieves inputs from vestibulur system and controls the head and neck muscles to stabilize eyes.

Front 26

The _________ pathway is a lateral pathway involved in the motor aspect of visual reflexes (nucleus in the superior colliculus). It also coordinates head movements with eye movements.

Back 26

The tectospinal pathway is a _______ pathway involved in the motor aspect of ______ _______. It also coordinates _____ movements with ___ movements.

Front 27

The reticulospinal pathway is divided into 2 parts: the pontine reticulospinal which enhances ___-______reflexes (keeps us upright) and the medullary reticulospinal tract which release ____-______ reflexes to allow motion. Both of these pathways are involved in walking on _____ ______. The reticulospinal pathway projects from the _______ _______ _______ to the _______ _______ _______ before projecting to the spinal cord.

Back 27

The ______________ pathway is divided into 2 parts: the _______ ______________ which enhances anti-gravity reflexes (keeps us upright) and the _______ ______________ tract which releases anti-gravity reflexes to allow motion. Both of these pathways are involved in walking on uneven terrain. The ______________ pathway projects from the pontine reticular formation to the medullary reticular formation before projecting to the spinal cord.

Front 28

_______ tract (_______ ___________ _______) lesion causes loss of independent movements; causes fractionated movements. Eventual compensation for this lesion can be countered by lesioning the rubrospinal tract.

Back 28

Pyramidal tract (lateral coritcospinal tract) lesion causes loss of __________ _______; causes __________ movements. Eventual compensation for this lesion can be countered by lesioning the __________ tract.

Front 29

_______ _____ ____ is organized in a motor homunculus (map of different movements possible), population codes force and direction

Back 29

Primary motor cortex is organized in a motor _______ (map of different movements possible), population codes ______ and ________

Front 30

_______ _______ in primary motor cortex: Each neuron is broadly tuned for direction so groups of neurons average to predict actual movement

Back 30

Population coding in primary motor cortex: Each neuron is broadly tuned for _______ so groups of neurons average to predict actual _______

Front 31

There is _______ in adult primary motor cortex; removal of whiskers in rats causes more ctx to become dedicated to other parts (muscles around eyes and forelimbs)

Back 31

There is plasticity in adult primary motor cortex; removal of whiskers in rats causes ____ primary more ctx to become dedicated to other parts (muscles around _____ and _______)

Front 32

By the time we move a muscle, the information from the _______, _______, and _______ lobes has already converged on _______ ctx (plans for movement), which propagated to _______ ctx to _______ _____ ____ and to _______ _______ ctx, where the brain final sends an output

Back 32

By the time we move a muscle, the information from the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes has already converged on prefrontal ctx (_____ for movement), which propagats to premotor ctx to supplementary motor area to primary motor ctx, where the brain finally sends an output

Front 33

_______ __________ _____ cortex recieves input from basal ganglia through thalamus and from prefrontal cortex. Involved in planning of movements, activity here when subjects just thinking of moving, and it has connections with distal motor units.

Back 33

Medial supplementary motor cortex recieves input from ______ _______ through _______ and from _______ cortex. Involved in _______ of movements, activity here when subjects just _______ of moving, and it has connections with _______ motor units.

Front 34

______ ______ cortex recieves inputs from cerebellum, is involved in visually guided movements, and has connections with reticulospinal neruons and proximal motor units

Back 34

Lateral premotor cortex recieves inputs from ______, is involved in ______ ______ movements, and has connections with _____________ neurons and ______ ______ ______.

Front 35

Mirror neurons are found in ______ ______ _____ area and fire when monkeys ______ specific movements and when they ____ other monkeys or humans ______ these movements. Mirror neurons may be invovled in ______ (close to Broca's area), ______, ______ (some mirror neurons select for paper ripping sound or different contexts of picking up a tea cup), or _____(may be dysfunction of mirror neurons)

Back 35

______ ______ are found in Lateral ventral premotor area and fire when monkeys perform specific movements and when they watch other monkeys or humans perform these movements. They may be involved in language (close to Broca's area), empathy, concepts (some mirror neurons select for paper ripping sound or different contexts of picking up a tea cup), and autism (may be dysfunction of mirror neurons)

Front 36

____________ connection between ___________ and ___________ cortex: somatosensory cortex neurons that respond to touch on back of thumb send projections to motor cortex neurons that cause thumb extension. These projections provide rapid feedback to motor system during manipulation of objects and make tactile information faster (25ms) than visual (100ms).

Back 36

Somatotopic connection between somatosensory and motor cortex: _____________ cortex neurons that respond to touch on back of thumb ____ _____________ to motor cortex neurons that cause _____ __________. These projections provide rapid feedback to motor system during manipulation of objects and make _______ information faster (__ms) than _____ (__ms).

Front 37

The basal ganglia balances movements as a modulatory force. Its ____ nuclei are in the striatum (caudate-involved in eye movements and cognition, putamen-involved in limb and trunk movements, and nucleus accumbens-invovled in emotions), they recieve info from somatosensory and motor ctx and substantia nigra.

Back 37

The basal ganglia balances movements as a modulatory force. Its input nuclei are in the striatum (______-involved in eye movements and cognition, ______-involved in limb and trunk movements, and ______ _______-invovled in emotions), they recieve info from _________ ctx and _____ ctx and __________ ____.

Front 38

The basal ganglia balances movements as a modulatory force. Its _____ nuclei are in the globus pallidus (internal) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr)they project info to motor ctx and motor nuclei of the brainstem via the thalamus

Back 38

The basal ganglia balances movements as a modulatory force. Its output nuclei are in the _____ _______(____)and the _______ _____ pars _______ (___)they project info to ____ ctx and ____ nuclei of the _______ via the thalamus

Front 39

The basal ganglia balances movements as a modulatory force. Its _____ nuclei are in the globus pallidus (external) and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), the ventral tegmental area

Back 39

The basal ganglia balances movements as a modulatory force. Its intrisic nuclei are in the ______ _______(________) and the _______ _____ pars ______ (___), the ventral tegmental area

Front 40

Direct pathway of the basal ganglia sends ________ inputs from the cortex to the Caudate/putamen(striatum). These _____ nuclei send ____ ________ inputs to the Globus pallidus internal, which then sends ____ ________ signals to the VA/VL. The overall effect is an _________ of the VA/VL thalamic nuclei. Damage to this pathway can cause a ____kinetic diseases such as Parkinson's

Back 40

The direct pathway of the basal ganglia sends excitatory inputs from the _____ to the _____/______(_______). These excited nuclei send inhibitory inputs to the ______ ________ _______, which then sends less inhibitory signals to the __/__. The overall effect is an excitation of the __/__ ______ nuclei. Damage to this pathway can cause hypokinetic diseases such as Parkinson's

Front 41

Indirect pathway of the basal ganglia sends _____ inputs from the cortex to the Caudate/putamen(striatum). These nuclei send _____ signals to the globus pallidus external, which then sends ____ _________ signals to the subthalamic nuclei. Then the subthalamic nuclei sends ____ ________ inputs to the globus pallidus internal, which then sends ____ _________ inputs to the VA/VL of the thalamus. The overal effect is ________ of the VA/VL thalamic nuclei. Damage to the indirect pathway can cause a ____kinetic disease such as Huntingtons or Torrets.

Back 41

The indirect pathway of the basal ganglia sends excitatory inputs from the ______ to the ______/______(______). These nuclei send inhibitory signals to the ______ ______ ______, which then sends less inhibitory signals to the ________ ______. Then the excited ________ _____ sends excitatory inputs to the ______ ______ ______, which then sends more inhibitory inputs to the ___/___of the thalamus. The overal effect is inhibition of the ___/___ ______ nuclei. Damage to the indirect pathway can cause a hyperkinetic disease such as Huntingtons or Torrets.

Front 42

Skeletomotor loop propagates _____ + _____ cortex (+_____, +_____) to _____ to _____ to __/__ to _____. Involved in direction and velocity of skeletal muscle movement

Back 42

________ loop propagates info from sensory + motor cortex (+PMA, +SMA) to putamen to GPi to VA/VL to SMA. Involved in direction and velocity of skeletal muscle movement

Front 43

Oculomotor loop propagates information from the _____ eye field to _____ to _____ to __/__ to _____ ctx. Involved in direction and velocity of eye movement.

Back 43

________ loop propagates info from the frontal eye field to caudate to SN to VA/MD to prefrontal ctx. Involved in direction and velocity of eye movement.

Front 44

Prefrontal ctx loop propagates info from the _____ ctx to _____ to _____ to __/___to _____ ctx. Involved in working memory and planning

Back 44

________ ___ loop propagates info from the prefrontal ctx to caudate to SN to VA/MD to prefrontal ctx. Involved in working memory and planning

Front 45

Limbic loop propagates info from the _____ lobes + _____ _____ ctx to _____ _____ to _____ + _____ to ___/__to _____ ctx

Back 45

______ loop propagates info from the temporal lobes + anterior cingulate ctx to ventral striatum to GP + SN to MD/VA to limbic ctx

Front 46

There are 55 billion neurons in cerebellum (only 22 billion in cortex), The two hemispheres of wrinkled cortex (folia) cover deeper nuclei. It is involved in ____ _________ and ____ of contractions necessary for _____, _____ movements

Back 46

There are 55 billion neurons in ______ (only 22 billion in cortex), The two hemispheres of wrinkled cortex (____) cover deeper _____. It is involved in motor coordination and timing of contractions necessary for rapid, skilled movements

Front 47

_____ ____ of cerebellum neurological exam: Circle patient with finger and patient touchs nose then your finger (cannot pass while intoxicated)

Back 47

lateral zone of cerebellum neurological exam: Circle patient with finger and patient touchs nose then your finger (cannot pass while ________)

Front 48

When making rapid, aimed movements, cant rely on _______ to stop movement, must rely on _____ (normal patients release ball within 11ms window, ______ damaged patients release within 55ms) The output neurons from the cerebellum predict the ____ movement in a sequence

Back 48

When making rapid, aimed movements, cant rely on feedback to stop movement, must rely on timing (normal patients release ball within a __ms window, cerebellar damaged patients release within a __ms window) The output neurons from the cerebellum predict the next movement in a sequence

Front 49

Damage to _____ ____ causes decomposition of movement and impaired timing; whereas damage to _______ _____ -output to axial (trunk) muscles,causes disturbed balance and posture

Back 49

Damage to lateral zone causes decomposition of ______ and impaired _____; whereas damage to cerebellar vermis -output to _____ (____) muscles, causes disturbed _____ and ______

Front 50

_____ "___" recieves inputs from auditory and visual tectum as well as ascending somatosensory info. Outputs to ventromedial descending pathways = axial muscles. Influences vestibular system. Damage leads to distubed balance and posture

Back 50

Vermis "worm" recieves inputs from _____ ____ and ____ _____ as well as ascending somatosensory info. Outputs to _______ descending pathways (____ muscles). Influences ______ system. Damage leads to distubed _____ and _____

Front 51

____________ _____ recieves inputs from motor cortex. Output to interposed nuclei to red nucleus (coritcospinal tract). Controls movements of arms and legs (rubrospinal system). Damage leads to limb rigidity.

Back 51

Intermediate zone recieves inputs from ____ ctx. Output to ______ ____ to ___ ______(_________ tract). Controls movements of ____ and _____ (_______ system). Damage leads to ____ _______.

Front 52

_____ ____ recieves inputs from the motor cortex (via pontine nucleus) and ascending somatosensory info. Output to dentate nucleus to VL thalamus to primary motor ctx. Influences independent limb movements, especially rapid, skilled movements. Damage leads to decomposition of movement, and impairs timing of ballistic movements

Back 52

Lateral zone recieves inputs from the ____ cortex (via _____ nucleus) and ascending __________ info. Output to ____ nucleus to __ _______ to ______ ____ ctx. Influences ________ ____ movements, especially rapid, skilled movements. Damage leads to decomposition of movement, and impairs _____ of ______ movements

Front 53

Limb apraxia is incorrect movements: 1) ______ apraxia (damage to anterior corpus callosum) causes inability to use left hand correctly b/c info cant get to right lobe to left hand 2) ______ apraxia (damage to left motor crx) causes right hand paralysis and left hand apraxia. 3) ____ ________ apraxia is bilateral apraxia (lose perception of where hands are in space because damage to the right parietal lobe causes problems with locating objects in space)

Back 53

Limb apraxia is incorrect movements: 1) callosal apraxia (damage to ______ ____ _______) causes inability to use ____ hand correctly b/c info cant get to ____ lobe to ___ hand 2) Sympathetic apraxia (damage to ____ _____ ctx) causes right hand ______ and left hand _____. 3) Left parietal apraxia is bilateral apraxia (lose _______ of ____ ____ are in ____ )

Front 54

_______ disease symptoms include muscular rigidity, difficulty starting/stoping motion and a tremor at rest. The cause of _______ is a loss of DA neruons in substantia nigra caused by environmental toxins (well water), virus (may be influenze epidemic because it increases chance of developing ______), or MPTP from improper synthesis of heroine (MAO converts MPTP to MPP+ (toxic to DA neurons), MAO-I's protect against MPTP and slow progress in some patients. Treatments include L-dopa, MAO-I (deprenyl), Fetal tissue transplant, and lesion of indirect pathway of basal ganglia

Back 54

Parkinsons disease symptoms include ______ ______, difficulty ____/______ ______ and a ______ at rest. The cause of Parkinson's is a loss of __ neurons in _________ _____ caused by environmental toxins (well water), virus (may be influenze epidemic because it increases chance of developing Parkinson's), or MPTP from improper synthesis of heroine (MAO converts MPTP to MPP+ (toxic to DA neurons), MAO-I's protect against MPTP and slow progress in some patients. Treatments include L-dopa, MAO-I (deprenyl), Fetal tissue transplant, and lesion of indirect pathway of basal ganglia

Front 55

______'s disease caused by degeneration of caudate and putamen, particularly GABA neurons. Symptoms include uncontrollable, jerky movements onset in 30's or 40's, and eventual death due to respiratory complications, dementia. _______'s in genetic caused by an abnormal _________ protein.

Back 55

Huntington's disease caused by degeneration of _____ and ______, particularly ____ neurons. Symptoms include uncontrollable, jerky movements onset in 30's or 40's, and eventual death due to ________ _______ and dementia. Huntington's is genetic, caused by an abnormal Huntington protein.