Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How many Ions are a the molecule NaCl?
|
2
|
|
|
if you have 1 mol of CO2, how many molecules of CO2 do you have?
|
1
|
|
|
the atomic weight of an atom is calculated by adding:
|
protons+ neutrons
|
|
|
what is the atomic number?
|
number of protons
|
|
|
express 4000 in scientific notation:
|
4 x 10^3
|
|
|
change 35.7 to scientific notation:
|
3.57 x 10^1
|
|
|
what does pico stand for?
|
12
|
|
|
convert 0.245 mg to mcg:
|
245 micrograms
|
|
|
which of the choices in parentheses is the following chemical structure C=O
(AlKane, alkene, alkyne) |
alkane
|
|
|
what is chemical structure is this:
C=O (carbonyl, carboxyl, Esther) |
carbonyl
|
|
|
what is an element?
|
a substance that can not be separated or broken down into simple or substances
|
|
|
what is a compound?
|
a chemical combination of elements
|
|
|
what is an atom?
|
the smallest unit of an element which still has all of the characteristics of that element
|
|
|
what is a molecule?
|
the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the characteristics of that compound
|
|
|
what is a diatomic molecule?
|
a molecule that occurs naturally with two atoms (i.e. Br2)
halogens in group 7A of the periodic table all exist as diatomic molecules |
|
|
what are neutrons?
|
neutral particles that have mass.
|
|
|
What is amu?
|
atomic mass unit
protons and neutrons combined the number in the upper left |
|
|
what are protons?
|
positively charged particles that have mass.
|
|
|
What is the atomic number?
|
it is the number of protons
it uniquely determines the identity of an element |
|
|
how do you get the number of neutrons in an atom ?
|
subtract the atomic number from the atomic weight
|
|
|
how much mass do electrons carry?
|
none
|
|
|
what type of charge do electrons carry?
|
electrons carry a negative charge
|
|
|
what is an isotope?
|
an atom of the same element that has different mass numbers
|
|
|
what gives isotopes there different mass numbers?
|
they have a different number of neutrons. This changes their weight.
|
|
|
What is the atomic radius?
|
the effective radius of an atom. It tends to increase going down a column of the periodic chart and increase going across a row
|
|
|
what is ionized energy?
|
the energy needed to remove an electron from an isolated atom. This decreases going down a column and increase is going across a row
|
|
|
what is a electron affinity?
|
the energy emitted in the process of adding an electron to an atom
forming a negative ion |
|
|
where is an element in the periodic table if it has a high electron affinity?
|
in the upper right
|
|
|
how does atomic radius effect the ease of removing valence electrons?
|
the larger the atomic radius, the easier it is to remove valence electrons
|
|
|
why is it easier to remove valence electrons from atoms with a larger atomic radius?
|
the attractive forces between the proton in the nucleus and the valence electrons are weakened when they are farther from each other
|
|
|
as you go down on the periodic table, what trend do you see in atom size?
|
they get larger
|
|
|
Re: energy, which atoms have more energy, larger ones or smaller ones?
|
lodger atoms have more energy
|
|
|
if an atom is small, will it be easy or difficult to remove its valence electrons?
|
difficult
smaller atoms are more electro negative |
|
|
what is electronegativity?
|
the ability of how strongly an atom pulls on its electrons
|
|
|
looking at the periodic table, which atom will most easily lose electrons, Ba or F?
|
Br
|
|
|
what does the octet rule state?
|
atoms of elements react by losing, gaining, or sharing electrons.
Their purpose for doing this is because they want to achieve the same stability as the noble gas that is closest to them on the periodic table |
|
|
what is an ionic bond?
|
a bond where there is a strong electrostatic reaction between positive and negative ions
|
|
|
what is a covalent bond?
|
when two atoms form a bond by sharing electrons
|
|
|
what are hydrocarbons?
|
organic molecules only hydrogen and carbon
|
|
|
what are alkanes?
|
hydrocarbons that have only one bond
|
|
|
what are alkenes?
|
hydrocarbons that have one or more carbon/carbon double bond
|
|
|
what are alkynes?
|
hydrocarbons with a triple carbon/carbon bond
|
|
|
what is a cation?
|
a positively charged ion
|
|
|
what is an anion?
|
a negatively charged ion
|
|
|
what types of atoms take part in ionic bonds?
|
metals and non
metals. there is transfer of electrons this is a very strong bond |
|
|
what is a polar molecule?
|
a molecule that has a net electric dipole
|
|
|
what is a polar bond?
|
a bond between atoms with different electronegativity
|
|
|
what is electronegativity?
|
the ability of an atom to attract electrons
|
|
|
what is the trend of electronegativity on the periodic table?
|
it increases going up and to the right
|
|
|
what is a nonpolar covalent bond?
|
a covalent bond where electrons are shared equally
|
|
|
what is a polar covalent bond?
|
2 atoms of different electronegativities bond
the more electronegative atom has a stronger pull on the shared pair of electrons. |
|
|
What is a mole?
|
a standard unit of measurement in chemistry.
|
|
|
How is a mole gagued?
|
in comparison to how many atoms there are in exactly 12 g of carbon it is the amount of that substance in grams, numerically equal to the atomic weight of the substance it is usually used to refer to the amount of substance that contains Avogadro's number of whatever is being measured (6.022 x 10^23.) |
|
|
With 1 mol of CaCl2, how many moles of each atom are included?
|
1 mole of calcium and 2 moles of chloride
|
|
|
what is the formula for molarity?
|
"M"
moles of soute/litres of solution |
|
|
what is the formula for Molality?
|
Moles of solute/kg of solvent
|
|
|
what is the molarity of 500 cc of solution containing 3 mol of solute?
|
__
|
|
|
draw the following functional groups:
hydroxyl,acyl, carbonyl,carboxylate, phosphate, phosphoryl, sulfhydryl |
see picture one
|
|
|
draw the following organic compounds:
ketone, alcohol |
see picture two
|
|
|
draw the following linkages:
amide, ether, ester |
see picture three
|
|
|
what does thermodynamics deal with?
|
the laws that govern the changes and flows of energy in a reaction
|
|
|
what does thermodynamics allow us to determine?
|
it allows us to determine if a reaction will take place spontaneously or if energy must be added
|
|
|
what is an endothermic reaction?
|
a chemical reaction in which the system absorbed heat
|
|
|
what is on exothermic reaction?
|
a reaction in which the system produces heat
(feels hot.) |
|
|
What is entropy?
|
standard of disorder in a system
(∆S) |
|
|
what is enthalpy?
|
a measure of heat content of a substance
(∆H) |
|
|
what is ∆ G?
|
the change of free energy in a reaction
|
|
|
what is ∆ S?
|
the change of randomness in a system
|
|
|
what is ∆ H?
|
the measure of key change in the heat content
|
|
|
what is chemical kinetics?
|
the study of how fast a chemical reaction takes place
we are asking how fast the amount of reactants decrease, or how fast the amount of products increase |
|
|
what is the meaning of the arrows in a chemical reaction?
|
most reactions can occur in a forward or reverse direction (arrow pointing both ways.)
|
|
|
What is it called when the arrow points both ways?
|
equilibrium
|
|
|
what is activation energy?
|
the minimal energy level that must be achieved for a reaction to take place.
it can be thought of as the potential energy barrier of her reaction |
|
|
what's does the denominator of a chemical reaction always contain?
|
some time unit
("per second" or "per minute") |
|
|
what are acids?
|
substances that give up a H+ ion. This means that they are ionized in water
|
|
|
draw a picture of HCl ionizing in water:
|
see picture four
|
|
|
what is a base?
|
substances that can receive a H+ ion.
|
|
|
What will a base do in water?
|
it will produce OH
ions |
|
|
draw a picture of the base NaOH placed in water:
|
see picture five
|
|
|
what is the Henderson Hasselbach equation used to define?
|
the pH of a solution in terms of the dissociation constant of a specific acid or base
|
|
|
what is pKa?
|
the dissociation constant of an acid in an aqueous solution
the equilibrium content of an acid it gives a value of the strength of an acid by relating that what pH level the acid will be half in the protonated form and half in the unprotonated form |
|
|
Re: electricity, what is "I"?
|
the symbol for current
in the schematic it shows the direction of electrical flow |
|
|
Re: electricity, what is "V"?
|
voltage
|
|
|
Re: electricity, what is "R"?
|
the resistor
|
|
|
what is the formula for ohms law?
|
V=I(R)
|
|
|
draw the symbols for: a switch
a battery a capacitor |
see picture six
|
|
|
what is a capacitor used for?
|
to store energy.
|
|
|
What does a capacitor consist of?
|
two metal plates that are separated by material that is a poor conductor of electricity (paper, plastic, etc.)
|
|
|
how do capacitors rate in terms of size?
|
small capacitors cannot hold much charge
large capacitors can hold more charge |
|
|
what happens when you connect a capacitor to a battery?
|
there is a plate connected to the negative end which accepts electrons, and a plate connected to the positive and which loses electrons
|
|
|
how are membranes similar to capacitors?
|
they store charge and provide a pathway for the conduction of electricity which is responsible for muscle contraction
|
|
|
when a species Gains electrons, what kind of charge does it carry?
|
a negative charge
|
|
|
where are all electrons emitted from?
|
the cathode, which is a negative electrode
|
|
|
where do negatively charged particles (electrons) flow toward?
|
a +ly charged electrode called the anode
|
|
|
P
|
pressure
|
|
|
V
|
volume
|
|
|
n
|
number of moles
|
|
|
R
|
gas constant
|
|
|
T
|
temperature
|
|
|
What does Boyles law state?
|
it talks about the relationship between pressure and volume when temperature is held constant. According to boyles law, the volume of the gas in the container is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure on the gas
|
|
|
what is the formula for Boyles law?
|
P1V1 = P2V2
|
|
|
what does towels law state?
|
it talks about the relationship between volume in temperature when pressure is held constant. According to Charles Law, the volume of the gas in an expendable container is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
|
|
|
what is the formula for Charles Law?
|
V1T2 = V2T1. Or, V1/T1=V2/T2
|
|
|
what does Gay-Lussac's gas law state?
|
this law states that if the volume of the gas is held constant (i.e., confined in a rigid container) the absolute pressure of the gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. If the container is heated, the internal pressure goes up and eventually the container may even explode.
|
|
|
What is the formula for Gay-Lussac's Law?
|
P1T2 = P2T1
|
|
|
in regard to the three perfect gas laws, what is volume defined as?
|
a three dimensional space, defined by the container walls.
|
|
|
in regard to the three perfect gas laws, how will we measure pressure?
|
an ATM
|
|
|
with gas laws, what are the size of molecules?
|
extremely small compared to the distance between the molecules. They are like little balls jumping around in the container.
|
|
|
In which direction do gas molecules travel while in a container?
|
their motion is random
|
|
|
when gas molecules collide, is energy expended or conserved?
|
it is conserved
|
|
|
what effect does temperature have on the kinetic energy of gas molecules?
|
kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the absolute temperature in Kelvin
|
|
|
what does the third gas law state?
|
it states that at a constant volume, the absolute pressure on a given gas varies directly with the absolute temperature
|
|
|
what is the formula for the third gas law?
|
P1/T1 = P2/T2
|
|
|
what does Avogadro's law state?
|
it states that equal volumes of all gases under the same conditions of pressure and temperature contain equal amounts of molecules.
|
|
|
What is the formula for Avgadro's Law?
|
V1/n1 = V2/n2
|
|
|
what is the combined gas law?
|
it is a gas law that combines Charles Law, Boyles law, and gay Lussac's Law. These laws each relate one thermodynamic variable to another mathematically while holding everything else constant. Charles Law states that volume and temperature are directly proportional to each other while pressure is held constant. Boyle's Law asserts that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other at fixed temperature. Finally, gay-Lussac's Law introduces a direct proportionality between temperature and pressure at a constant volume. The interdependence of these variables is shown in the combined gas law, which states that: the ratio between the pressure volume constant and temperature of a system remains constant. PV=k1, V/T=k2, P/T=K3, therefore, PV/T=constant. PV/T is a constant for 1 mole of any gas.
|
|
|
What is the ideal gas law consisted of?
|
a combination of Avogadro's Law and of the combined gas law.
|
|
|
What is the formula for the ideal gas law?
|
P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2
|
|
|
in Boyles law, what variables remain constant?
|
n, T
|
|
|
in Boyles law what variables change?
|
P, V
|
|
|
in Charles Law, what variables remain constant?
|
n, P
|
|
|
in Charles Law what variables change?
|
V, T
|
|
|
in the third gas law, what variables remain constant?
|
n, V
|
|
|
in the third gas law what variables change?
|
P, T
|
|
|
in Avogadro's law, what to variables remain constant?
|
P, T
|
|
|
in Avogadro's law, what variables change?
|
n, V
|
|
|
in the ideal gas law, what variables remain constant?
|
none
|
|
|
in the ideal gas law, what variables change?
|
P, V, T, n
|
|
|
what does the Dalton's law of partial pressure state?
|
states that in a mixture of gases the pressure exerted by each gas is the same as that it would exert alone
|
|
|
Give it a deep diving example of Boyle's Law:
|
a diver is in very deep water that has an increase of pressure on him. He takes a deep breath from his tank. As he rises to the surface of the water to a depth that has decreased in pressure, the volume in his lungs will increase. This is why it is important to exhale the volume in your lungs in this situation
|
|
|
what is grahms law?
|
deals with weight
states that the rate of diffusion of a gas will vary inversely to the square root of the gas' molecular weight a heavy gas diffuses slower than a lighter gas a lighter gas diffuses more rapidly than a heavy gas |
|
|
what does Henry's law state?
|
at a constant temperature, the amount of a gas that is dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the amount of gas that is present above about liquid
this will relate to how we determine arterial oxygen content. It is related to the partial pressure of the oxygen delivered |
|
|
using ohms law, what is the electrical flow if you're voltage is 10 and your resistance is 2?
|
10/2 would give you a current (I) of 5
|
|
|
a gas has a volume of 7.3 L at 0.5 atmospheres. What will its new volume be if you were at 799 torr?
what is the constant in this problem? |
use of Boyle's Law
temperature is constant answer: 3.47 L |
|
|
when referring to randomness of the system, what term of thermodynamics are you referring to?
|
entropy
|
|
|
if you added pressure to a bag that was encased in a plastic globe in the volume of gas in that was decreased because of the pressure, which of the gas laws would you be utilizing?
|
Boyle's Law
|
