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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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802.11i
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The IEEE standard for wireless network encryption and authentication that uses the EAP authentication method, strong encryption, and dynamically assigned keys, which are different for every transmission. 802.11i specifies AES encryption and weaves a key into each packet.
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802.1x
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A vendor-independent IEEE standard for securing transmission between nodes according to the transmission’s port, whether physical or logical. 802.1x, also known as EAPoL, is the authentication standard followed by wireless networks using 802.11i.
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AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting)
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The name of a category of protocols that establish a client’s identity; check the client’s credentials and, based on those, allow or deny access to a system or network; and, finally, track the client’s system or network usage.
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ACL (access control list)
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A list of statements used by a router to permit or deny the forwarding of traffic on a network based on one or more criteria.
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AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
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A private key encryption algorithm that weaves keys of 128, 160, 192, or 256 bits through data multiple times. The algorithm used in the most popular form of AES is known as Rijndael. AES has replaced DES in situations such as military communications, which require the highest level of security.
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AH (authentication header)
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In the context of IPSec, a type of encryption that provides authentication of the IP packet’s data payload through public key techniques.
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AS (authentication service)
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In Kerberos terminology, the process that runs on a KDC (Key Distribution Center) to initially validate a client who’s logging on. The authentication service issues a session key to the client and to the service the client wants to access.
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asymmetric encryption
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A type of encryption (such as public key encryption) that uses a different key for encoding data than is used for decoding the ciphertext.
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authentication protocol
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A set of rules that governs how servers authenticate clients. Several types of authentication protocols exist.
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authenticator
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In Kerberos authentication, the user’s time stamp encrypted with the sessionkey. The authenticator is used to help the service verify that a user’s ticket is valid.
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biorecognition access
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A method of authentication in which a device scans an individual’s unique physical characteristics (such as the color patterns in her iris or the geometry of her hand) to verify the user’s identity.
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brute force attack
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An attempt to discover an encryption key or password by trying numerous possible character combinations. Usually, a brute force attack is performed rapidly by a program designed for that purpose.
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CA (certificate authority)
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An organization that issues and maintains digital certificates as part of the Public-key Infrastructure.
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challenge
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A random string of text issued from one computer to another in some forms of authentication. It is used, along with the password (or other credential), in a response to verify the computer’s credentials.
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CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)
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An authentication protocol that operates over PPP and that requires the authenticator to take the first step by offering the other computer a challenge. The requestor responds by combining the challenge with its password, encrypting the new string of characters and sending it to the authenticator. The authenticator matches to see if the requestor’s encrypted string of text matches its own encrypted string of characters. If so, the requester is authenticated and granted access to secured resources.
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ciphertext
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The unique data block that results when an original piece of data (such as text) is encrypted (for example, by using a key)
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client_hello
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In the context of SSL encryption, a message issued from the client to the server that contains information about what level of security the client’s browser is capable of accepting and what type of encryption the client’s browser can decipher (for example, RSA or Diffie-Hellman). The client_hello message also establishes a randomly generated number that uniquely identifies the client, plus another number that identifies the SSL session.
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content-filtering firewall
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A firewall that can block designated types of traffic from entering a protected network.
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denial-of-service attack
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A security attack in which a system becomes unable to function because it has been inundated with requests for services and can’t respond to any of them. As a result, all data transmissions are disrupted.
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DES (Data Encryption Standard)
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A popular private key encryption technique that was developed by IBM in the 1970s.
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dictionary attack
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A technique in which attackers run a program that tries a combination of a known user ID and, for a password, every word in a dictionary to attempt to gain access to a network.
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Diffie-Hellman
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The first commonly used public, or asymmetric, key algorithm. Diffie- Hellman was released in 1975 by its creators, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman.
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digital certificate
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A password-protected and encrypted file that holds an individual’s identification information, including a public key and a private key. The individual’s public key is used to verify the sender’s digital signature, and the private key allows the individual to log on to a third-party authority who administers digital certificates.
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DMZ (demilitarized zone)
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The perimeter of a protected, internal network where users, both authorized and unauthorized, from external networks can attempt to access it. Firewalls and IDS/IPS systems are typically placed in the DMZ.
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DNS spoofing
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A security attack in which an outsider forges name server records to falsify his host’s identity.
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EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol)
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A Data Link layer protocol defined by the IETF that specifies the dynamic distribution of encryption keys and a preauthentication process in which a client and server exchange data via an intermediate node (for example, an access point on a wireless LAN). Only after they have mutually authenticated can the client and server exchange encrypted data. EAP can be used with multiple authentication and encryption schemes.
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encryption
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The use of an algorithm to scramble data into a format that can be read only by reversing the algorithm—decrypting the data—to keep the information private. The most popular kind of encryption algorithm weaves a key into the original data’s bits, sometimes several times in different sequences, to generate a unique data block.
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encryption devices
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Computers or specialized adapters inserted into other devices, such as routers or servers, that perform encryption.
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ESP (Encapsulation Security Payload)
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In the context of IPSec, a type of encryption that provides authentication of the IP packet’s data payload through public key techniques. In addition, ESP also encrypts the entire IP packet for added security.
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evil twin
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An exploit in which a rogue access point masquerades as a legitimate access point, using the same SSID and potentially other identical settings.
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exploit
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In the context of network security, the means by which a hacker takes advantage of a vulnerability.
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flashing
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A security attack in which an Internet user sends commands to another Internet user’s machine that cause the screen to fill with garbage characters. A flashing attack causes the user to terminate her session.
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FTP bounce
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A security exploit in which an FTP client specifies a different host’s IP address and port number for the requested data’s destination. By commanding the FTP server to connect to a different computer, a hacker can scan the ports on other hosts and transmit malicious code. To thwart FTP bounce attacks, most modern FTP servers will not issue data to hosts other than the client that originated the request.
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hacker
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Traditionally, a person who masters the inner workings of operating systems and utilities in an effort to better understand them. More generally, an individual who gains unauthorized access to systems or networks with or without malicious intent.
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handshake protocol
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One of several protocols within SSL, and perhaps the most significant. As its name implies, the handshake protocol allows the client and server to authenticate (or introduce) each other and establishes terms for how they securely exchange data during an SSL session.
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HIDS (host-based intrusion detection)
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A type of intrusion detection that runs on a single computer, such as a client or server, that has access to and allows access from the Internet.
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HIPS (host-based intrusion prevention)
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A type of intrusion prevention that runs on a single computer, such as a client or server, that has access to and allows access from the Internet.
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honeynet
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A network of honeypots.
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honeypot
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A decoy system isolated from legitimate systems and designed to be vulnerable to security exploits for the purposes of learning more about hacking techniques or nabbing a hacker in the act.
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host-based firewall
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A firewall that only protects the computer on which it’s installed. host-based
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HTTPS (HTTP over Secure Sockets Layer)
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The URL prefix that indicates that a Web page requires its data to be exchanged between client and server using SSL encryption. HTTPS uses the TCP port number 443.
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IDS (intrusion-detection system)
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A dedicated device or software running on a host that monitors, flags, and logs any unauthorized attempt to access an organization’s secured resources on a network or host.
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IKE (Internet Key Exchange)
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The first phase of IPSec authentication, which accomplishes key management. IKE is a service that runs on UDP port 500. After IKE has established the rules for the type of keys two nodes use, IPSec invokes its second phase, encryption.
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IPS (intrusion-prevention system)
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A dedicated device or software running on a host that automatically reacts to any unauthorized attempt to access an organization’s secured resources on a network or host. IPS is often combined with IDS.
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IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
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A Layer 3 protocol that defines encryption, authentication, and key management for TCP/IP transmissions. IPSec is an enhancement to IPv4 and is native to IPv6. IPSec is unique among authentication methods in that it adds security information to the header of all IP packets.
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IP spoofing
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A security attack in which an outsider obtains internal IP addresses and then uses those addresses to pretend that he has authority to access a private network from the Internet.
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ISAKMP (Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol)
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A service for setting policies to verify the identity and the encryption methods nodes will use in IPSec transmission.
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KDC (Key Distribution Center)
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In Kerberos terminology, the server that runs the authentication service and the Ticket-Granting Service to issue keys and tickets to clients.
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Kerberos
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A cross-platform authentication protocol that uses key encryption to verify the identity of clients and to securely exchange information after a client logs on to a system. It is an example of a private key encryption service.
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key
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A series of characters that is combined with a block of data during that data’s encryption. To decrypt the resulting data, the recipient must also possess the key.
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key management
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The method whereby two nodes using key encryption agree on common parameters for the keys they will use to encrypt data.
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key pair
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The combination of a public and private key used to decipher data that was encrypted using public key encryption.
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man-in-the-middle attack
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A security threat that relies on intercepted transmissions. It can take one of several forms, but in all cases a person redirects or captures secure data traffic while in transit.
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metasploit
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A penetration-testing tool that combines known scanning techniques and exploits to result in potentially new types of exploits.
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MS-CHAP (Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol)
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An authentication protocol provided with Windows operating systems that uses a three-way handshake to verify a client’s credentials and encrypts passwords with a challenge text.
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MS-CHAPv2 (Microsoft Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol, version 2)
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An authentication protocol provided with Windows operating systems that follows the CHAP model, but uses stronger encryption, uses different encryption keys for transmission and reception, and requires mutual authentication between two computers.
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multifactor authentication
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An authentication process that requires the client to provide two or more pieces of information, such as a password, fingerprint scan, and security token.
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mutual authentication
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An authentication scheme in which both computers verify the credentials of each other.
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Nessus
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A penetration-testing tool from Tenable Security that performs sophisticated scans to discover information about hosts, ports, services, and software.
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network-based firewall
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A firewall configured and positioned to protect an entire network.
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network key
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A key (or character string) required for a wireless station to associate with an access point using WEP.
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NIDS (network-based intrusion detection)
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A type of intrusion detection that occurs on devices that are situated at the edge of the network or that handle aggregated traffic.
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NIPS (network-based intrusion prevention)
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A type of intrusion prevention that occurs on devices that are situated at the edge of the network or that handle aggregated traffic.
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NMAP (Network Mapper)
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A scanning tool designed to assess large networks quickly and provide comprehensive, customized information about a network and its hosts. NMAP, which runs on virtually any modern operating system, is available for download at no cost at www.nmap.org.
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OpenSSH
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An open source version of the SSH suite of protocols.
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packet-filtering firewall
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A router that examines the header of every packet of data that it receives to determine whether that type of packet is authorized to continue to its destination. Packet-filtering firewalls are also called screening firewalls.
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PAP (Password Authentication Protocol)
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A simple authentication protocol that operates over PPP. Using PAP, a client issues its credentials in a request to authenticate, and the server responds with a confirmation or denial of authentication after comparing the credentials with those in its database. PAP is not very secure and is, therefore, rarely used on modern networks.
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PGP (Pretty Good Privacy)
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A key-based encryption system for e-mail that uses a two-step verification process.
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phishing
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A practice in which a person attempts to glean access or authentication information by posing as someone who needs that information.
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PKI (Public-key Infrastructure)
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The use of certificate authorities to associate public keys with certain users.
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port authentication
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A technique in which a client’s identity is verified by an authentication server before a port, whether physical or logical, is opened for the client’s Layer 3 traffic. See also 802.1x.
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port forwarding
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The process of redirecting traffic from its normally assigned port to a different port, either on the client or server. In the case of using SSH, port forwarding can send data exchanges that are normally insecure through encrypted tunnels.
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port mirroring
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A monitoring technique in which one port on a switch is configured to send a copy of all its traffic to a second port.
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port scanner
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Software that searches a server, switch, router, or other device for open ports, which can be vulnerable to attack.
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posture assessment
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An assessment of an organization’s security vulnerabilities. Posture assessments should be performed at least annually and preferably quarterly—or sooner if the network has undergone significant changes. For each risk found, it should rate the severity of a potential breach, as well as its likelihood.
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principal
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In Kerberos terminology, a user or client.
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private key encryption
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A type of key encryption in which the sender and receiver use a key to which only they have access. DES (Data Encryption Standard), which was developed by IBM in the 1970s, is a popular example of a private key encryption technique. Private key encryption is also known as symmetric encryption.
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proxy server
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A network host that runs a proxy service. Proxy servers may also be called gateways.
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proxy service
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A software application on a network host that acts as an intermediary between the external and internal networks, screening all incoming and outgoing traffic and providing one address to the outside world, instead of revealing the addresses of internal LAN devices.
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public key encryption
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A form of key encryption in which data is encrypted using two keys: One is a key known only to a user, and the other is a key associated with the user and that can be obtained from a public source, such as a public key server. Some examples of public key algorithms include RSA and Diffie-Hellman. Public key encryption is also known as asymmetric encryption.
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public key server
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A publicly available host (such as an Internet host) that provides free access to a list of users’ public keys (for use in public key encryption).
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RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service)
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A popular protocol for providing centralized AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting) for multiple users. RADIUS runs over UDP and can use one of several authentication protocols.
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RADIUS server
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A server that offers centralized authentication services to a network’s access server, VPN server, or wireless access point via the RADIUS protocol.
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RC4
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An asymmetric key encryption technique that weaves a key with data multiple times as a computer issues the stream of data. RC4 keys can be as long as 2048 bits. In addition to being highly secure, RC4 is fast.
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RSA
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An encryption algorithm that creates a key by randomly choosing two large prime numbers and multiplying them together. RSA is named after its creators, Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. RSA was released in 1977, but remains popular today for e-commerce transactions.
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SCP (Secure CoPy)
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A method for copying files securely between hosts. SCP is part of the OpenSSH package, which comes with modern UNIX and Linux operating systems. Third- party SCP applications are available for Windows-based computers.
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security audit
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An assessment of an organization’s security vulnerabilities performed by an accredited network security firm.
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security policy
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A document or plan that identifies an organization’s security goals, risks, levels of authority, designated security coordinator and team members, responsibilities for each team member, and responsibilities for each employee. In addition, it specifies how to address security breaches.
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security token
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A device or piece of software used for authentication that stores or generates information, such as a series of numbers or letters, known only to its authorized user.
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server_hello
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In the context of SSL encryption, a message issued from the server to the client that confirms the information the server received in the client_hello message. It also agrees to certain terms of encryption based on the options the client supplied. Depending on the Web server’s preferred encryption method, the server may choose to issue your browser a public key or a digital certificate at this time.
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session key
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In the context of Kerberos authentication, a key issued to both the client and the server by the authentication service that uniquely identifies their session.
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SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol)
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A protocol available with the proprietary version of SSH that copies files between hosts securely. Like FTP, SFTP first establishes a connection with a host and then allows a remote user to browse directories, list files, and copy files. Unlike FTP, SFTP encrypts data before transmitting it.
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single sign-on
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A form of authentication in which a client signs on once to access multiple systems or resources.
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smurf attack
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A threat to networked hosts in which the host is flooded with broadcast ping messages. A smurf attack is a type of denial-of-service attack.
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social engineering
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The act of manipulating personal relationships to circumvent network security measures and gain access to a system.
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SSH (Secure Shell)
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A connection utility that provides authentication and encryption. With SSH, you can securely log on to a host, execute commands on that host, and copy files to or from that host. SSH encrypts data exchanged throughout the session.
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SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
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A method of encrypting TCP/IP transmissions—including Web pages and data entered into Web forms—en route between the client and server using public key encryption technology.
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SSL session
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In the context of SSL encryption, an association between the client and server that is defined by an agreement on a specific set of encryption techniques. An SSL session allows the client and server to continue to exchange data securely as long as the client is still connected to the server. SSL sessions are established by the SSL handshake protocol.
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stateful firewall
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A firewall capable of monitoring a data stream from end to end.
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stateless firewall
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A firewall capable only of examining packets individually. Stateless firewalls perform more quickly than stateful firewalls, but are not as sophisticated.
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symmetric encryption
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A method of encryption that requires the same key to encode the data as is used to decode the ciphertext.
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TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus)
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A Cisco proprietary protocol for AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting). Like RADIUS, TACACS+ may use one of many authentication protocols. Unlike RADIUS, TACACS+ relies on TCP at the Network layer and allows for separation of the AAA services.
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TGS (Ticket-Granting Service)
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In Kerberos terminology, an application that runs on the KDC that issues Ticket-Granting Tickets to clients so that they need not request a new ticket for each new service they want to access.
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TGT (Ticket-Granting Ticket)
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In Kerberos terminology, a ticket that enables a user to be accepted as a validated principal by multiple services.
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three-way handshake
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An authentication process that involves three steps.
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ticket
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In Kerberos terminology, a temporary set of credentials that a client uses to prove that its identity has been validated by the authentication service.
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TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol)
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An encryption key generation and management scheme used by 802.11i.
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TLS (Transport Layer Security)
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A version of SSL being standardized by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). With TLS, the IETF aims to create a version of SSL that encrypts UDP as well as TCP transmissions. TLS, which is supported by new Web browsers, uses slightly different encryption algorithms than SSL, but otherwise is very similar to the most recent version of SSL.
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Triple DES (3DES)
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The modern implementation of DES, which weaves a 56-bit key through data three times, each time using a different key.
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two-factor authentication
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A process in which clients must supply two pieces of information to verify their identity and gain access to a system.
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VPN concentrator
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A specialized device that authenticates VPN clients and establishes tunnels for VPN connections.
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vulnerability
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A weakness of a system, process, or architecture that could lead to compromised information or unauthorized access to a network.
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war chalking
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The use of chalk to draw symbols on a sidewalk or wall within range of an access point. The symbols, patterned after marks that hobos devised to indicate hospitable places for food or rest, indicate the access point’s SSID and whether it’s secured.
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war driving
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The act of driving while running a laptop configured to detect and capture wireless data transmissions.
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WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
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A key encryption technique for wireless networks that uses keys both to authenticate network clients and to encrypt data in transit.
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WEP cracking
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A security exploit in which a hacker uses a program to discover a WEP key.
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Wi-Fi Alliance
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An international, nonprofit organization dedicated to ensuring the interoperability of 802.11-capable devices.
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WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
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A wireless security method endorsed by the Wi-Fi Alliance that is considered a subset of the 802.11i standard. In WPA, authentication follows the same mechanism specified in 802.11i. The main difference between WPA and 802.11i is that WPA specifies RC4 encryption rather than AES.
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WPA2
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The name given to the 802.11i security standard by the Wi-Fi Alliance. The only difference between WPA2 and 802.11i is that WPA2 includes support for the older WPA security method.
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WPA2-Enterprise
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An authentication scheme for Wi-Fi networks that combines WPA2 with RADIUS.
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WPA cracking
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A security exploit in which a hacker uses a program to discover a WPA key. WPA-Enterprise An authentication scheme for Wi-Fi networks that combines WPA with RADIUS.
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zero-day exploit
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An exploit that takes advantage of a software vulnerability that hasn’t yet become public, and is known only to the hacker who discovered it. Zero-day exploits are particularly dangerous, because the vulnerability is exploited before the software developer has the opportunity to provide a solution for it.
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