Network+ 2005 Key Terms & Info (Part Ii)

Front 1

Physical Topology

Back 1

Physical layout or pattern of the nodes on a network. It depicts in broad scope: doesn't specify device types, connectivity methods or addressing schemes. The word "Topology" used by itself usually refers to physical topology.

Front 2

Bus Topology

Back 2

Consists of a single cable connecting all nodes on a network without connectivity devices. Every node share the bus's total capacity. (Examples: Thinnet and Thinnet using coaxial cable).

Front 3

Signal Bounce

Back 3

Term used to describe when signals on a bus travel endlessly between 2 nodes of a bus network.

Front 4

Ring Topology

Back 4

Each node is connected to the 2 nearest nodes so that the entire netowrk forms a circle. Data is transmitted clockwise - each device acts as a repeater.

Front 5

Active Topology

Back 5

All workstations participate in data delivery on a network (Example: Ring Topology).

Front 6

Star Topology

Back 6

Every node on the network is connected through a central device, such as a hub or switch. This topology is usually built with twisted-pair or fiber-optic cabling.

Front 7

Hybrid Topologoy

Back 7

Complex combination of physical topologies: Star-wired ring, star-wired bus.

Front 8

Star-wired Ring Topology

Back 8

Uses the physical layout of a star in conjuction with the ring topology's data transmission method - benefits from the fault tolerance of star topology and reliability of token passing.

Front 9

Star-wired Bus Topology

Back 9

Groups of workstations are star-connected to hubs and then networked via a single bus.

Front 10

Network Backbone

Back 10

Network cabling that connects hubs, switches and routers which is capable of more throughput than workstation cabling because of heavy traffic.

Front 11

Serial Backbone

Back 11

Network backbone that consists of 2 or more internetworking devices connected to each other by a single cable in a daisy-chain fashion.

Front 12

Daisy-Chain

Back 12

Linked series of devices.

Front 13

Enterprise

Back 13

Entire organization, including its local and remote offices.

Front 14

Distributed Backbone

Back 14

Network backbone that consists of a number of connectivity devices connected to a series of central connectivity devices, such as hubs, switches or routers, in a hierarchy.

Front 15

Collapsed Backbone

Back 15

Network backbone that uses a router or switch as the single central connection point for multiple subnetworks - the single router or switch is the highest layer of the backbone.

Front 16

Parallel Backbone

Back 16

Network Backbone (most robust) is a variation of the collapsed backbone, but instead consists of more than one connection from the central router or switch to each network segment. It's more expensive and requires more cable, but it offers increased performance and better fault tolerance.

Front 17

Logical Topology

Back 17

Way in which data is transmitted between nodes, rather than the physical layout of the paths the data takes. Most common logical topologies are bus and ring.

Front 18

Switching

Back 18

Component of a network's logical topology that determines how connections are created between nodes. 3 common methods: circuit, message and packet switching.

Front 19

Circuit Switching

Back 19

Connection is established between 2 network nodes before they begin transmitting data. This method monopolizes its piece of bandwidth while the 2 stations are connected. (Example: ISDN, T1 and ATM).

Front 20

Message Switching

Back 20

Establishes a connection between 2 devices, transfers the information to the second device, then breaks the connection. Information is stored and forwarded from the 2nd device after a connection between that device and a third device on the path is established, continuing this way until the data reaches its destination.

Front 21

Packet Switching

Back 21

Breaks data into packets before they are transported. Packets can travel any path on the network to their destination because each packet contains the destination address and sequencing information. Packets find the fastest circuit available. (Not optimal for live audio/video).

Front 22

Jamming

Back 22

In CSMA/CD, when a collision occurs, NICs issue a special 32-bit sequence that indicates to the rest of the network that its previous tranmission was faulty and those data frames are invalide.

Front 23

Collision Domain

Back 23

Portion of a network in which collisions occur if 2 nodes transmit data at the same time. Switches and routers can separate collision domains, but not repeaters.

Front 24

Data Propagation Delay

Back 24

Length of time data takes to travel from one point on the segment to another point.

Front 25

Shared Ethernet

Back 25

Supplies a fixed amount of bandwidth that must be shared by all devices on a segment (traditional) - all nodes share the same collision domain.

Front 26

Switched Ethernet

Back 26

Enables multiple nodes to simultaneously transmit and receive data over different logical network segments. Each node can individually take advantage of more bandwidth.

Front 27

Ethernet Frames

Back 27

May use one or a combination of 4 kinds of data frames: 802.2 (Raw); 802.3 (Novell); Ethernet II (DIX); Ethernet SNAP. Almost all networks nowadays use Ethernet_II. Frame types are specified through NIC software, and most NICs automatically sense frame type (called auto-detect or autosense).

Front 28

Preamble

Back 28

Part of frame field that signals to the receiving node that data is incoming and indicates when the data flow is about to begin.

Front 29

Start-of-Frame Delimeter (SFD)

Back 29

Part of frame field that identifies where the data field begins.

Front 30

Padding

Back 30

Extra bytes in a frame that have no significance.

Front 31

Token Passing

Back 31

3-byte packet, called a token, is transmitted from 1 node to another in a circular fashion around the ring. Stations with something to send pick up the token, change it to a frame, and add the header, information and trailer fields. This method avoids collisions.

Front 32

Active Monitor

Back 32

A workstation that maintains the timing for the ring passing, monitors frame transmission, detects lost tokens and corrects errors.

Front 33

Token Ring Connectors

Back 33

3 types of connectors: RJ-45, DB-9 and Type 1 IBM.

Front 34

Virtual Circuits

Back 34

Connections between network nodes that appear to be direct, dedicated links between nodes.

Front 35

Cell

Back 35

ATM packet, which is a fixed packet size (48 bytes plus 5 byte header) - fixed packet size allows ATM to provide predictable network performance, but requires more overhead.

Front 36

Association

Back 36

When you bring your laptop to a local internet cafe, it prompts you to log on to the cafe's wireless network to gain access to the Internet.

Front 37

Scanning

Back 37

With wireless protocols running, the computer periodically surveys its surroundings for evidence of an access point.

Front 38

Active Scanning

Back 38

Stations transmit a special frame, known as a probe, on all available channels within its frequency range.

Front 39

Passive Scanning

Back 39

Wireless station listens on all available channels with its frequency range for a special signal, known as a beacon frame.

Front 40

SSID

Back 40

Service Set Idenifier - a unique character string used to identify an access point.

Front 41

Reassociation

Back 41

When a station chooses a different access point when a mobile user moves out of one access point's range and into another.

Front 42

Bluetooth

Back 42

Mobile wireless networking standard that uses FHSS RF signaling in the 2.4-GHz band. Used between multiple devices including cordless phones, PDAs, computers, printers, keyboards, etc.

Front 43

Dedicated Line

Back 43

Continuously available communications channel from a telecommunications provider (local phone company or ISP).

Front 44

WAN Link

Back 44

Connection between one WAN site (point) and another (Point to Point).

Front 45

Bus Topology WAN

Back 45

WAN in which each site is directly connected to no more than two other sites in a serial fashion. Each site depends on every other site in the network to transmit and receive traffic. It uses different locations, each connected to another by point-to-point links.

Front 46

Ring Topology WAN

Back 46

WAN in which each site is connected to two other sites so that the entire WAN forms a ring pattern. It connects locations rahter than local nodes and in most WANs, a ring topology uses 2 parallel paths for data.

Front 47

Star Topology WAN

Back 47

Mimics the arrangement of a star topology LAN. A single site acts as the central connection point for several other points.

Front 48

Mesh Topology WAN

Back 48

Incorporates many directly interconnected sites. Data can travel directly from its origin to its destination. Router can redirect data easily and quickly - most fault tolerant topology.

Front 49

Full Mesh WAN

Back 49

Type of mesh topology in which every WAN site is directly connected to every other site.

Front 50

Partial Mesh WAN

Back 50

Only critical WAN sites are directly interconnected and secondary sites are connected through star or ring toplogies.

Front 51

Tiered Topology WAN

Back 51

Sites connected in star or ring formations are interconnected at different levels, with the interconnecion points being organized into layers to form hierarchial groupings.

Front 52

Last Mile (Local Loop)

Back 52

Portion of the PSTN that connects your house to the nearest central office.

Front 53

X.25

Back 53

Analog, packet-switched technology designed for long-distance data transmission - standardized by ITU in mid-70s; maximum throughput of 2048 Mbps; protocols at the Physical, Data Link and Network layers of OSI; verifies transmission at every node.

Front 54

Frame Relay

Back 54

Updated, digital version of X.25 that also relies on packet-switching; operates at Data Link layer of OSI; supports multiple different Network and Transport layer protocols like TCP/IP and IPX/SPX; higher throughput than X.25.

Front 55

B Channel

Back 55

ISDN channel that uses circuit-switching techniques to carry voice, video and audio ("Bearer").

Front 56

D Channel

Back 56

"Data" channel that uses packet-switching techniques to carry information.

Front 57

T-Carrier

Back 57

Technology standards specify a mode of signaling, which means they belong to the Physical layer of the OSI model - uses TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) over 2 pairs to divide a single channel into multiple channels. Medium: ordinary telephone wire, fiber-optic or wireless link.

Front 58

Signal Level

Back 58

T-Carrier's physical layer electrical signaling characteristics as defined by ANSI.

Front 59

Fractional T1

Back 59

Use of only some of the channels on a T1 line and be charged according to the number of channels used - leased in multiples of 64 Kbps.

Front 60

Assymetrical (DSL)

Back 60

Technology that offers more throughput in one direction than in the other (ADSL and VDSL).

Front 61

Symmerical (DSL)

Back 61

Technology that offers equal capacity for data traveling both upstream and downstream (HDSL, SDSL and SHDSL).

Front 62

Cable Modem

Back 62

Device used to connect broadband cable - operates at the Physical and Data Link layer of OSI.

Front 63

Head-end

Back 63

Nodes that connect to the cable company's central office.

Front 64

Cable Drop

Back 64

Fiber-optic or coaxial cable connecting node to the customer's business or residence.

Front 65

Self-healing

Back 65

SONET process of automatically rerouting traffic to the backup ring without loss of service.

Front 66

Hot Spots

Back 66

Places where wireless Internet access is available to the public.

Front 67

Uplink

Back 67

Creation of a communications channel for a transmission from an earth-based transmitter to an orbiting satellite before transmission to prevent unauthorized interception. Opposite of downlink.

Front 68

Transponder

Back 68

Device that receives the uplink satellite signal.

Front 69

Dial Return

Back 69

Satellite access by which a subscriber receives data from the Internet via a satellite downlink transmission, but sends data via an analog modem (dial-up) connection.

Front 70

Satellite Return

Back 70

Sattelite access by which a subscriber sends and receives data to and from the Internet using a satellite uplink and downlink.

Front 71

Dial-up Networking

Back 71

Dialing directly into a private network's or ISPs remote access server to log on to a network (uses PSTN, X.25 or ISDN).

Front 72

Terminal Services

Back 72

Multiple remote computers can connect to a terminal server on a LAN. It's a computer that runs specialized software that allows it to act as a host and supply applications and resource sharing to remote clients.

Front 73

Thin Client

Back 73

Workstation that uses terminal services to access a LAN.

Front 74

Web Portal

Back 74

Secure, web-based interface to an application.

Front 75

Tunneling

Back 75

Process of encapsulating higher-layer protocols to make sure a VPN can carry all types of data in a private manner over any kind of connection.

Front 76

Redirector

Back 76

Service on the client workstation that intercepts the request to determine whether it should be handled by the client or the server; Presentation layer of OSI.

Front 77

Middleware

Back 77

Software used to translate requests and responses between client and server; prevents the need for a shared application to function differently for each different type of client.

Front 78

3-tier architecture

Back 78

Client/server environment that incorporates middleware: 3 tiers are client, middleware and server.

Front 79

Inherited

Back 79

Permissions that are passed down from parent group (user profiles).

Front 80

Object

Back 80

According to LDAP, any thing or person associated with a network: including users, printers, groups, computers, data files and applications.

Front 81

Attributes

Back 81

Properties associated with objects according to LDAP. User's object's attributes may include name, location, email, etc. Printer object's attributes may include location, model number, printing preferences, etc.

Front 82

Schema

Back 82

Set of definitions of the kinds of objects and object-related information that the database can contain. LDAP compatible directories.

Front 83

Classes

Back 83

Also known as object classes, identify what type of objects can be specified in a directory.

Front 84

Tree

Back 84

Logical representation of multiple, hierarchical levels within a directory.

Front 85

Per User

Back 85

Software licensing option that allows only a certain number of clients to use the application simultaneously.

Front 86

Per Seat

Back 86

Software licensing option that reserves a certain number of clients, whether they're logged on or not.

Front 87

Site License

Back 87

Software licensing option in which a fixed price allows an unlimited number of users to legally access an application.

Front 88

Multitasking

Back 88

Ability of a processor to perform many different operations in a very brief period of time.

Front 89

Preemptive multitasking

Back 89

Also called time-sharing, servers perform one task at a time, allowing one program to use the processor for a certain period of time, then suspending that program to allow another program to use the processor.

Front 90

Multiprocessing

Back 90

Support and use of multiple processors to handle multiple threads. Used on servers; improves response time.

Front 91

Symmetric Processing

Back 91

Multiprocessing that splits all operations equally among two or more processors.

Front 92

Assymmetric Processing

Back 92

Assigns each subtask to a specific processor.

Front 93

Windows Server 2003 Requirements

Back 93

Processor: 133 MHz; Memory: 128 MB RAM; Hard Disk: 1.5 GB free space; NIC: HCL compatible; CD-ROM, Mouse.

Front 94

Workgroup

Back 94

Interconnected computers that share each other's resources without relying on a central server (type of peer-to-peer network). Each computer has its down database of user accounts and priviledges.

Front 95

Domain Model

Back 95

Type of client/server network that relies on domains rather than workgroups.

Front 96

Domain

Back 96

Group of users, servers and other resources that share a centralized database of account and security information - contained within Active Directory.

Front 97

Domain Controllers

Back 97

Computers on which a directory containing information about objects in a domain reside. 2 domain controllers are recommended for fault tolerance.

Front 98

Member Servers

Back 98

Computers that don't store directory information, therefore, they cannot authenticate users.

Front 99

Replication

Back 99

Process of copying directory data to multiple domain controllers - ensures redundancy (fault tolerance).

Front 100

Domain Tree

Back 100

Contains root domains (at the base of Active Directory) and child domains, which branch out from the root.

Front 101

Forest

Back 101

Collection of one or more domain trees - all trees in the forest share a common schema.

Front 102

Two-way Transitive Trust

Back 102

Relationship between domains and trees: users in domain A is recognized and can be authenticated by domain B, and vice versa. User in domain A may be granted rights to any of the resources managed by domain B, and vice versa.

Front 103

Explicit One-Way Trust

Back 103

Trust Relationship between domains: trust doesn't apply to other domains in the tree.

Front 104

Namespace

Back 104

Refers to the complete database of hierarchical names used to map IP addresses to their hosts' names. In Windows Server 2003, namespaces refer to a collection of object names and their associated places in the network.

Front 105

Local Accounts

Back 105

Accounts that only have rights on the server they're logged onto.

Front 106

Domain Accounts

Back 106

Accounts that have rights throughout the domain.

Front 107

Domain Local Group

Back 107

Group that allows its members access to resources within a single domain.

Front 108

Global Group

Back 108

Allows members access to resources witin a single domain like a Local Group, but a global group usually contains user accounts and can be inserted into a domain local group to gain access to resources in other domains.

Front 109

Universal Group

Back 109

Group that allows its members access to resources across multiple domains and forests.

Front 110

The SCO Group

Back 110

Company that owns the right to the UNIX source code.

Front 111

The Open Group

Back 111

Nonprofit industry association that own the UNIX trademark.

Front 112

Proprietary UNIX

Back 112

A licensed copy of UNIX is purchased from the SCO Group and implemented by private companies (Apple: Mac OS X Server; Sun: Solaris; IBM: AIX).

Front 113

Solaris

Back 113

UNIX system developed by Sun Microsystems. Used on its SPARC servers.

Front 114

Linux

Back 114

High-stable and free version of UNIX developed in 1991. Used for file, print and Web servers around the world.

Front 115

Mac OS X Server

Back 115

Released by Apple in 2001 to replace network operating system software AppleShare IP. Runs on XServe.

Front 116

Special features of UNIX

Back 116

UNIX-type systems allow you to change the server's configuration without restarting the server. You can easily modify a UNIX-type system while it's running. You can enable the tape driver, access the tape, and disable the tape driver without restarting the server. Memory is used more efficiently.

Front 117

UNIX Kernel

Back 117

Core of all UNIX-type systems - it's loaded into memory and runs when you turn on your computer. Primary function is to access your computer's hardware, such as disks, memory, keyboard and monitor.

Front 118

Kernel Memory

Back 118

File that contains instructions for performing a specific task such as reading data from and writing data to a hard drive.

Front 119

Hierarchical File System

Back 119

Method of organizing files and directories on a disk in which directories may contain files and other directories.

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Ext3

Back 120

Third Extension - native file type on Linux.

Front 121

UFS

Back 121

UNIX File System - native file system developed by Sun.

Front 122

HFS+

Back 122

Hierarchical File System - native file system for Mac.

Front 123

NFS

Back 123

Network File System - Sun Microsystems, it's a popular remote file system supported by UNIX.

Front 124

Samba

Back 124

Open source application that implements the Windows SMB and CIFS file system protocols. Samba is included with Solaris, most Linux distributions, and Mac OS X Server by default.

Front 125

Command Interpreter

Back 125

Program that accepts the commands you type on the keyboard and runs the commands for you.

Front 126

File Globbing

Back 126

On a UNIX-type system, it's similar to using wildcards in Windows and DOS.

Front 127

i-Node

Back 127

Information Node - UNIX-type file ssytem information storage area that holds all details about a file.

Front 128

Pipe

Back 128

Powerful ability to direct output from one command to the input of another command. Commands are compbined using a pipe "|".

Front 129

Pipeline

Back 129

Two or more commands connected by a pipe.

Front 130

intraNetware

Back 130

NetWare version that began supporting TCP/IP (4.11) - versions of NetWare prior to this require IPX/SPX. Version 4 also brought about the graphical interface to replace DOS-based commands.

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NetWare 5.x

Back 131

Novell's first NOS to be based solely on IP protocol.

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NetWare 6.x

Back 132

Novell's Netware NOS started eDirectory (equivalent to Active Directory of Windows Server), iManager and Server Consolidation Utility.

Front 133

NetWare Integrated Kernel

Back 133

Core of NetWare 6.5, this kernel is responsible for overseeing critical server processes like multiprocessing, multitasking, access to server's interupts, memory and I/O functions. Kernel is started by "server.exe".

Front 134

GroupWise

Back 134

Novell NetWare's email and scheduler software applications.

Front 135

BoarderManager

Back 135

Application from Novell that provides proxy and firewall services on NetWare servers.

Front 136

ConsoleOne

Back 136

Novell NetWare's graphical interface that provides access to console commands and object/directory management (similar to MMC of Windows).

Front 137

X Server

Back 137

NetWare 6.5 server's graphical desktop that is loaded by default when the server starts.

Front 138

Remote Manager

Back 138

A browser-based tool that enables network administrators to perform
server and object management in NetWare 6.5.

Front 139

Pool

Back 139

A feature of NSS (Novell Storage Services) that combines free storage space from multiple hard disks and CDs.

Front 140

iManager

Back 140

Primary GUI tool used to manage all objects in NetWare 6.5.

Front 141

eDirectory

Back 141

NetWare 6.5's directory database, which is its system for organizing and managing muliple servers and their resources, including storage devices, users, volumes, groups, printers, etc. eDirectory is similar to Active Directory in Windows Servers.

Front 142

Base Schema

Back 142

schema—The standard set of object classes and attributes installed as the default schema for NetWare’s eDirectory. The base schema can be extended through NetWare utilities.

Front 143

Extended Schema

Back 143

In NetWare, a set of object classes and attributes that is different from the
base schema.

Front 144

Tree Object

Back 144

Root of eDirectory (a tree can have only one root).

Front 145

Context

Back 145

The characteristic that indicates where an object belongs in an eDirectory tree. A
context is made up of an object’s organizational unit names, arranged from most specific to
most general, plus the organization name. Periods separate the organizational unit names in context.

Front 146

Typeful (Notation)

Back 146

Lengthy way of expressing context that includes identifiers for the organization and OUs (similar to distinguished name in Windows Servers). Example: User: Phil; Div: Receivables; Dept: Accounting; Company: Sutkin --> OU=Receivables.OU=Acctg.0=Sutkin

Front 147

Typeless (Notation)

Back 147

Notation that eliminates OU and O symbols. Typeful: OU=Receivables.OU=Acctg.0=Sutkin ... Typeless: Receivables.Acctg.Sutkin

Front 148

Default Port of NetWare Server

Back 148

8008 Example URL: https://10.11.11.11:8008

Front 149

Traditional Client Access

Back 149

Clients running Windows, Mac, UNIX-type OSs connected and accessed NetWare resources via a Novell client designed for that client (example: Novell Client for Windows).

Front 150

Native File Access

Back 150

NetWare is capable of providing clients with direct access to NSS using the clients' native file access protocol. Using native file access protocol means that users can browse folders and directories just as if they were connected to a server running the same kind of file system.

Front 151

NetDrive

Back 151

Software that allows Windows clients to access directories on a NetWare 6.5 server. NetDrive uses Internet protocols like HTTP and FTP.

Front 152

Browser-Based Access

Back 152

Users can navigate diretories and manage files on a server through NetStorage - only TCP/IP protocols are necessary to have installed and configured.

Front 153

DirXML

Back 153

Novell's tools for integrating eDirectory and Windows Active Directory; servers can share data; DirXML synchronizes changes in other directories.

Front 154

Nterprise Linux Services

Back 154

Services that consist of client tools for accessing eDirectory, development tools for integrating Linux servers with DirXML, plus brower-based file and print services.