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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bidonville
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French for irregular housing
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Gastarbeiter
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German for "guest worker"
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Proto-language
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Common ancestor of related families that form a language family
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Indo-European family
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Persian
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Pashto
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Kurdish
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Armenian
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Altaic family
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Turkish
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Semitic family
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Arabic
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Hebrew
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Aramaic
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Sects of Islam
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Sunni
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Shii
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Druze
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Alawi
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Arabs
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speak Arabic
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Muslim, Christian
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Jews
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Speak Hebrew, Yiddish
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Judaism
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Persians
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Speak Perisan (=Farsi)
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Muslim (Shii)
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Pashtos
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Speak Pashto
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Muslim (Sunni)
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Kurds
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Speak kurdish
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Muslim (Sunni)
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Assyrians
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Speak Aramaic
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Christian
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Turks
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Speak Turkish
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Muslim (Sunni)
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Berbers
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Speak Berber
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Muslim (Sunni)
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Armenians
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Speak Armenian
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Christians
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Egypt
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Capital: Cairo
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"Mother of the World" "Gift of Nile"
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Most of population became Muslim/Arab
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Naguib Mahfouz (d. 2006)
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Egyptian novelist explores existentialism, Nobel prize for literature
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Herodotus
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Greek historian, regarded as Father of History in Western culture.
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Aswan Dam (= High Dam)
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Nasser
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Lake Nasser
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Resulted from construction of Aswn Dam
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Suez Canal
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allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation of Africa
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Alexandria
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2nd largest city in Egypt
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Al-Azhar University
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In Cairo, chief centre of Arabic and Islamic learning in the world
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British 1882
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British invades Egypt to establish puppet gov, retreated
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King Faroul (r. 1936-1952)
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Lavish king, deposed by Nasser and Free Officers
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Gamal Abd al-Nasser (r. 1954-1970)
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1st politician to articulate Pan-Arabis
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Free Officers
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Committed to unseating the Egyptian monarchy and British advisors, founded by Nasser
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Pan-Arabism
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unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World
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United Arab Republic (1958-1961)
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A brief union between Egypt and Syria during Nasser’s term as first step toward pan-Arabism.
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Arab socialism
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Nasser redistributed land from wealthy to poor. Subsidized food, fixed price of basic commodities. Nationalized industries. Many Egyptians still depend on subsdies.
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Non-Aligned Movement
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?
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Anwar Sadat (r. 1970-1981)
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Succeeded Nasser, signed Camp David Accord and Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty--pissed off many Arabs. Pursued Open Door Policy. Assasinated. Street in Iran named after assasinator.
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Open-door policy
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Allowed for foreign aid and investment.
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Husni Mubarak (r. 1981- )
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Current president of Egypt
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Muslim Brotherhood
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opposes current Egyptian regime. Provides civil services gov. cannot provide and has support of many Egyptians.
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Copts
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Ethnoreligious term referring to Arabic-speaking Christians
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Fellah, fellahin
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peasant/farmer in M.E.
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Gamal Mubarak
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Son of current president, believed to be eventual successor.
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Kefaya
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grassroots coalition that opposes Mubarak
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Israel
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Capital: Jerusalem
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Jerusalem
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many countries keep embassies in Tel Aviv to avoid sensitivity
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Occupied Territories
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West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip
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West Bank
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Obtained from Jordan in Six-Day War. Under Israeli military occupation, but not annexed by Israel.
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Judaea/Samaria
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Biblical name for West Bank region.
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Golan Heights
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Captured from Syria by Israel during Six-Day War
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Negev
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desert region of southern Israel
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Ashkenzazi
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Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities of the Rhineland in the west of Germany.
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Sephardi
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Jews of Spanish and Portugese origin.
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Mizrahi
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Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia and the Caucasus
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Orthodox
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strict interpretation of Jewish texts
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Reform
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more progressive
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1967 Six-Day War
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Aka Arab-Israeli War. Fought between Israel and Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The nations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria also contributed troops and arms to the Arab forces. Conclusion: Israel had seized the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank of the Jordan River (including East Jerusalem), and the Golan Heights.
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1979 Camp David Accrds
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Signed by Egypt and Israel, witnessed by Carter, led directly to Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.
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1993 Oslo Accords
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First direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel (Rabin) and Palestinians (PLO, represented by Yasser Arafat). It was the first time that some Palestinian factions publicly acknowledged Israel's right to exist, presided by Clinton. Called for Israel to withdraw forces from parts of Gaza Strip and West Bank; other issues left to be decided.
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Two-state solution
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envisions two separate states in the Western portion of the historic region of Palestine, one Jewish and another Arab
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Land for Peace
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general principle proposed for resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict by which the Israel would relinquish control of all or part of the territories it conquered in 1967 in return for peace with and recognition by the Arab world
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Ariel Sharon
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former Israeli Prime Minister and military leader.
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Ehud Olmert
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current Prime Minister of Israel
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Separation Fence/Apartheid Wall
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located mainly in West Bank
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Palestinian Authority
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?
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Yassir Arafat (d. 2004)
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Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, President of the Palestinian National Authority. fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to existence of Israel; later modified position.
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Palestine Liberation organization
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More recently, the PLO unofficially adopted a two-state solution
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Jericho
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town in the West Bank. Oldest continuously-inhabited city of the world.
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Mahmoud Abbas = Abu mazin
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President of the Palestinian National Authority; portrayed as face of Palestinian moderation.
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Hamas
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Militant organization calls for destruction of Israel. holds majority of elected legislative council of Palestinian National Authority. Election victories came as a surprise, seen as reaction against Arafat’s corruption. Runs extensive social programs and gaine d popularity. Leader of Hamas lives in Syria.
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Syria
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Capital: Damascus
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Foe of Israel, want Golan heights back. Support insurgents against US in Iraq. “Rogue state”. Many Alawis.
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Aleppo
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ancient city in northern Syria, center of trade.
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Hamah
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City in Syria. Site of uprising by Muslim Brotherhood, shelled by Syrian army under Hafez al-Asad.
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Euphrates
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Potential for war over water use disputes between Turkey and Iraq.
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Hafez al-Asad (r. 1971-2000)
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Was president of Syria, longest-serving elected leader of any Arab state. Determined to avoid conflict with Israel, kept tight rein on Syrian-based PLO.
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Muslim Brotherhood
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Opposed Hafez al-Asad because he advanced Alawi interests over Sunni majority. Crushed brutally in Hama uprising.
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Bashar al-Asad (r. 2000- )
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Assad’s son. Syria amended constitution to bring down minimum age for presidency so Bashar can take over.
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Alawis
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Sect of Muslim prominent in Syria.
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Lebanon
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Capital: Beirut
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“Bridge between East and West”
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Feudal society, strong local ethnoreligious identities. Weak national identity.
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Large number of Maronites “Christian country in middle east”
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city with temple ruins from Roman period.
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Levant
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geographic region covering Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq
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Litani River
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?
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Baalbek
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City with temple ruins from roman period
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Confessionalism
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National Pact: oral agreement by various local leaders on 6 Christian: 5 Muslim ratio for all public offices. President must be Maronite.
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Maronites
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Christians
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Hizbollah
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Shiite movement, “Party of God.” Took root through opposition against Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon. 2006 Israel invades Lebanon in response to Hizbolla capturing Israeli soldiers.
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Hassan Nasrallah
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leader of Hizbollah, credited for ending Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (only Arab force ever made Israel retreat) and playing major roles in prisoner exchange with Israel.
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Prime Minister Fuad Siniora
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lebanon
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Rafiq Hariri
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Billionaire and ex-prime minister of Lebanon. Syria (had come in to help end Civil War) blamed for assassinating him, many protests, Syria leaves Lebanon.
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Iraq
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Capital: Baghdad
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Mosul
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City, old admin district of Ottoman
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Basra
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City, old admin district of Ottoman
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Marsh Arabs
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inhabitants of the Tigris-Euphrates marshlands in the south and east of Iraq and along the Iranian border. Saddam destroyed them.
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Kurds
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Non-Arab minority in Iraq. Have their own regional gov. in iraq. Saddam used mustard gas against them in brutal anti-Kurdish campaign, saw as threat to territorial integrity.
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Assyrians
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Non-Arab minority in Iraq. many fled Iraq due to current war
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Turkomen
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non-Arab minority of Iraq, language and traditions oppressed by Saddam.
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Saddam Hussein (r. 1970-2003)
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a Sunni, oppressed the Shii (majority of Iraq)
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Baath
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secular Arab nationalist movement to combat Western rule. Sadda’s party.
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Iraq-Iran War (1980-1988)
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Completely pointless. No border change. Trench warfare.
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First Gulf War 1990
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Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling. Iraq invades Kuwait, US + UK drives out Iraq. Operation Desert Storm.
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Kuweit
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Invaded and annexed by Iraq, then Iraq driven out by US.
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Operation Desert Storm
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?
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Second Gulf War (2003-)
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current war
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Nouri al-Maliki (2005- )
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Prime Minister of Iraq, signed order for execution of Saddam.
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Muqtada al-Sadr
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Iraqi theologian, political leader and militia commander. one of the most influential religious and political figures in the country not holding any official title in the Iraqi government. Leader of Mahdi Army.
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Sadr City
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district of Baghdad, lots of fighting between US and Madhi Army.
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Mahdi Army
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Iraqi paramilitary force created by the Iraqi Shi'ite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr. spearheaded the first major armed confrontation against the U.S.-led occupation forces in Iraq from the Shi'ite community.
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Jordan
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Capital: Amman
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60%-70% Palestinians
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Rich in phosphates
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Petra
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archaeological site in Jordan
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Jordan River
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Historically and religiously, it is considered to be one of the world's most sacred rivers
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Transjordan
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Territory of Ottoman, geographically same as Jordan.
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King Husayn (r. 1953-1999)
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King of Jordan, direct lineage of Muhammed (Hashim family of Mecca). Actually asked Israel to Launch air attacks on Syrian tanks aiding Palestinians <- hate Husayn.
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King Abdallah (r. 1999- )
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Son of Husayn
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Rania
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Queen Rania, wife of King Abdullah. Hot. Women’s rights champion.
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PLO
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launches rockets into Israel from Jordan, which suffers Israeli retaliation.
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West Bank
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simply gave up West Bank to Israel!
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Black September 1970
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Husayn began perceiving PLO as threat, attacked with Jordanian army. Palestinians more afraid of Jordanian army, fled to Israel!
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Munich 1972
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Palestinian terrorists killed Israeli athletes at Olympics.
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Saudi Arabia
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Capital: Riyadh
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Strictly controlled press.
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Riyadh: (capital) dog-walking prohibited for men, malls prohibited for men on weekends. 1979 Islamic extremists took over Grand Mosque in Mecca, using it as a forum for challenging authority of royal family. Since then, government allowed country to become more ultra-conservative to appease radicals.
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Birthplace of Osama Bin Laden
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15 9-11 hijackers were Saudis
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Mecca
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birthplace of Muhammad
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Medina
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death place of Muhammad
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Ibn Saud (d. 1953)
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United the originally largely nomadic Arab tribes into Saudi Arabia. Absolute Monarchy.
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Wahhabi
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puritanical interpretation of Islam: no movies/music/martial arts…etc. Ideological root of Taliban + al Qaeda
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Hijaz
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region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia, contains Mecca and Medina
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Jiddah
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major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. principal gateway to Mecca
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Empty Quarter
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one of the largest sand deserts in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula
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al-Hasa
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traditional oasis region in eastern Saudi Arabia
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King Abdallah (r. 2005- )
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Richass motherfucker
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Servant of the Two Holy Shrines
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Title of king, refers to Mecca and Medina
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Yemen
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Capital: Sanaa
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"Arabia Felix" because fertile land due to adequate rainfall
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Aden
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Frankincense
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an aromatic resin obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia. It is used in incense as well as in perfumes. The aroma of frankincense is said to represent life and the Judaic, Christian and Islamic faiths have often used frankincense mixed with oils to anoint newborn infants and individuals considered to be moving into a new phase in their spiritual lives.
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qat
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shrub generally used for chewing. The cost of Khat is significant to the Yemeni economy for it both consumes a significant amount of water to grow and is seen by many to reduce the productivity of the people. Social glue.
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Ali Saleh (r. 1990- )
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President of Yemen
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Persian Gulf
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Arabian Gulf
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Historically refers to the Red Sea. A controversial name for the Persian Gulf used by proponents of pan-Arabism.
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Kuwait
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Capital Kuwait City
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Sabah family
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Bahrain
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Only Arab island state.
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Reader: Bahraini Democracy Threatened by Musical
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Qatar
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Reader: Qatar open doors to first Christian church in 14 centuries. Location of largest US foreign military base.
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Al-Jazeera
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free-est press in M.E., based on Qatar
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United Emirates
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Abu Dhabi
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Dubai
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Dubai Tower
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tallest building ever
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Oman
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Capital: ?
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Straights of Hormuz
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arrow, strategically important waterway between the Gulf of Oman in the southeast and the Persian Gulf in the southwest
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Sultan Qabus (r. 1970- )
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only obviously gay ruler in M.E.
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North Africa
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Maghreb
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Geographic region encompassing Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
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Berbers
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Oman
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Morocco
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Capital: Rabat
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Casablanca
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Biggest city in Maghreb, lavish mosques....
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King Hassan II (r. 1961-1999)
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Morocco
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King Muhammad VI (1999- )
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Morocco
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Algeria
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Capital: Algiers
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symbol of anti-colonialist struggle
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80% unemployment
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Colon
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French settlers in Algeria
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Battle of Algiers
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struggle of Algerians against French
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Ahmed Ben Bella
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First president and Father of Algeria
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Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-)
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president of Algeria
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Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)
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Won election peacefully, sought Islamic based gov., but did not come into power gov. cancelled election
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Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
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Extremist, violent version of FIS
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Le pouvoir
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“power” in French, run the gov., military, led by elite.
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Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQ-M)
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Islamist militia (transformed from GIA) which aims to overthrow the Algerian government and institute an Islamic state
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Libya
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Capital: Tripoli
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once Italian colony
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Colonel Qaddafi (1969-)
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de facto leader of Libya since a 1969 coup, pro-pan-Arabism, Islamic socialism. dictator. proposed African unity.
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Green Book
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similar to Mao’s Red Book, stated Qaddafi’s ideologies
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Great Man-Made River
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built by Qaddafi. largest underground network of water pipelines extracts water from huge aquifer across Sahara.
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Lockerbie 1988
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US blamed Qaddafi for planting bomb onboard flight. Marginalized him.
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Ayesha
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Libya?
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Tunishia
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Capital: Tunis
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Largest middle class in Arab world. Relatively socially liberal (birthcontrol/abortions more readily available); most competitive economy in Africa. Most secular state
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Carthage
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City
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Habib Bourguiba (r. 1957-1988)
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1st president and dictator
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Zein el-Abidin Ben Ali (1988-)
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deposed Bourguiba,
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