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340 Cards in this Set
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Kabul
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The capital of Afghanistan, in the East.
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Afganistan
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Herat
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One of largest cities in Afghanistan, in the West. Located on an ancient trading root.
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Afganistan
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Pushtun
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an Eastern Iranian ethno-linguistic group that makes up 40% of Afghanistan’s population. Also called Pathan and Pashto. An ethnic group that is made up of many tribes. Sunni
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Afganistan
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Tajiks
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A minority group in Afghanistan coming from Tajikistan in the north.
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Afganistan
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Uzbeks
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A Turkic people from Uzbekistan from the Northwest. Also a minority group.
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Afganistan
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Mujahidin
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A group that was against the Soviet invasion in 1979. They were financed by the United States.
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Afganistan
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Hamid Karzai
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Former supporter of the Taliban, but now President of Afghanistan, since 2004. Characterized by his Karakul hat.
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Afganistan
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Herodotus (5th cnet BCE)
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A Greek historian (father of history) who lived in the 5th century BC and wrote extensively about the ancient world.
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Ancient Egypt
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Menes = Narmer
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The Egyptian pharaoh who united Upper and Lower Egypt in 3000 BC
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Ancient Egypt
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Memphis
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Founded in 3100 by Narmer (Menes) as the capital of a unified Egypt.
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Ancient Egypt
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Gizeh
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A city west of Cairo, is site of pyramids from 2500 BCE, large funerary complexes
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Ancient Egypt
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Cheops = Khufu
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Who the Great Pyramid was built for, built by Egyptians not slaves, 90 mil cubic feet
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Ancient Egypt
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Jean-Francois Champollion (1822)
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He deciphers hieroglyphs. He is considered the father of Egyptology. deciphered rosetta stone
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Ancient Egypt
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Nefertiti (r.1380-1340 BCE)
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Wife of Akhenaten.
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Ancient Egypt
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Sumer
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earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, around 4th millennium BCE; located in lower Mesopotamia
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Ancient Near East
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Sumerian
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a unique language, it is the first instance of writing; it was invented for record-keeping purposes; the language died out around 2000 BCE
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Ancient Near East
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Catal Huyuk
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Largest, best preserved settlement in Southern Anatolia (modern day Turkey) from around 7500 BCE (Neolithic era)
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Ancient Near East
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Ur
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Sumerian city, now in Iraq, Ur was a coastal city near mouth of Euphrates. The Great Ziggurat in Ur believed to be a temple to the Sumerian gods. Iur is also considered to be the birthplace of Abraham
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Ancient Near East
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Hellenism
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The period after Alexander the Great established his empire across the Middle East that was characterized by a spread of Greek influence and culture. During this time Greek cities were established throughout the Middle East and cities like Alexandria were built as beacons of Greek culture. Between the death of Alexander in 323 BC and the spread of the Roman empire in 146 BC
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Ancient Near East
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mud brick
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Material of construction for ziggurats. Used to Build Ancient Sumerian Cities, there are still remains of them today, The Great Mosque of Djenne in Mali is made of them
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Ancient Near East
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ziggurat
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A temple tower that was in the shape of A pyramid build by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, and Assyrians of ancient Mesopotamia. This ancient temple used mud bricks for its construction
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Ancient Near East
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Akkadians
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Ancient Near Eastern empire centered around the city of Akkad, Region is Mesopotamia, center AROUND Euphrates
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Ancient Near East
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Babylonia
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Ancient kingdom in lower Mesopotamia, Capital city Babylon, created by the Amorites
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Ancient Near East
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Hammurapi (r. 1792-1750 BCE)
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Was the 6th king of Babylon but the first of the Babylonian Empire, Basically, he created the Babylonian Empire by growing it all over southern Mesopotamia
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Ancient Near East
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lex talionis
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Ancient Legal system which centered around retaliating equally, Eye for an eye, completely based on equal distribution, It was the earliest written form of a law written by Hammurabi
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Ancient Near East
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Assyria
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Located on the upper Tigris river, ancient regional empire. In Upper Mesopotamia. Brought about Early Iron Age
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Ancient Near East
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Alexandria
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City Named After Alexander the Great in Egypt. Located in Northern Egypt along the coast. Geography term
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Ancient Near East
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Greek Miracle
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Brake away belief that the Gods did not control people anymore or the world around them, Started looking at things naturally
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Ancient Near East
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Epic of Gilgamesh
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One of the oldest known works of literary fiction. Epic Poem of Mesopotamian culture. Came from legends of Sumerians and their mythical hero king Gilgamesh
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Ancient Near East
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Gilgamesh
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The son of Lugalbanda and the fifth king of Uruk.Tried to conquer death. Central Character of the Epic of Gilgamesh. Mother was Ninsun who was a goddesses, making him twothirds god and one third human. Associate with Enkidu, Inanna, Ishtar.
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Ancient Near East
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Enkidu
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Central character in Epic of Gilgamesh who is wild, being raised by animals and not knowing anything about human society untie prostitute Shamat/Inanna has sex with him. Kind of Gilgamesh’s soul mate. Killed by the goddess Inannan
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Ancient Near East
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Inanna
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Goddess in Epic of Gilgamesh who he does not have sex with. She does bad things to the men when she is done with them. Kills Enkidu. Sumerian goddess of sexual love, fertility, and warfare. Very wrathful
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Ancient Near East
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Ishtar
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Inanna’s name in the Epic of Gilgamesh
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Ancient Near East
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Umar (634-644)
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The second Caliph that ruled, appointed by Abu Bakr before he died. He began invading other regions around the peninsila, during his reign, the Islamic empire grew, taking Mesopotamia and parts of Persia, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Uthman (644-656)
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The third Caliph. An early convert to Islam, he played a major role in early Islamic history, most notably as the third Caliph of the Rashidun Empire and in the compilation of the Qur'an.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Ali (656-661
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The fourth Caliph, although some (later the shiis) believed that he sould have been the first. He was one of Muhammads closest relatives, his cousin and his son in law (husband of Fatima, Muhammad's daughter). He's a central figure in the shii branch, and the first Imam.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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636: Damascus falls
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Damascus was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the reign of Umar by forces under Khaled ibn al-Walid in 636 CE. The city then became the capital of the Umayyad Empire, which extended from Spain to India.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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638: Jerusalem falls
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In 638, the Islamic Caliphate, under the rule of Umar, extended its dominion to Jerusalem. Jerusalem is considered Islam's third holiest city after Mecca and Medina.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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639: Fustat falls
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Fustat was the first capital of Egypt under Arab rule. It was built by the Arab general 'Amr ibn al-'As under the Caliph Umar immediately after the Arab conquest of Egypt in 639 CE, and featured the Mosque of Amr, the first mosque ever built in Egypt.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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652: Qadisiyya falls
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It was the decisive engagement between the Arab Muslim army and the Sassanid Persian army during the first period of Muslim expansion which resulted in the Islamic conquest of Persia. The last Persian emperor was killed in 653 during the reign of Caliph Uthman, with his death Sassanid Persian empire ceased to exist.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Qadisiyyat Saddam
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Arabs defeated Persians. The most notable use of Qādisiyyah’s emotive power was the dubbing by Ṣaddām Ḥusayn of Iran-Iraq war as Qādisiyyat-Ṣaddām (Ṣaddām’s Qādisiyyah). Saddam used the defeat in 652 to justify the invasion of Iran.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Tariq
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A Berber Muslim and Umayyad general who led the conquest of Visigoth Hispania in 711 A.D.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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711: Gibraltar
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After Tariq had landed on Gibraltar, a city south of nowaday Spain, began an invasion. He won a victory at the battle of Guadalete, and was made of Hispania but called back to Damascus by the Ummayyad Caliph.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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732: Tours/Poitier
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The last place where the Arab/Muslim conquest reached in Europe before they were stopped in between Poitier and Tours because of Charles Martel's army. Some historians regard it as a key battle, for if Martel couldn't stop the conquest, the Arabization and Islamisization would've most likely continued through Europe.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Charles Martel
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French general who stopped the Arab's invasion to France. He is the grandfather of Charabmay (Charles I).
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Byzantine Empire
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Prior to the Arab conquests, this Greek-speaking Christian empire (descended from the split of the Roman Empire into east and west) based in Constantinople controlled much of the Middle East. They contested the area with the Sassanids. Persecuted non-Christian subjects.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Sassanids
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Persian empire whose state religion was Zoroastrianism. Centralized, but exercised little control over its territories, including the Middle East. Both the Byzantines and Sassanids were weakened by centuries of fighting over the region, and quickly lost territory to the Arabs.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Ctesiphon
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Capital of the Sassanids. Its location is near what is now Baghdad.
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Arab/Muslim Conquests
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Bethleham
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Birthplace of Jesus. Located in the West Bank.
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Christianity
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Judas
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Judas was one of the twelve Apostles of Jesus. He is the disciple that betrays Jesus to the Roman authorities.
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Christianity
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Pontius Pilate
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Pontius Pilate was the procurator, or local governor, of the Roman province of Judea during the time of Jesus. Jesus was arrested, tried, and executed under Pontius Pilate's orders.
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Christianity
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Saul = Paul
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Paul was the apostle to the gentiles. He actively persecuted the early Christians, as he believed they were splitting the Jewish community. However, upon hearing the voice of God on the road to Damascus, he goes from actively persecuting Christians to proselytizing for them. Paul was the first to teach that one does not have to be a Jew in order to become a Christian.
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Christianity
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Nero
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the fifth and final Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. He was an early persecutor of the Christians in the Roman Empire.
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Christianity
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Constantine
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As the Emperor who empowered Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. He agreed upon the Edict of Milan which proclaimed tolerance towards all religions in the Empire.
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Christianity
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313 AD: Edict of Milan
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A letter agreed upon by Emperor Constantine and Emperor Licinius. It proclaimed religious tolerance in the Roman Empire. It was issued in 313 AD, concluding a period of persecution against the Christians.
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Christianity
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Matthew
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one of the apostles of Jesus who wrote the Gospel of Matthew. In it, he describes the genealogy, birth and youth, his life in Galilee, his trip to Jerusalem, and finally his crucifixion and resurrection.
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Christianity
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666
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the Number of the Beast as used in the Book of Revelation. It has been thought to refer to the Emperors Nero or Caligula.
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Christianity
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Mission Civilisatrice
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French for “civilizing mission.” French saw it as bringing propriety and culture to a “backwards” area. Ex. Algeria.
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Formation of modern states
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Revolution of 1919
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Strikes and protests in Egypt against British presence. This event led to independence in 1922.
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Formation of modern states
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King Farouq 1936
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Took power when he was 16, widely considered by Egyptians as a useless King. Lived a lavish lifestyle and was famous for it. Kicked out in the 1952 Revolution that led to Nasser coming to power.
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Formation of modern states
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Ferdinand de Lesseps
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Lesseps was the French engineer who figured out the logistics for the Suez Canal. His engineering significantly reduced sailing distances and times between the West and the East.
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Formation of modern states
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1529: Siege of Vienna
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The first attempt of the Muslim Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Suleiman I (the magnificent), to capture the city of Vienna, Austria. The siege signaled the Ottoman Empire's highwater mark and the end of Ottoman expansion in central Europe
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Formation of modern states
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1683: Second Seige of Vienna
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The large-scale battle was won by Polish-Austrian-German forces led by King of Poland John III Sobieski against the Ottoman Empire. It ended the 300 years of struggle in power between the Ottoman and the European powers. West most reach of Ottoman Empire.
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Formation of modern states
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"Sick man of Europe"
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A nickname associated with a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty and/or poverty. Specifically the Ottoman Empire, when they started losing territories.
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Formation of modern states
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"Eastern Question"
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The diplomatic and political problems posed by the decay of the Ottoman Empire. The expression does not apply to any one particular problem, but instead includes a variety of issues raised during the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, including instability in the European territories ruled by the Ottoman Empire.
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Formation of modern states
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Sharif Husayn of Mecca
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The Sharif of Mecca and Medina (and supposed descendent of Muhammed), Husayn allied with Britain and France in World War I when he saw that the Ottomans and Germans were losing. He led the "Arab Revolt" on June 5, 1916 against the Ottomans at the insistence of British High Commisioner Henry McMahon, who promised Husayn an Arab state from Persia to Egypt.
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Formation of modern states
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Sir Henry McMahon
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The British High Commissioner for Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon is best known for his correspondance with Sharif Husayn of Mecca during World War I. He promised the Sharif an Arab state if he helped in the war against the Ottomans. The promise was never fulfilled however, and the MIddle East was divided into mandates of British and French control.
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Formation of modern states
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High Commissioner for Egypt
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McMahon
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Formation of modern states
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Husayn-McMahon correspondence
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An exchange of letters between Sharif Husayn and Sir Henry McMahon form 1915 to 1916 concerning the political future of the Arab lands under the soon-to-be-defeated Ottoman Empire. This correspondance encouraged the Arabs to fight the Ottomans
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Formation of modern states
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1908-1918 Young Turks
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Group of Turks who wanted to revitalize the Ottoman Empire from the old ways that its leaders had kept for centuries with freedom and change. Many of the people lived in or around Ankara, where they created their capital changing it from Constantinople. They were led my Kemal Ataturk
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Formation of modern states
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Kemal Ataturk
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The leader of the Young Turks and modern hero of Turkey (pictures of him all over) Did not like religion Realized Ottoman Empire had no future and Turks were better off just keeping Anatolia Military general who was a geniuses
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Formation of modern states
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Baath
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The political party Saddam Hussein came to power under. Saddam turned it into a military party although it started out as not one
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Formation of modern states
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mullah
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An educated Muslim trained in traditional religious law and doctrine and usually holding an official post. A group of mullahs seized power in Iran in 1979.
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Iran
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Persia
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The name in which Iran was known as before 1935.
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Iran
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Teheran
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The capital of Iran (should know where it’s located on the map)
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Iran
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Isfahan
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The capital of Isfahan province. (should know where it’s located on the map). center of Iran.
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Iran
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Kurds
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Makes up about 7% of the Iranian population, lives generally on the North West of Iran.
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Iran
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Azeris
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Turkic speaking group that lives near NW Iran. They are predominantly Muslims.
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Iran
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Zoroastrians
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One of the minority religions in the Middle East, and is protected by the state. Prior to the Muslim Arab invasion, this was the main religion in Iran.
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Iran
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Muhammad Reza Pahlavi Shah = "The Shah" (r.1941-1979)
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The last Shah of Iran until the revolution. He had a lot of reform. Also was responsible for oil natialization. Later he lived in exile.
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Iran
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Mohammad Mossadegh
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Prime minister of Iran, who planned a coup against “The Shah”. He contributed a lot toward the nationalization of oil.
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Iran
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SAVAK
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Iranian. National Intelligence and security organization.
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Iran
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Ayatolla Khomeni (d.1989)
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The leader of the Iranian revolution during 1979, who saw the overthrow of “The Shah”. Later he took a position created after the revolution, became a supreme leader of the country
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Iran
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Bahais
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A monotheistic faith that promotes the unity of the major world religion. Saying that each prophet taught the prophet proceeding him.
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Iran
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Ayatollah Khamenei (1989-)
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Very important leader in Iraq, he was responsible for the Iranian revolution. He was the president during 1981-1988. He is the most powerful person in Iran over the president, since he is the commander in chief over the army.
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Iran
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Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005-)
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The current president of Iran, he is the first president who is not a religious cleric.
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Iran
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hanif
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refers to the non-Jewish non-Christian Arabs during the (pre-Islamic) period known as the Jāhiliyya or "Ignorance," who had turned away from polytheism and toward monotheism (including Muhammad himself)
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Islam
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Quraysh
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dominant tribe of Mecca upon the appearance of the religion of Islam. It was the tribe to which the Islamic Prophet Muhammad belonged
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Islam
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Khadija
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first wife of Muhammad and first Muslim ever
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Islam
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Hijra
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emigration of Muhammad and his followers to the city of Medina
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Islam
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Ishmael
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Abraham's eldest son, born of his wife Sarah's hand maiden Hagar.
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Islam
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Fatima
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daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad from his first wife Khadija. Wife of Ali and mother of Husayn.
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Islam
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Husayn
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Ali's son and Muhammad's grandson. Led revolt against Umayads, gave rise to Shii. Died in Karbala.
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Islam
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Karbala (680 AD)
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Battle between the Umayyad caliph and Husayn (son of 'Ali). Husayn lost, and his martyrdom is ritually enacted annually in the Shi'i holiday of mourning, Ashura.
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Islam
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imam
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In Shi'ism, imams are the divinely-inspired rightful rulers of the ummah, descended from 'Ali, the last of whom has gone into occultation and will reappear one day to initiate the final days.
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Islam
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Twelvers
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Most widely-practiced type of Shi'ism, which counts twelve imams (as opposed to Seveners or Ismailis, who believe in a different genealogy).
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Islam
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occultation 874 AD
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In Shi'ism, the event when the twelfth imam disappeared as a child. He is not dead, but rather taken into hiding (occultation) by God.
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Islam
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mahdi
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Madhi Army major confrontation against Us in Iraq. "Divinely guided." In Shi'ism, the name under which the last imam will return to initiate the last days.
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Islam
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taqiya
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"Prudential dissimulation." Shi'i practice of outwardly following another religion (often Sunni Islam) to avoid persecution in times of strife. Druze and Sunnis (in Iraq, if threatened by Shi'ites) have both at times adopted the practice as well, but it is only an official doctrine of Shi'ism.
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Islam
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dhikr
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Devotional repetition of God's name or part of the Qur'an. Group ceremony in Sufism.
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Islam
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ulama'
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Muslim legal scholars who interpret shari'a, educated in the jurisprudence of the Qur'an. Al-Azhar, the university in Egypt, is a world center of training of the ulama.
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Islam
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sunna
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"The trodden path;" the way Muhammad lived his life, to be emulated by all Muslims. Source of the word "Sunni." Known from reports from his companions, friends, and family which were orally transmitted and written down about a hundred years later.
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Islam
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hadith
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The sayings of the prophet, also orally transmitted and only later verified and recorded by scholars. Relied on in shari'a and used by Muslims to interpret the Qur'an.
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Islam
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Pharisees
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The Pharisees were a Jewish sect during the Roman occupation of Palestine. They wanted to maintain Jewish identity by keeping strictly to religious law. The Pharisees developed a large oral literature, which was rejected by the Sadducees, the priestly Jewish caste. Pharisaic Judaism developed into Rabbinic Judaism.
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Judaism
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Essenes
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The Essenes were a semi-monastic Jewish sect. They tended to withdraw from the larger Jewish community, forming their own separate communities, like the one at Qumran, which wrote what are known today as the Dead Sea Scrolls.
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Judaism
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Dead Sea Scrolls
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The Dead Sea Scrolls are writings found in the mid-1900's in caves along the Dead Sea. Believed to come from an Essene community based in Qumran. They contain various texts from the Hebrew scriptures, dating from 200 BCE - 200 AD.
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Judaism
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Qumran
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Qumran was the location of the Essene community which produced the Dead Sea Scrolls and placed them in caves along the Dead Sea.
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Judaism
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Zealots
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Radical nationalists who believed in fighting the Romans. They believed that only God or someone chosen by Him should rule Palestine. Zealots sometimes assassinated Roman soldiers and fellow Jews whom they felt were being too friendly towards the Romans.
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Judaism
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Messianism
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The belief that someone from the line of David will appear on Earth as a savior and deliver the Jews from all their troubles. There was a lot of Messianic fervor during the Roman occupation of Judea; many were expecting the arrival of the Messiah during this time.
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Judaism
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rabbinic Judaism
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Rabbinism is a form of Judaism that developed following the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. It emerged as a way of practicing Judaism without the Temple sacrifice and other practices which were no longer possible following the destruction of the temple; also developed as a result of the diaspora, as many Jews were forced to leave Judea because of the Roman occupation. The basis for contemporary Judaism.
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Judaism
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shema
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The shema, meaning literally in Hebrew "Hear, oh Israel," are the first two words in a section of the Hebrew Scriptures. The shema is known as the most important prayer in Judaism.
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Judaism
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patriarch
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The name often given to Abraham because of his credit as the founder of the monotheistic religions. Jewish, Christian and Muslim believers regard him as the founding patriarch or forefather of the Israelites, Ishamelites and Edomite peoples. The Hebrew patriarchs are Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.
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Judaism
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Isaac
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The son of Abraham and Sarah, and the father of Jacob and Esau, ancestor to Jewish and Christian prophets, the second biblical patriarch
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Judaism
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canon
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A list of Biblical books which establishes the set of books which are considered to be authoritative as scripture by a particular Jewish or Christian community.
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Judaism
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Sadducees
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Upper priestly caste, associated with the leadership of the Temple in Jerusalem. Possibly, Sadducees represent the aristocratic clan of the Hasmonean high priests, Sadducees were viewed as hypocrites since they appeased the Romans while performing their priestly duties.
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Judaism
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Abbasids (750-1258)
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Took over the rule of much of the Middle East after they killed the remnants of the Umayyad Dynasty. The capital was moved from Damascus to Baghdad and this sparked the Golden Age of the Islamic world. Many classical texts in were translated into a number of languages, including Turkish, Persian, Arabic, and they survive only in this form today. Great innovations in science, medicine, math, and astronomy took place.
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Medieval Isalmic Civilization
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Baghdad
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The Abbasids moved the capital of the empire from Damascus to Baghdad in 762. It is the current capital of Iraq. A strategic central position in the Middle East.
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Medieval Isalmic Civilization
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Ibn Sina = Avicenna
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Avicenna-The greatest doctor who lived during the Medieval Islamic period. His Canon of Medicine was used in Europe up until the 1600’s. He is first credited with the concept of the dose and made many observations and hygiene and sickness. He also excelled at math, astronomy, physics, chemistry, and a bunch of other stuff.
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Medieval Isalmic Civilization
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Mamluks
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slave soldiers. They were used by the Arab as palace guards to protect the caliph, and they also fought off Christians in the Crusades. They grew into a powerful caste and even seized control of Egypt from 1250-1517.
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Medieval Isalmic Civilization
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Omar Khayyam
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1048-1122. He was a great poet, mathematician, astronomer, and scholar. He reformed the calendar and solved many algebraic problems. He is an exemplar of the scholar living during the Arab Golden Age.
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Medieval Isalmic Civilization
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Armenian
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Armenian is an Indo-European language.
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The Armenian Genocide
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Yerevan
|
the capital and biggest city of Armenia. Many survivors of the genocide settled in this town and over fifty years transformed it into the political, economic, and social center of the country.
|
The Armenian Genocide
|
|
|
CUP
|
Committee on Union and Progress. The organization of the Young Turks. They wanted revolution and reorganization of the Ottoman government. Most of its members were killed or court marshaled following WWII.
|
The Armenian Genocide
|
|
|
Talaat
|
A Young Turk, many consider him the architect of the genocide. The decrees calling for the exile of the Armenians carry his name. He fled to Germany after the war but was tried in absentia of war crimes and found guilty. He was assassinated in Berlin by an Armenian who had lost his family in the genocide.
|
The Armenian Genocide
|
|
|
Byzantine Empire
|
describes the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages when capital was Constantinople
|
The Near East in 570 AD
|
|
|
Ctesiphon
|
imperial capital for the Sassanid Empire
|
The Near East in 570 AD
|
|
|
Khansa
|
Arabic poet, she was a contemporary of Muhammad and converted to Islam
|
The Near East in 570 AD
|
|
|
1258: Hulagu sacks Baghdad
|
This brought an and to the Abbasid Empire.
|
The Ottoman
|
|
|
Osman (r.1280-1326)
|
1280-1326 He was a Turkish tribal leader that founded the Ottoman Empire. The Mongol invasions forced many Muslims west, and they settled in Turkey and Asia Minor and Osman quickly incorporated them into his newly found state.
|
The Ottoman
|
|
|
sultan
|
the name for the king of the Ottoman Empire. Suleyman the Magnificent is the favorite of Professor Hayes.
|
The Ottoman
|
|
|
Dracula AKA Vlad Dracul AKA Vlad III the Impaler
|
Ottoman. Best known for his cruel punishment of impaling people on spikes. For some reason another favorite of Professor Hayes.
|
The Ottoman
|
|
|
Nakba
|
a.k.a. Palestinian exodus, refers to the creation of the Palestinian refugee problem during and after the 1948 Palestine war
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
pogrom
|
A pogrom is an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group; it is generally used in reference to Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Jericho
|
Jericho is a city located near the Jordan River, north of the Dead Sea in the West Bank of the Palestinian territories. It is believed to be the oldest continuously-inhabited city of the world, many settlements of many different gorups lived in Jericho for thousands of years.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Soloman (r. 972-932 BCE)
|
Son of David. Third king of the Kingdom of Israel. As the constructor of the first temple in Jerusalem and last ruler of the united Jewish Kingdom of Israel from ancient times, until it was re-established in the modern State of Israel, Solomon is associated with the peak "golden age" of the independent Kingdom of Israel as well as a source of judicial and religious wisdom.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Romans
|
Destroyed much of Jeruselum
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Pompey 63 BCE
|
Roman emporor, incorporates Israel into the roman empire.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Oslo Accords
|
1993 diplomatic relations between Israel and the PLO (represented by Yasir Arafat). Intended to be a framework for peace and Palestinian self-government, the vague terms have led to little real change.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
United Monarchy = Israel
|
= Israel 1050 BCE – 930 BCE. Eventually this country split into two kingdoms, Israel and Judah
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Saul
|
The first king of the United Monarchy and of Judah. Killed by Philistines.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
David
|
Second king of the United Kingdom of Israel.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
1896 Der Judenstaat
|
written in 1896 by Theodor Herzl. It argued that the best way to avoid discrimination in Europe was to create a Jewish state. It popularized the Zionist idea.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
1897 World Zionist Congress
|
this congress was led by Theodor Herzl and was later instrumental in the founding of the modern state of Israel.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Basle, Switzerland
|
Where the first World Zionist Congress was held on September 3rd 1897. It was led by Theodor Herzl.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Lord Rothschild
|
He was seen as a representative of the Jewish community. Received Balfour Declration from James Balfour.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Moses
|
He is Hebrew religious leader, prophet to whom authorship of the Torah is ascribed. He leads israelites out of bondage in egypt to the promised land in canaan.He leads them through the red sea, the desert for 40 years, and receives the 10 commandments from god. He dies along the way and never actually makes it to canaan.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Exodus (1200 BCE?)
|
It is the second book of the jewish torah and means "departure". It detals the flight of the israelites from egypt to the promised land lead by moses.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Joshua
|
successor of moses, He leads the israelites in battle against the canaanites.
|
The Palestinian/Israeli Conflict
|
|
|
Asia Minor
|
Same as Anatolia; it’s a region of Western Asia, comprising most of modern day Turkey.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Anatolia
|
Same as Asia Minor; it’s a region of Western Asia, comprising most of modern day Turkey.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Taurus Mts.
|
A mountain range in southern Turkey. During WWI, it was a major strategic objective of the Allies.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Bosporus
|
Also known as the Istanbul Strait, this strait forms the boundary between the European and Asian parts of Turkey.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Ankara
|
The capital of Turkey which is centrally located.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Kemal Ataturk (r.1923-1938)
|
A general during WWI who put an end to the Ottoman Empire and led Turkey towards its independence. The country is named after him and he sought to create a modern, democratic state.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Young Turks
|
They were a young group of military guys who were “go-getters” and were unhappy with the Ottoman Empire so they wanted a secular state. They were led by Kemal Ataturk. This group helped Turkey reach its independence.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Kemalism
|
A reform idea of Ataturk which was meant to somehow westernize Turkey and secularize the state. Under Kemalism, religion is meant to be a private part of one’s life. This ideology has made Turkey what it is today.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Ottoman Empire
|
capital: Istanbul. Took over Byzantine empire. The area the modern state of Turkey used to be. The empire lasted from 1299 to 1923 and mainly focused on Islam.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Kurds
|
The Turkish government worries about Kurdish separatism because there is such a large population of Kurds in Turkey.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Mountain Turks
|
A euphemistic name given to the population of Kurds living in the mountains. They were given different names in order to deny and downplay their existence.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Orhan Pamuk
|
A famous author who was arrested because he mentioned the injustice with Kurds and the Armenian Genocide during an interview.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Recep Erdogan
|
The current Prime Minister of Turkey who is slightly more Islamic. Even though he is more religious, overall he has been a more moderate ruler.
|
Turkey
|
|
|
Avestan
|
language used to compose the hymns and body of the Zoroastrian Avesta (their primary compilation of texts for religion)
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Gathas
|
the only direct source of Zoroaster’s message
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Ahura Mazda = Ohrmazd
|
The supreme God, the Wise Lord. Who has thought all things into existence by his Holy Spirit, made up of 3 entities (holy spirit, good mind, truth. PG 326
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Bounteous Immortals
|
Ahura Mazda manifests in creation through seven divine Attributes. In the Gathas these Attributes are sometimes abstractions and sometimes personifications. In later Zoroastrian traditions, these Attributes are fully personified as a group of entities named the "Amesha Spentas", the "Bounteous Immortals."
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
dualism
|
Two entities good and evil, Ahura Mazda of good and Ahriman (destructive spirit) of evil.
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Ahriman
|
The evil one, Same as angra mainyu (the destructive spirit)
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Achaemenids (539-330 BCE)
|
The great leaders of the Achaemenid Empire who followed Zoroaster were the Perisans. conquered eastern Iran, the prophet’s initial sphere of influence, and left some form of Zoroastrianism as the religious rationale for a new empire.
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Parsees
|
Zoroastrians who went to India
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Magi
|
Zoroastrian Priests Responsible for the religious and funerary practices of the ancient Iranian people.
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Tower of Silence
|
where the dead are put to expose the corpses to birds of prey
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
haoma
|
alcoholic drink banned by Zoroaster, but now crept back.
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Nawruz
|
marks the first day of the Iranian new year.
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Zoroaster = Zarathusthra = Zartusht
|
Ancient Iranian prophet and religious poet. The Gathas are attributed to him (hymns that are the liturgical core of zoroastrianism). was born into warrior caste family. He has an encounter with angel when 30.
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Avesta
|
The writing of Zoroaster and his followers are collected into this.
|
Zoroastrianism
|
|
|
Bidonville
|
French for irregular housing
|
MTI
|
|
|
Gastarbeiter
|
German for "guest worker"
|
MTI
|
|
|
Proto-language
|
Common ancestor of related families that form a language family
|
MTI
|
|
|
Indo-European family
|
Persian, Pashto,Kurdish, Armenian
|
MTI
|
|
|
Altaic family
|
Turkish
|
MTI
|
|
|
Semitic family
|
Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic,
|
MTI
|
|
|
Sects of Islam
|
Sunni, Shii, Druze,Alawi
|
MTI
|
|
|
Jews
|
Speak Hebrew, Yiddish; Judaism
|
MTI
|
|
|
Persians
|
Speak Perisan (=Farsi); Muslim (Shii)
|
MTI
|
|
|
Pashtos
|
Speak Pashto; Muslim (Sunni)
|
MTI
|
|
|
Kurds
|
Speak Kurdish; Muslim (Sunni)
|
MTI
|
|
|
Assyrians
|
Speak Aramaic; Christian
|
MTI
|
|
|
Turks
|
Speak Turkish; Muslim (Sunni)
|
MTI
|
|
|
Berbers
|
Speak Berber; Muslim (Sunni). Mosty in Algeria, Morroco
|
MTI
|
|
|
Armenians
|
Speak Armenian; Christians
|
MTI
|
|
|
Egypt
|
Capital: Cairo
|
MTI
|
|
|
|
"Mother of the World" "Gift of Nile"
|
MTI
|
|
|
|
Most of population became Muslim/Arab
|
MTI
|
|
|
Naguib Mahfouz (d. 2006)
|
Egyptian novelist explores existentialism, Nobel prize for literature
|
MTI
|
|
|
Herodotus
|
Greek historian, regarded as Father of History in Western culture.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Aswan Dam (= High Dam)
|
Nasser
|
MTI
|
|
|
Lake Nasser
|
Resulted from construction of Aswn Dam
|
MTI
|
|
|
Suez Canal
|
allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without circumnavigation of Africa
|
MTI
|
|
|
Alexandria
|
2nd largest city in Egypt
|
MTI
|
|
|
Al-Azhar University
|
In Cairo, chief centre of Arabic and Islamic learning in the world
|
MTI
|
|
|
British 1882
|
British invades Egypt to establish puppet gov, retreated
|
MTI
|
|
|
King Faroul (r. 1936-1952)
|
Lavish king, deposed by Nasser and Free Officers
|
MTI
|
|
|
Gamal Abd al-Nasser (r. 1954-1970)
|
1st politician to articulate Pan-Arabis
|
MTI
|
|
|
Free Officers
|
Committed to unseating the Egyptian monarchy and British advisors, founded by Nasser
|
MTI
|
|
|
Pan-Arabism
|
unification among the peoples and countries of the Arab World
|
MTI
|
|
|
United Arab Republic (1958-1961)
|
A brief union between Egypt and Syria during Nasser’s term as first step toward pan-Arabism.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Arab socialism
|
Nasser redistributed land from wealthy to poor. Subsidized food, fixed price of basic commodities. Nationalized industries. Many Egyptians still depend on subsdies.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Non-Aligned Movement
|
Countries who chose to not join any Cold War blocs
|
MTI
|
|
|
Anwar Sadat (r. 1970-1981)
|
Succeeded Nasser, signed Camp David Accord and Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty--pissed off many Arabs. Pursued Open Door Policy. Assasinated. Street in Iran named after assasinator.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Open-door policy
|
Allowed for foreign aid and investment.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Husni Mubarak (r. 1981- )
|
Current president of Egypt
|
MTI
|
|
|
Muslim Brotherhood
|
opposes current Egyptian regime. Provides civil services gov. cannot provide and has support of many Egyptians.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Copts
|
Ethnoreligious term referring to Arabic-speaking Christians
|
MTI
|
|
|
Fellah, fellahin
|
peasant/farmer in M.E.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Gamal Mubarak
|
Son of current president, believed to be eventual successor.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Kefaya
|
grassroots coalition that opposes Mubarak
|
MTI
|
|
|
Israel capital
|
Capital: Jerusalem
|
MTI
|
|
|
Jerusalem
|
many countries keep embassies in Tel Aviv to avoid sensitivity
|
MTI
|
|
|
Occupied Territories
|
West Bank, East Jerusalem, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip
|
MTI
|
|
|
West Bank
|
Obtained from Jordan in Six-Day War. Under Israeli military occupation, but not annexed by Israel.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Judaea/Samaria
|
Biblical name for West Bank region.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Golan Heights
|
Captured from Syria by Israel during Six-Day War
|
MTI
|
|
|
Negev
|
desert region of southern Israel
|
MTI
|
|
|
Ashkenzazi
|
Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities of the Rhineland in the west of Germany.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Sephardi
|
Jews of Spanish and Portugese origin.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Mizrahi
|
Jews descended from the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa, Central Asia and the Caucasus
|
MTI
|
|
|
Orthodox jews
|
strict interpretation of Jewish texts
|
MTI
|
|
|
Reform jews
|
more progressive
|
MTI
|
|
|
1967 Six-Day War
|
Aka Arab-Israeli War. Fought between Israel and Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The nations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria also contributed troops and arms to the Arab forces. Conclusion: Israel had seized the Gaza Strip, the Sinai Peninsula, the West Bank of the Jordan River (including East Jerusalem), and the Golan Heights.
|
MTI
|
|
|
1979 Camp David Accrds
|
Signed by Egypt and Israel, witnessed by Carter, led directly to Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty.
|
MTI
|
|
|
1993 Oslo Accords
|
First direct, face-to-face agreement between Israel (Rabin) and Palestinians (PLO, represented by Yasser Arafat). It was the first time that some Palestinian factions publicly acknowledged Israel's right to exist, presided by Clinton. Called for Israel to withdraw forces from parts of Gaza Strip and West Bank; other issues left to be decided.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Two-state solution
|
envisions two separate states in the Western portion of the historic region of Palestine, one Jewish and another Arab
|
MTI
|
|
|
Land for Peace
|
general principle proposed for resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict by which the Israel would relinquish control of all or part of the territories it conquered in 1967 in return for peace with and recognition by the Arab world
|
MTI
|
|
|
Ariel Sharon
|
former Israeli Prime Minister and military leader.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Ehud Olmert
|
current Prime Minister of Israel
|
MTI
|
|
|
Separation Fence/Apartheid Wall
|
located mainly in West Bank
|
MTI
|
|
|
Palestinian Authority
|
administrative organization established to govern parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. President is Mahmoud Abbas.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Yassir Arafat (d. 2004)
|
Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, President of the Palestinian National Authority. fighting against Israel in the name of Palestinian self-determination. Originally opposed to existence of Israel; later modified position.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Palestine Liberation organization
|
More recently, the PLO unofficially adopted a two-state solution.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Jericho
|
Town in the West Bank. Oldest continuously-inhabited city of the world.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Mahmoud Abbas = Abu mazin
|
President of the Palestinian National Authority; portrayed as face of Palestinian moderation.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Hamas
|
Militant organization calls for destruction of Israel. holds majority of elected legislative council of Palestinian National Authority. Election victories came as a surprise, seen as reaction against Arafat’s corruption. Runs extensive social programs and gaine d popularity. Leader of Hamas lives in Syria.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Syria
|
Capital: Damascus. Foe of Israel, want Golan heights back. Support insurgents against US in Iraq. “Rogue state”. Many Alawis.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Aleppo
|
ancient city in northern Syria, center of trade.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Hamah
|
City in Syria. Site of uprising by Muslim Brotherhood, shelled by Syrian army under Hafez al-Asad.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Euphrates
|
Potential for war over water use disputes between Turkey and Iraq.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Hafez al-Asad (r. 1971-2000)
|
Was president of Syria, longest-serving elected leader of any Arab state. Determined to avoid conflict with Israel, kept tight rein on Syrian-based PLO.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Muslim Brotherhood
|
Opposed Hafez al-Asad because he advanced Alawi interests over Sunni majority. Crushed brutally in Hama uprising.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Bashar al-Asad (r. 2000- )
|
Assad’s son. Syria amended constitution to bring down minimum age for presidency so Bashar can take over.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Alawis
|
Sect of Muslim prominent in Syria.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Lebanon
|
Capital: Beirut. Prime Minister Fuad Siniora. Large number of Maronites
|
MTI
|
|
|
Levant
|
geographic region covering Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq
|
MTI
|
|
|
Litani River
|
River in Lebanon
|
MTI
|
|
|
Baalbek
|
Geography: in Lebanon, next to Litani river
|
MTI
|
|
|
Confessionalism
|
National Pact: oral agreement by various local leaders on 6 Christian: 5 Muslim ratio for all public offices. President must be Maronite.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Maronites
|
Christians in Lebanon
|
MTI
|
|
|
Hizbollah
|
Shiite movement, “Party of God.” Took root through opposition against Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon. 2006 Israel invades Lebanon in response to Hizbolla capturing Israeli soldiers.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Hassan Nasrallah
|
leader of Hizbollah, credited for ending Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon (only Arab force ever made Israel retreat) and playing major roles in prisoner exchange with Israel.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Prime Minister Fuad Siniora
|
Prime minister of Lebanon
|
MTI
|
|
|
Rafiq Hariri
|
Billionaire and ex-prime minister of Lebanon. Syria (had come in to help end Civil War) blamed for assassinating him, many protests, Syria leaves Lebanon.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Iraq
|
Capital: Baghdad. Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Mosul
|
City, old admin district of Ottoman
|
MTI
|
|
|
Basra
|
City, old admin district of Ottoman
|
MTI
|
|
|
Marsh Arabs
|
inhabitants of the Tigris-Euphrates marshlands in the south and east of Iraq and along the Iranian border. Saddam destroyed them.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Kurds
|
Non-Arab minority in Iraq. Have their own regional gov. in iraq. Saddam used mustard gas against them in brutal anti-Kurdish campaign, saw as threat to territorial integrity.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Assyrians
|
Non-Arab minority in Iraq. many fled Iraq due to current war
|
MTI
|
|
|
Turkomen
|
non-Arab minority of Iraq, language and traditions oppressed by Saddam.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Saddam Hussein (r. 1970-2003)
|
a Sunni, oppressed the Shii (majority of Iraq)
|
MTI
|
|
|
Baath
|
secular Arab nationalist movement to combat Western rule. Sadda’s party.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Iraq-Iran War (1980-1988)
|
Completely pointless. No border change. Trench warfare.
|
MTI
|
|
|
First Gulf War 1990
|
Iraq accused Kuwait of stealing Iraq's oil through slant drilling. Iraq invades Kuwait, US + UK drives out Iraq. Operation Desert Storm.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Kuweit
|
Invaded and annexed by Iraq, then Iraq driven out by US.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Operation Desert Storm
|
military conflict between Iraq and a coalition force from 34 nations commissioned with expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after Iraq's occupation and annexation of Kuwait
|
MTI
|
|
|
Nouri al-Maliki (2005- )
|
Prime Minister of Iraq, signed order for execution of Saddam.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Muqtada al-Sadr
|
Iraqi theologian, political leader and militia commander. one of the most influential religious and political figures in the country not holding any official title in the Iraqi government. Leader of Mahdi Army.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Sadr City
|
district of Baghdad, lots of fighting between US and Madhi Army.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Mahdi Army
|
Iraqi paramilitary force created by the Iraqi Shi'ite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr. spearheaded the first major armed confrontation against the U.S.-led occupation forces in Iraq from the Shi'ite community.
|
MTI
|
|
|
Jordan
|
Capital: Amman. 60%-70% Palestinians. Rich in phosphates
|
MTI
|
|
|
Petra
|
archaeological site in Jordan
|
MTI
|
|
|
Jordan River
|
Historically and religiously, it is considered to be one of the world's most sacred rivers
|
MTI
|
|
|
Transjordan
|
Territory of Ottoman, geographically same as Jordan.
|
MTI
|
|
|
King Husayn (r. 1953-1999)
|
King of Jordan, direct lineage of Muhammed (Hashim family of Mecca). Carried out Black September, killed Palestinians.
|
MTI
|
|
|
King Abdallah (r. 1999- )
|
Son of Husayn
|
MTI
|
|
|
Rania
|
Queen Rania, wife of King Abdullah. Hot. Women’s rights champion.
|
MTI
|
|
|
PLO
|
launches rockets into Israel from Jordan, which suffers Israeli retaliation.
|
MTI
|
|
|
West Bank
|
simply gave up West Bank to Israel!
|
MTI
|
|
|
Black September 1970
|
Husayn began perceiving PLO as threat, attacked with Jordanian army. Palestinians more afraid of Jordanian army, fled to Israel!
|
MTI
|
|
|
Munich 1972
|
Palestinian terrorists killed Israeli athletes at Olympics.
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MTI
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Saudi Arabia
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Capital: Riyadh. Strictly controlled press. King Abdallah current leader.
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MTI
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Mecca
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birthplace of Muhammad
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MTI
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Medina
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death place of Muhammad
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MTI
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Ibn Saud (d. 1953)
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United the originally largely nomadic Arab tribes into Saudi Arabia. Absolute Monarchy.
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MTI
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Wahhabi
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puritanical interpretation of Islam: no movies/music/martial arts…etc. Ideological root of Taliban + al Qaeda
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MTI
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Hijaz
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region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia, contains Mecca and Medina
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MTI
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Jiddah
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major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. principal gateway to Mecca
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MTI
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Empty Quarter
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one of the largest sand deserts in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula
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MTI
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al-Hasa
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traditional oasis region in eastern Saudi Arabia
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MTI
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King Abdallah
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Current leader.
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MTI
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Servant of the Two Holy Shrines
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Title of king, refers to Mecca and Medina
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MTI
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Yemen
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Capital: Sanaa. President Ali Saleh. "Arabia Felix" because fertile land due to adequate rainfall.
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MTI
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Aden
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City in southern coast
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MTI
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Frankincense
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Used as incense/perfume in Yemen.
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MTI
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qat
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shrub generally used for chewing in Yemen.
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MTI
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Ali Saleh
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President of Yemen
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MTI
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Persian Gulf
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Between Iran and Saudi Arabia
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MTI
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Arabian Gulf
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Historically refers to the Red Sea. A controversial name for the Persian Gulf used by proponents of pan-Arabism.
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MTI
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Kuwait
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Capital Kuwait City
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MTI
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Sabah family
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kuwait
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MTI
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Bahrain
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Geography Only Arab island state.
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MTI
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Qatar
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geography
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MTI
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Al-Jazeera
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free-est press in M.E., based on Qatar
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MTI
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United Emirates
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Abu Dhabi, Dubai
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MTI
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Dubai Tower
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tallest building ever
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MTI
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Oman
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Leader: Sultan Qabus
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MTI
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Straights of Hormuz
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strategically important waterway between Arabian sea in southeast and the Persian Gulf in the southwest
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MTI
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Sultan Qabus
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only obviously gay ruler in M.E.
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MTI
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Maghreb
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Geographic region encompassing Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
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MTI
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Berbers
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In Oman
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MTI
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Morocco
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Capital: Rabat. King Muhammad.
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MTI
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Casablanca
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geography: coast of Morocco
Biggest city in Maghreb |
MTI
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King Hassan II (r. 1961-1999)
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Morocco
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MTI
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King Muhammad VI
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Morocco
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MTI
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Algeria
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Capital: Algiers. President Abdelaziz Boutflika.
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MTI
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Colon
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French settlers in Algeria
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MTI
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Battle of Algiers
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struggle of Algerians against French
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MTI
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Ahmed Ben Bella
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First president and Father of Algeria
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MTI
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Abdelaziz Bouteflika (1999-)
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president of Algeria
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MTI
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Islamic Salvation Front (FIS)
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Won election peacefully, sought Islamic based gov., but did not come into power gov. cancelled election
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MTI
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Armed Islamic Group (GIA)
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Extremist, violent version of FIS. In Algeria.
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MTI
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Le pouvoir
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“power” in French, run the gov., military, led by elite.
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MTI
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Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQ-M)
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Islamist militia (transformed from GIA) which aims to overthrow the Algerian government and institute an Islamic state
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MTI
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Libya
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Capital: Tripoli. Colonel Qaddafi.
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MTI
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Colonel Qaddafi (1969-)
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de facto leader of Libya since a 1969 coup, pro-pan-Arabism, Islamic socialism. dictator. proposed African unity. Green Book. Great Man-Made River.
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MTI
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Green Book
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similar to Mao’s Red Book, stated Qaddafi’s ideologies
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MTI
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Great Man-Made River
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built by Qaddafi. largest underground network of water pipelines extracts water from huge aquifer across Sahara.
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MTI
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Lockerbie 1988
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US blamed Qaddafi for planting bomb onboard flight. Marginalized him.
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MTI
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Tunishia
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Capital: Tunis. Most secular/socially liberal. Most competitive economy in Africa.
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MTI
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Carthage
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City in norther tip of Tunisia
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MTI
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Habib Bourguiba (r. 1957-1988)
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1st president and dictator
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MTI
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Zein el-Abidin Ben Ali (1988-)
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deposed Bourguiba,
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MTI
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