Nervous Tissue And Electrical Conduction

Front 1

Nervous system

Back 1

Provides swift, brief responses to stimuli

Front 2

Endocrine system

Back 2

Adjusts metabolic operations and directs long-term changes

Front 3

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

Back 3

Neuron

Front 4

What two things make up the central nervous system?

Back 4

Brain and spinal cord

Front 5

Peripheral nervous system

Back 5

Neural tissue outside the central nervous system

Front 6

Afferent division

Back 6

Brings sensory information from receptors (input)

Front 7

Efferent division

Back 7

Carries motor commands to effectors (output)

Front 8

Synapse

Back 8

Site of communication between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ

Front 9

Sensory neurons

Back 9

Deliver information from exteroceptors, interoceptors, or proprioceptors

Front 10

Motor neurons

Back 10

Form the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system

Front 11

Interneurons

Back 11

Distribute sensory input and coordinate motor output

Front 12

Interneurons are located where?

Back 12

Throughout the central nervous system

Front 13

Neuroglia

Back 13

Tissue of the central nervous system

Front 14

Astrocytes

Back 14

CNS; Maintain blood-brain barrier

Front 15

Oliogodendrocytes

Back 15

CNS; Myelination and provide structural framework

Front 16

Microglia

Back 16

CNS; Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

Front 17

Sensory information

Back 17

Information in the external environment

Front 18

Visceral information

Back 18

Information in the internal environment

Front 19

What is the function of the central nervous system?

Back 19

To receive and process information from sensory organs

Front 20

Satellite cells

Back 20

PNS; Regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels

Front 21

Schwann cells

Back 21

PNS; Responsible for myelination and repair process after injury

Front 22

Ependymal cells

Back 22

CNS; Assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring of cerebralspinal fluid

Front 23

Somatic senses are _________ (voluntary or involuntary).

Back 23

Voluntary

Front 24

Special senses are ___________ (voluntary or involuntary).

Back 24

Involuntary

Front 25

Somatic senses

Back 25

Senses associated with voluntary systems, such as skin, muscles, and joints

Front 26

Special senses

Back 26

Senses associated with involuntary systems, such as vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste

Front 27

Neurons are __________ cells (excitable or support).

Back 27

Excitable

Front 28

Glial cells are _________ cells (excitable or support).

Back 28

Support

Front 29

Soma

Back 29

Component of a neuron that contains nucleus and most organelles

Front 30

Dendrites

Back 30

Component of a neuron that receives incoming information

Front 31

Axon

Back 31

Component of neuron that transmits electrical impulse

Front 32

Action potentials

Back 32

Name of electrical impulses released by axon

Front 33

Axon hillock

Back 33

Area of a neuron where axon originates and where action potentials are initiated

Front 34

Axon terminal

Back 34

Component of a neuron that releases neurotransmitter

Front 35

Anterograde transport

Back 35

From soma to axon

Front 36

Retrograde transport

Back 36

From axon to soma

Front 37

Leak channels

Back 37

Ion channels that are always open and have resting membrane potential

Front 38

Ligand-gated channels

Back 38

Ion channels that open or close in response to ligand bonding and have synaptic potentials

Front 39

Which kind of ion channel is scattered throughout the neuron?

Back 39

Leak channel

Front 40

Which kind of ion channel is located in dendrites and cell bodies?

Back 40

Ligand-gated channels

Front 41

Voltage-gated channels

Back 41

Ion channels that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential

Front 42

Calcium channels

Back 42

Voltage-gated channels in the axon that release neurotransmitters

Front 43

Sodium and potassium channels

Back 43

Voltage-gated channels that have action potentials

Front 44

90% of all cells in the nervous system are _______ cells.

Back 44

Glial

Front 45

__________ cells are in the central nervous system and form several myelin sheaths.

Back 45

Oligodendrocyte

Front 46

________ cells are in the peripheral nervous system and form one myelin sheath.

Back 46

Schwann

Front 47

Potential difference (E)

Back 47

Difference in voltage between two points

Front 48

Membrane potential (Vm)

Back 48

Difference in voltage across the plasma membrane

Front 49

Resting Vm

Back 49

Difference in voltage across the plasma membrane when the cell is at rest

Front 50

Graded potential

Back 50

Relatively small change in the membrane potential produced by some type of stimulus that triggers the opening or closing of ion channels

Front 51

Synaptic potential

Back 51

Graded potentials produces in the post-synaptic cell in response to neurotransmitters binding to receptors

Front 52

Receptor potential

Back 52

Graded potentials produced in response to a stimulus acting on a sensory receptor

Front 53

Action potential

Back 53

A large, rapid change in the membrane potential produced by depolarization of an excitable cell's plasma membrane to threshold

Front 54

Equilibrium potential

Back 54

The membrane potential that counters the chemical forces acting to move across the membrane, thereby putting the ion at equilibrium

Front 55

20% of the resting membrane potential is directly due to what?

Back 55

Sodium-potassium pump

Front 56

ATPase

Back 56

Enzyme for ATP

Front 57

80% of resting membrane potential is indirectly due to what?

Back 57

Sodium-potassium pump

Front 58

Potassium is the chemical driving force __________ of the cell (out or inside).

Back 58

Outside

Front 59

As potassium diffuses outside of the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more ___________ (positive or negative).

Back 59

Negative

Front 60

When there is no net force for it to move across the membrane, an ion is said to be at what?

Back 60

Equilibrium

Front 61

What are the two forces acting on sodium?

Back 61

Chemical and electrical forces

Front 62

________ forces allow sodium to move in.

Back 62

Chemical

Front 63

_______ forces allow sodium to move out.

Back 63

Electrical

Front 64

__________ will determine when depolarization will occur in a cell.

Back 64

Sodium

Front 65

The typical neuron is ________ (how permeable) to potassium and sodium, 25x moreso to potassium.

Back 65

Permeable

Front 66

The cell membrane is more permeable to _________ (potassium or sodium).

Back 66

Potassium

Front 67

What maintains the resting potential of a cell?

Back 67

The sodium-potassium pump

Front 68

How many mV is the resting potential of a cell?

Back 68

-70 mV

Front 69

How many mV of Ek can a cell reach?

Back 69

-94 mV

Front 70

Vm is ______ (number) mV less negative than Ek in resting potential of a cell.

Back 70

24

Front 71

Graded potential

Back 71

Small signal that communicates over short distances

Front 72

Action potential

Back 72

Large signal that communicates over long distances

Front 73

Threshold

Back 73

Minimum depolarization necessary to induce the regenerative mechanism for opening the sodium channels

Front 74

Temporal summation

Back 74

Same stimulus that is repeated close together in time (hitting hammer on hand over and over example)

Front 75

Spatial summation

Back 75

Different stimuli that overlap in time (kicking in different parts of muscles example)

Front 76

Excitable membranes have the ability to generate what?

Back 76

Action potential

Front 77

How many gates are associated with the voltage-gated sodium channel?

Back 77

Two

Front 78

An activation gate is dependent on what? (1)

Back 78

Voltage

Front 79

An inactivation gate is dependent on what? (2)

Back 79

Voltage and time

Front 80

An _____________ gate is a positive feedback gate, while an _____________ gate is a negate feedback gate.

Back 80

Activation; inactivation

Front 81

Depolarization

Back 81

When sodium flows in, the charge inside the cell becomes less negative

Front 82

An _____________ gate opens at threshold and depolarization, while an ___________ gate opens during depolarization.

Back 82

Activation; inactivation

Front 83

How many gates are associated with a voltage-gated potassium channel?

Back 83

1

Front 84

Absolute refractory period

Back 84

During this period, you cannot generate another action potential, and the sodium gates are inactivated

Front 85

Relative refractory period

Back 85

During this period, a second action potential can be generate, and some of the sodium gates are closed, but some are not activated at all; electrical danger zones

Front 86

If one cell in a given section of the brain depolarizes, they all depolarize. This phenomenon is called what?

Back 86

All-or-non principle

Front 87

For the all-or-none principle to work, the axions have to be wrapped in ________.

Back 87

Myelin

Front 88

Electrical synapses

Back 88

Two neurons linked together by gap junctions

Front 89

What element triggers vesicle docking and secretion upon entry to a synapse?

Back 89

Calcium

Front 90

How is synaptic communication terminated?

Back 90

By removal of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft

Front 91

The synaptic delay is dependent upon what element?

Back 91

Calcium

Front 92

Postsynaptic potential

Back 92

Changer in membrane potential in response to receptor-neurotransmitter binding

Front 93

What is the most common excitatory postsynaptic potential neutotransmitter?

Back 93

Glutamate

Front 94

What is the most common inhibitory postsynaptic potential neurotransmitter?

Back 94

GABA

Front 95

Excitatory synapse

Back 95

Synapse that most likely produces an action potential; causes depolarization

Front 96

Inhibitory synapse

Back 96

Synapse that is less likely to produce an action potential; causes hyperpolarization

Front 97

An __________ (excitatory or inhibitory) synapse is more likely to produce an action potential, while an __________ (excitatory or inhibitory) synapse is less likely to produce an action potential.

Back 97

Excitatory; inhibitory

Front 98

The __________ (higher or lower) the frequency of action potentials, the more neurotransmitter is released.

Back 98

Higher

Front 99

Frequency coding

Back 99

Degree of depolarization at the axon hillock that is signaled by the frequency of action potentials

Front 100

Presynaptic modulation

Back 100

Regulation of communication across a synapse

Front 101

Axoaxonic

Back 101

Selective synaptic function that excites or inhibits one synapse

Front 102

Axodendritic/axosomatic

Back 102

Nonselective synaptic functions that excite or inhibit postsynaptic neurons

Front 103

Acetyl CoA+ choline -----> __________ + CoA

Back 103

Acetylcholine

Front 104

_____________ -----> acetate + choline

Back 104

Acetylcholine

Front 105

____________ + choline ----> acetylcholine + CoA

Back 105

Acetyl CoA

Front 106

The synthesis of Acetyl CoA and choline takes place where?

Back 106

In the axon terminal

Front 107

The breakdown of Acetylcholine takes place where?

Back 107

In the synaptic cleft

Front 108

Catecholamines are derived from what amino acid?

Back 108

Tyrosine

Front 109

Serotonin is derived from what amino acid?

Back 109

Tryptophan

Front 110

Histamine is derived from what amino acid?

Back 110

Histidine

Front 111

____________ and ____________ are enzymes for degrading biogenic amines.

Back 111

MAO; COMT

Front 112

Where are biogenic amines synthesized?

Back 112

In the cytosol of the axon terminal

Front 113

What are the two kinds of adrenergic receptors?

Back 113

Alpha receptors and beta receptors

Front 114

___________ andrenergic receptors have the greatest affinity for norepinephrine.

Back 114

Alpha

Front 115

________ andrenergic receptors have the greatest affinity for epinephrine.

Back 115

Beta

Front 116

________ regulates sleep and emotion.

Back 116

Seratonin

Front 117

___________ regulates (typically malign) paracrine actions.

Back 117

Histamine

Front 118

Neuropeptides

Back 118

Long chains of amino acids that normally connect with other neurotransmitters