Nervous Tissue

Front 1

What two systems control and adjust the activities of other organ systems?

Back 1

Nervous and endocrine

Front 2

What are the 2 anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?

Back 2

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 3

The CNS consists of the ________ and the _____________.

Back 3

brain, spinal cord

Front 4

The PNS can be further subdivided into:

Back 4

1. Afferent Division

2. Efferent Division

Front 5

This division of the PNS is associated with receptors of various kinds that provide sensory input to the CNS.

Back 5

Afferent Division

Front 6

This division of the PNS carries motor commands effectors that include muscle cells and gland cells.

Back 6

Efferent Division

Front 7

What two systems can the efferent division be divided into?

Back 7

1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Front 8

This system of the efferent division controls skeletal muscle contractions

Back 8

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

Front 9

This system of the efferent division regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glandular activity.

Back 9

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Front 10

Neural tissue contains two cell types:

Back 10

1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

Front 11

These cells transfer and process information

Back 11

neurons

Front 12

These cells serve various supportive roles for neurons. These cells comprises about half the volume of nervous tissue but there are about 5 times as many of these as neurons.

Back 12

Neuroglia

Front 13

4 types of glial cells are found in the CNS : "As Oli Mimics Epen"

Back 13

1. Astrocytes (Astro=star)

2. Oligodendrocytes (oligo-few + dendron- branch)

3. Microglia

4. Ependymal Cells

Front 14

This glial cell is the most numerous and the largest. They have numerous processes that contact the surfaces of neurons and capillaries.

Back 14

Astrocytes

Front 15

These types of glial cells physically isolate and support the neurons.

Back 15

Astrocytes

Front 16

What are the functions of Astrocytes?

Back 16

a. maintain the blood-brain barrier

b. create a three-dimensional framework for the CNS

c. performs repairs in damaged neural tissue

d. guide neuron development

e. controls the interstitial environment

Front 17

the glial cells have fewer cell processes than astrocytes. They tie clusters of axons together, regulate extracellular ion concentration, and provide MYELINATION for CNS axons.

Back 17

Oligodendrocytes

Front 18

______________ consists of multiple layers of the cell membrane of either oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) wrapped around the axons of neurons.

Back 18

Myelination

Front 19

The cell membrane wrapping is called ___________.

Back 19

myelin

Front 20

The myelination contributed by each glial cell is called an _____________.

Back 20

internode

Front 21

The small gaps between internodes are _________ or _______________.

Back 21

nodes, nodes of Ranvier

Front 22

White and gray matters refer to _________________.

Back 22

two regions of the CNS

Front 23

Regions dominated by myelinated axons appear glossy _________________.

Back 23

white

Front 24

Regions dominated by neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons appear dusky ___________.

Back 24

gray

Front 25

These are the smallest glial cells and have slender cytoplasmic processes with many fine branches.

Back 25

Microglial

Front 26

These glial cells are phagocytic cells that engulf cellular debris, waste products and pathogens. They makeup only 5% of glial cells but increase dramatically during injury or infection.

Back 26

Microglial

Front 27

The fluid-filled space within the CNS are lined by ________________.

Back 27

ependymal cells

Front 28

These are epithelial cells that monitor the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) When specialized, these cells also participate in the secretion of CSF.

Back 28

Ependymal cells

Front 29

Two types of neuroglial cells are found in the PNS:

Back 29

1. Satellite cells

2. Schwann cells ( neurolemmocytes)

Front 30

These cells surround and support neuron cell bodies in ganglia. These calls regulate the exchange of materials between the cell and the extracellular environment.

Back 30

Satellite cells

Front 31

these cells surround and support the axons of the PNS.

Back 31

Schwann cells

Front 32

the is the cell membrane of the axon

Back 32

Axolemma

Front 33

this refers to the cytoplasmic covering provided by the Schwann cell

Back 33

Neurolemma

Front 34

This is the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus

Back 34

Cell body (soma, perikaryon)

Front 35

these are processes that receive information primarily at the dendritic spines.

Back 35

Dendrite

Front 36

this is the process that carries information away from the cell body.

Back 36

Axon

Front 37

this part of the axon is an elevated surface of the cell body that gives rise to the axon.

Back 37

Axon hillock (little hill)

Front 38

the proemial part of the axon that is unmyelinated and is designed to trigger an impulse

Back 38

Initial segment

Front 39

cytoplasm of the axon

Back 39

Axoplasm

Front 40

side branches of the main axon

Back 40

Collaterals

Front 41

fine terminal branches of the axon

Back 41

Telodendria

Front 42

end of telodendria where the axon makes contact with another neuron or effector.

Back 42

Synaptic terminal

Front 43

Where does communication occur between neurons?

Back 43

synapse

Front 44

Neurotransmitters are released when an ________________ arrives a the synapse.

Back 44

electrical impulse

Front 45

found only in CNS, these neurons are small with processes whose axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites.

Back 45

Anaxonic neurons

Front 46

The branches of a dendrite fuse to form a single dendrite and the cell body lies between this dendrite and the axon. Unmyelinated and rare, these cells are associated with the special senses of sight, hearing and smell.

Back 46

Bipolar neurons

Front 47

the dendritic and axonal processes are continuous. Impulses are initiated at the base of dendritic branches and the remainder of the fused processes acts essentially as an axon.

Back 47

Pseudounipolar neurons

Front 48

Most sensory neurons of the PNS are of this type

Back 48

Pseudounipolar neurons

Front 49

these neurons are the most common type in the CNS. These neurons have several dendrites and one axon. All motor neurons that control skeletal muscles are this type:

Back 49

Multipolar neurons

Front 50

Sensory neurons deliver information from the peripheral receptors to the CNS along ________ fibers.

Back 50

afferent fibers

Front 51

Sensory neurons are subclassified into:

Somatic sensory neurons which include:

Back 51

1. Exteroceptors

2. Proprioceptors

Front 52

thesis sensory neurons monitor the position of muscles and joints

Back 52

proprioceptors

Front 53

these sensory neurons provide information about the external environment including touch, temp, pressure, special senses and pain that affects the limbs and body surfaces.

Back 53

Exteroceptors

Front 54

These neurons monitor deep press and pain in various internal organ systems.

Back 54

Visceral sensory neurons or interoceptors

Front 55

Chemical concentrations and pressure in the cardiovascular system. Chemicals in the oral cavity and pharynx are detected and perceived as taste:

Back 55

Visceral sensory neurons

Front 56

motor neurons stimulate or modify the activity of peripheral tissue, organs or organ systems along __________ fibers.

Back 56

efferent

Front 57

Motor neurons are subclassified into:

Back 57

Somatic motor neurons

Visceral motor neurons

Front 58

these motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles by neurons whose cell bodies are in the CNS and whose axons extend to the muscle fibers they control. Most are consciously controlled

Back 58

Somatic motor neurons

Front 59

these motor neurons innervate effectors other than skeletal muscles. There are two types.

Back 59

Visceral motor neurons

Front 60

What are the two types of Visceral motor neurons?

Back 60

1. preganglioinc fibers

2. Postganglionic fibers

Front 61

the neurons have cell bodies in the CNS and synapse on postganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia.

Back 61

preganglionic fibers

Front 62

these neurons have there cell bodies in peripheral ganglia and synapse onto the peripheral effectors.

Back 62

Postganglionic fibers

Front 63

Interneurons are also called _______________

Back 63

association neurons

Front 64

these neurons are located entirely in the CNS and analyze the sensory input and coordinate motor output.

Back 64

Interneurons

Front 65

These neurons greatly outnumber motor neurons.

Back 65

Interneurons

Front 66

Interneurons may either be ____________ or _____________ depending on their effects on other neurons.

Back 66

excitatory, inhibitory