• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/42

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How can you evaluate the CNS post mortem?
-it can be sometimes hard to access
-spine should be removed in all cases of CNS disease
-in small animals the spinal cord can be exposed by performing a dorsal laminectomy with bone rongeurs
-removed by holding the dura matter with forceps and sectioning the spinal roots as close to the intervertebral foramina as possible
T/F

Clinical signs increase with time with neoplastic and degenerative disease.
True

infections and trauma show CNS signs sooner
What are cells that make up the nervous system?
neurons
glia
Ependyma
Endothelial cells
Pericytes of blood vessels
Meninges
What are neurons?
the functional cells of the nervous system in which two protpplasmic properties are highly developed
- generate impulse and can transmit pulse to a different location

neurons can be located entirely withing the CNS or entirely or partially in the PNS
What is a neuroglia?
macroglia - astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

microglial cells

glial cells play a significant role in the maintenance (support, protection and clean up) of neuronal microenvironment
What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?
provide support and the myelin sheath to axons within the CNS

unlike Schwann cells in the PNS, oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths for several axons at once (octopus shape)
What are the functions of microglia?
function as immunosurveillance, immunoregulation and are phagocytic

gitter cells are microglial cells that are globular and swollen after having phagocytized debris from injured cells
What are gitter cells?
microglial cells that are globular and swollen after having phagocytized debris from injured cells
What is chromatolysis?
breakdown of cytoplasmic nissi bodies (aggregate of RER and polyribosomes) indicates neuronal cell injury

other neuronal changes include satelitosis and neuronophagia
What do we see with ischemic cell change when dealing with neurons?
affects neurons are shrunken and exhibit cytoplasmic eosinophilia, nuclear pykrnosis or karyolysis

energy-deprivation change should be more suitable since it may be the result of ischemia and hypoglycemia
When do we see status spongiosus (spongiform change)?
in areas of loss of myelin

seen in animals with hepatic encephalopathy
and canine distemper virus (see perivascular cuffing)
Label Letters A through D: What is the problem with the neuron?
A normal Neuron
B Wallerian Degeneration
C Demyelination
D neuronal cell injury leading to axonal degeneration
What is microencephaly?
small brain
in some cases as a result of prosencephalic hypoplasia

in calves can be due to BVD
in piglets due to in utero infection of classical swine fever
What is hydrocephalus?
increased CSF volume

can be internal (most common)
- fluid accumulates in the ventricles and arachnoid space

can be compensatory
-increased CSF to take up the space where the parenchyma has been destroyed or failed to develop, or both

can be obstructive
-aquaductal atresia or stenosis (mesencephalic aquaduct) can be congenital or secondary to inflammation
What is the cause of cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens? Calves?
panleukopenia virus acquired in utero

BVD virus
What is a lysosomal storage disease?
diseases that affect animals of various cell types where they are unable to eliminate normal by-products of their metabolism because of some biochemical defect

diseases are progressive, lethal, genetically determined or by neurotoxic substances that inhibit specific lysosomal activities
-alpha-mannosidosis - consumption or locoweeds in sheep, cattle and horses
What are examples of lysosomal storage diseases?
Gangliosidosis
Globoid cell leukodystrophy
Alpha and beta mannosidosis
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Ceroid-lipofuscinosis
Niemann-pick disease
Why is it easy to get increased intrcranial pressure, cerebral swelling and edema?
there is only an narrow space separating the brain and the dura matter.

the dura matter and the skull are unyeilding structure that only allow a small increased in volume of the intracranial contents without increasing intracranial pressure

can see cerebellar coning
What are coup and countercoup lesions?
initial inpact (coup) causes a counter coup when the brain strikes inside the skill

Shaking disrupts the brains normal chemical balance

The brain swell in severe cases and puts pressure on the brain stem, which controls breathing and other basic functions

causing chronic traumatic encephalopathy
What are causes, signs and results of spinal injury?
can result from external or internal causes

internal injuries associalted with intervertebral disk disease, vertebral abcesses or cervical stenotic myelopathy (wobbler disease)

external can be due to trauma
What is polioencephalomalacia?
degenerative disease of the CNS due to thiamine deficiency, sulfur toxicity, lead toxicity, salt poisoning/water deprivation

animals can present with opisthotonus (thiamine def)

on gross appearance there are areas of pallor within grey matter of the cortex (yellowish color)

In salt poisoning/water deprivation in pigs you might see perivascular and menigeal

Eosinophilic infiltration on histology in addition to the polioencephalomalacia
Diets containing fish as the primary ingredient causes what in dogs, cats and wild carnivores?
Chastek paralysis

thiamine deficiency

fish contains high levels of thiaminase

seen in diets based entirely in cooked meat

in carnivores - lesions in brain stem and hippocampus
What is the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy?
congenital or acquired liver disease causing neurologic signs due to the escape of ammonia, short chain fatty acids and mercaptans in the blood
What can cause degenerative conditions in the brain?
ammonia
clostridium perfingens type D (episilon toxin)
moldy corn toxicity
Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia
What does Clostriduim perfringens type D cause?
multifocal, bilaterally symmetric encephalomalacia
What is moldy corn toxicity?
seen in horses

caused by ingestion of moldyfeed, specially corn and corn byproducts contaminated by the fungus Fusarium vertilliodes

causes leukoencephalomalacia
What is Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia?
chewing disease of horses


causes dysfunction of muscles of motor fibers of cranial nerves V, VII XII.

repin is the toxic principle causing glutathion depletion and results in oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death.

caused by centraurea solstitialis (yellow star thistle) or Centraurea repens (russian knapweed)
What does bacterial cause in the CNS?
suppurative meningitis (strep)
meningo-encephalitis, ependymitis and ventriculitis (e.coli in pigs)
What is the most important cause of disease in feedlot cattle?
Histophilus somni

can cause thrombotic menigoencephalitis

fibrino suppurative hemorrhagic and necrotizing meningoencephalitis

can be seen in sheep
What does listeria monocytogenes causes?
abcesses

can be seen in the medulla oblongata
What are examples viral induced inflammatory disease?
Equine encephalomyelitis
eastern, western, venezuelan from the togaviridae family of alphavirus

can induce polioencephalomyelitis

west nile virus encephalitis

herpesvirus myeloencephalitis
- causing ataxia, paresis and parlysis vasculitis

Bovine herpesvirus encephalitis
-causes necrotixing mengoencephalitis BHV-5
meningoencephalomyelitis BHV-1

canine herpesvirus encephalitis
causes acute highly fatal disease of neonates

rabies

canine distemper - affected oligodendrocytes causes demyelination and intracytoplasmic and intranuclearinclusion in astrocytes

feline infectious peritonitis - causes pyogranulomatous inflammation causing vasculitis

CAE in sheep - demyelinating encephalomyelitis
What is equine protozoa myeloencephalitis?
most common disease in horses with multifocal or asymmetric neurologic deficits

sudden or gradual onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia

caused by sarcocystus neurona
which is identical to sarcosytus falcatula which is a protozoal parasite in oppossums
What is halicephalobus gingivalis and strongulus vulgaris cause when there is larval migration
Most common cause of verminous encephalomyelitis in horses
What can toxoplasma gondii cause in cats?
See cyst containing bradyzoites on histo

Causes a non-suppurative encephalitis
What is transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
Believed to be cause by a prion, an abnormal protein with chonformational changes that renders it resistant to protease degradation and accumulates withing neurons

Causes progressive and fatal neurological disease of humans and animals

TSE in humans are Creutzfeldts-Jakod-Disease, Familial Fatal Insomnia, Kuru and Gertsmann-Straussler-Scheinker Disease
What transmissible spongiform encephalopathies has the longest incubation period?
BSE 2-8 years


Clinical signs include aggression, incoordination, abnormal posture, hypermetria, progressive weakness and decrease milk production and emaciation
What do you seen clincally with sheep that have Scrapie?
Fleece self-inflicted damage caused by pruritus
What is rocky mountain spotted fever?
A rickettsial disease clinically seen in the dog
Caused by rickettsia ricketsi and the disease is characterized by vasculitis
What is canine Ehrlichiosis?
Caused by Ehrlichia canis and transmitted by ticks
Causes a non suppurative meningitis/meningo-encephalitis
What can cryptococcus neoformans cause?
Crpytococcal meningo-encephalitis


Viscous mucoi exudcate - mucopolysaccharide capsule of the yeast

seen often in cats
What are primary neoplasms of the brain?
Menigiomas
Astrcytomas
Olingodengrogliomas
Choroid plexus papillomas
Ependymomas
Medulloblastomas
Neuroblastomas
What are causes of secondary metastatic neoplasms?
Hemangiosarcoma
Mammary adenocarcinoma
Pulmonary carcinomas
Lymphosarcoma
Melanoma