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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
GENERAL SENSES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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-RECEPTORS ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT BODY
-SKIN, VARIOUS ORGANS AND JOINTS |
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SPECIAL SENSES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
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-SPECIALIZED RECEPTORS CONFINED TO STRUCTORS IN THE HEAD, EYES AND EARS
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SENSORY RECEPTORS
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-SPECIALIZED CELLS OR MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURES COLLECT INFORMATION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
-STIMULATE NEURONS TO SEND IMPULSES ALONG SENSORY FIBERS TO THE BRAIN |
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SENSATION
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-A FELLING THAT OCCURS WHEN BRAIN BECOMES AWARE OF SENSORY IMPULSE
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SENSORY RECEPTORS
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-SPECIALIZED CELLS OR MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURES COLLECT INFORMATION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
-STIMULATE NEURONS TO SEND IMPULSES ALONG SENSORY FIBERS TO THE BRAIN |
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PERCEPTION
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-A PERSONS VIEW OF THE STIMULUS
-THE WAY THE BRAIN INTERPRETS THE INFORMATION -IN CEREBRAL CORTEX |
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NAME THE SPIRAL ORGAN, IN THE INNER EAR,HAS ROWS OF HAIR CELLS, EACH BEARING UP TO 100 HAIRS, WHICH TRANSLATE SOUND INTO NEURAL MESSAGES THAT TRAVEL TO THE BRAIN.
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ORGAN OF CORTI
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OUR SENSES HELP OUR BODIES TO MAINTAIN _______BY PROVIDING INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS HAPPENING ON THE INSIDE.
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HOMEOSTATIS
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CAN AXON AND NERVE FIBER BE USED SYNONYMOUSLY? YES OR NO
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YES
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WHAT TYPE OF NEURONS, WHICH INCLUDE MOST SENSORY NEURONS, HAVE AN UNUSUAL STRUCTURE IN WHICH THE PORTIONS OF THE NEURON ASSOCIATED WITH THE DENDRITES CALLED A PERIPHERAL PROCESS IS CONSIDERED TO FUNCTION LIKE AN AXON?
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UNIPOLAR NEURONS
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THE NEURON PROCESSES THAT BRING SENSORY INFORMATION INTO THE CNS WILL BE CALLED __________ _________ OR _________ ______________ NO MATTER WHAT TYPE OF NEURON IS INVOLVED.
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BE CALLED SENSORY FIBERS OR AFFERENT FIBERS
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NAME THE FIVE RECEPTOR TYPES.
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-CHEMORECEPTORS
-PAIN RECEPTORS (NOCICEPTORS) -THERMORECEPTORS -MECHANORECPTORS -PHOTORECEPTORS |
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WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO CHANGE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CHEMICALS. THESE RECEPTORS IN INTERNAL OR GANS DETECT CHANGES IN THE BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN, HYDROGEN IONS, GLUCOSE, AND OTHER CHEMICALS.
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CHEMORECEPTORS
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WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO TISSUE DAMAGE?
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PAIN RECEPTORS OR NOCICEPTORS
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nervous tissue of brain lacks pain receptors
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WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE?
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THERMORECEPTORS
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WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO MECHANICAL FORCES?
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MECHANORECEPTORS
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WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO LIGHT?
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PHOTORECEPTORS
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WHAT RECEPTORS SENSE THE CHANGES IN THE TENSION OF THE TENDONS AND MUSCLES?
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PROPRIOCEPTORS
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ALSO CONSIDERED MECHANORECEPTORS
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WHAT RECEPTORS SENSE CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND CERTAIN BLOOD VESSELS?
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BARORECPTORS OR ALSO KNOWN AS PRESSORECEPTORS
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ALSO CONSIDERED MECHANORECEPTORS
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WHAT RECEPTORS SENSE THE CHANGES IN THE LUNGS AND SENSE THE DEGREE OF INFLATION?
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STRETCH RECEPTORS
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ALSO CONSIDERED MECHANORECEPTORS
HINT: ELASTIC MAN |
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FIVE STEPS OF SENSORY IMPULSES CAUSED BY STIMULATION OF A RECEPTOR.
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-stimulation of receptor causes local change in its receptor potential
-a graded electrical current is generated that reflects intensity of stimulation -if receptor is part of a neuron, the membrane potential may generate an action potential - if receptor is not part of a neuron, the receptor potential must be transferred to a neuron to trigger an action potential - peripheral nerves transmit impulses to CNS where they are analyzed and interpreted in the brain |
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PROJECTION
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-process in which the brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source
- it allows a person to pinpoint the region of stimulation |
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WHAT IS DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING:
-ability to ignore unimportant stimuli -involves a decreased response to a particular stimulus from the receptors (peripheral adaptations) or along the CNS pathways leading to the cerebral cortex (central adaptation) -sensory impulses become less frequent and may cease -stronger stimulus is required to trigger impulses |
SENSORY ADAPTATION
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Senses associated with skin, muscles, joints, and viscera
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GENERAL SENSES
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WHAT TYPE OF SENSES ARE:
– senses associated with body surface; touch, pressure, temperature, pain |
EXTEROCEPTIVE SENSES
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WHAT TYPE OF Senses associated with changes in viscera; blood pressure stretching blood vessels, ingesting a meal
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VISCEROCEPTIVE SENSES
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WHAT TYPE OF Senses associated with changes in muscles and tendons
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PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSES
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WHAT TYPE OF NERVE ENDINGS ARE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS:
-common in epithelial tissues - simplest receptors -sense itching |
FREE NERVE ENDINGS
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WHAT IS :
-abundant in hairless portions of skin; lips -detect fine touch; distinguish between two points on the skin |
MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLES
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WHAT IS:
-common in deeper subcutaneous tissues, tendons, and ligaments -detect heavy pressure and vibrations |
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
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WHAT SENSES TEMPERATURE
-sensitive to temperatures above 25oC (77o F) -unresponsive to temperature above 45oC (113oF) |
WARM RECEPTORS
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WHAT SENSES TEMPERATURE:
-sensitive to temperature between 10oC (50oF) and 20oC (68oF) |
COLD RECEPTORS
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WHAT SENSES TEMPERATURE:
-sensitive to temperatures above 25oC (77o F) -unresponsive to temperature above 45oC (113oF) |
WARM RECEPTORS
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WHAT DOES THE TEMPERATURE SENSE WHEN:
-respond to temperatures below 10oC -respond to temperatures above 45oC |
PAIN RECEPTORS
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WHAT IS THE BODY SENSING WHEN THE FOLLOWING OCCURS:
-free nerve endings - widely distributed - nervous tissue of brain lacks pain receptors - stimulated by tissue damage, chemical, mechanical forces, or extremes in temperature -adapt very little, if at all |
SENSE OF PAIN
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WHAT IS DEFINED AS:
-pain receptors are the only receptors in viscera whose stimulation produces sensations - pain receptors respond differently to stimulation -not well localized -may feel as if coming from some other part of the body |
VISCERAL PAIN-known as referred pain
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WHAT IS THE TYPE OF PAIN THAT may occur due to sensory impulses from two regions following a common nerve pathway to brain ?
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REFERRED PAIN
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use common nerve pathways
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DESCRIBE PAIN NERVE PATHWAYS AS ACUTE PAIN FIBERS.
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- A-delta fibers
-thin, myelinated conduct impulses rapidly -associated with sharp pain -well localized |
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DESCRIBE TYPE OF PAIN NERVE PATHWAYS AS CHRONIC PAIN FIBERS.
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- C fibers
-thin, unmyelinated - conduct impulses more slowly - associated with dull, aching pain - difficult to pinpoint |
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WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN PROVIDES REGULATION OF PAIN IMPULSES ALLOWS A PERSON TO BE AWARE OF PAIN?
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THALAMUS
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WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN DOES THE REGULATION OF PAIN IMPULSE THAT COMPLYS WITH THE FOLLOWING:
-judges intensity of pain -locates source of pain - produces emotional and motor responses to pain |
CEREBRAL CORTEX
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WHAT THREE PAIN INHIBITING SUBSTANCES DOES THE BODY CREATE?
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-ENKEPHALINS
-SEROTONIN -ENDORPHINS |
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WHAT ARE THREE MAIN KINDS OF PROPRIORECEPTORS?
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- Pacinian corpuscles – in joints
- muscle spindles – in skeletal muscles* -Golgi tendon organs – in tendons* *stretch receptors |
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WHAT THREE PAIN INHIBITING SUBSTANCES DOES THE BODY CREATE?
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-ENKEPHALINS
-SEROTONIN -ENDORPHINS |
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WHERE ARE THE SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED FOR THE LARGE COMPLEX SENSORY ORGANS?
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sensory receptors are within large, complex sensory organs in the head
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WHERE IS THE SENSORY RECEPTORS FOR SMELL LOCATED?
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smell in olfactory organs
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WHERE ARE THE TASTE SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED?
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taste in taste buds
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WHERE ARE THE SENSORY RECEPTORS FOR HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM LOCATED?
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hearing and equilibrium in ears
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HEARING RECEPTOR CELLS ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS.
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WHERE ARE SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED FOR SIGHT?
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sight in eyes
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DEFINE Olfactory Receptors,
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-chemoreceptors
- respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids |
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE VIII
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DEFINE OLFACTORY ORGANS.
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contain olfactory receptors and supporting epithelial cells
cover parts of nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, and a portion of the nasal septum |
know olfactory receptors are located in olfactory organs
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Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel
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along their axons through tiny openings in thr cribreform plates of the ethmoid bone. These fibers synapse with neurons located in the olfactory bulbs where membranes lie on either side of crista galli.
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VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE VIII
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WHAT IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
olfactory organs located high in the nasal cavity above the usual pathway of inhaled air olfactory receptors undergo sensory adaptation rapidly sense of smell drops by 50% within a second after stimulation |
OLFACTORY STIMULATION
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WHAT IS:
-hypothesis - odor that is stimulated by a distinct set of receptor cells and its associated receptor proteins |
OLFACTORY CODE
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Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through
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olfactory nerves TO olfactory bulbs TO olfactory tracts TO limbic system (for emotions) and TO olfactory cortex (for interpretation) in the temporal lobe and at the base of the frontal lobes in cerebrum
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grandmothers perfume defined by limbic system
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WHAT IS:
- organs of taste - located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks and walls of pharynx |
TASTE BUDS
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WHAT IS:
-taste cells – modified epithelial cells that function as receptors -taste hairs –microvilli that protrude from taste cells; sensitive parts of taste cells |
TASTE RECEPTORS
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WHAT ARE THE Four Primary Taste Sensations AND HOW ARE THE STIMULATED.
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>sweet – stimulated by carbohydrates
>sour – stimulated by acids >salty – stimulated by salts >bitter – stimulated by many organic compounds |
fifth is umami aka savory i.e. msg stimulates
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WHAT IS THE ACTIVATED RECEPTORS FOR SPICY FOODS?
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activate pain receptors
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i.e. chili peppers
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INDICATE HOW THE Sensory impulses from taste receptors travel along.
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>cranial nerves to
>medulla oblongata to >thalamus to >gustatory cortex (for interpretation) |
FACIAL NERVES VII
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL IX VAGUS X |
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WHAT IS THE ORGAN OF HEARING?
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EAR
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WHAT ARE THE THREE SECTION OF THE EAR?
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>EXTERNAL
>MIDDLE >INNER |
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WHAT COLLECTS SOUND WAVES?
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AURICLE
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WHAT DOES THE FOLLOWING:
>lined with ceruminous glands >carries sound to tympanic membrane > terminates with tympanic membrane |
EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
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WHAT vibrates in response to sound waves?
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TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
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WHAT IS air-filled space temporal bone
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TYMPANIC CAVITY
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WHAT
vibrate in response to tympanic membrane malleus, incus, and stapes |
AUDITORY OSSICLES
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WHAT THREE PARTS MAKE UP THE AUDITORY OSSICLES?
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MALLEUS, INCUS, STAPES
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WHAT IS AN opening in wall of tympanic cavity
AND stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear. |
OVAL WINDOW
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WHAT
connects middle ear to throat helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat? |
EUSTACHIAN TUBE
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WHAT IS A complex system of labyrinths?
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INNER EAR
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WHAT IS A BONY CANAL IN TEMPORAL BONE AND FILLED WITH PERILYMPH?
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OSSEOUS LABRINTH
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WHAT IS THE tube within osseous labyrinth
filled with endolymph? |
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
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WHAT ARE THE THREE PARTS OF LABYRINTHS?
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COCHLEA, SEMICIRCULAR CANALS, VESTIBULE
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE COCHLEA?
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HEARING
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WEBER TEST-VIBRATING TUNING FORK AGAINST THE FOREHEAD
RINNE TEST-VIBRATING TUNING FORK BEHIND THE EAR |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF SEMICIRCULAR CANALS?
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EQUILIBRIUM
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LIE IN RIGHT ANGLES AND DIFFERENT PLANES
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE VESTIBULE?
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EQUILIBRIUM
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VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR VIII
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WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
> upper compartment > leads from oval window to apex of spiral >part of bony labyrinth |
SCALA VESTIBULI
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WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
> lower compartment >extends from apex of the cochlea to round window >part of bony labyrinth |
SCALA TYMPANI
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WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
portion of membranous labyrinth in cochlea |
COCHLEAR DUCT
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WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli |
VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE
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RESSINER'S MEMBRANE
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WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTION:
separates cochleaduct from scala tympanr i |
BASILAR MEMBRANE
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WHAT ORGAN HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
>group of hearing receptor cells (hair cells) >on upper surface of basilar membrane >different frequencies of vibration move different parts of basilar membrane >particular sound frequencies cause hairs of receptor cells to bend >nerve impulse generated |
ORGAN OF CORTI
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AUDITORY NERVE PATHWAYS.
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ELEVEN STEPS
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WHAT ORGAN HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
>group of hearing receptor cells (hair cells) >on upper surface of basilar membrane >different frequencies of vibration move different parts of basilar membrane >particular sound frequencies cause hairs of receptor cells to bend >nerve impulse generated |
ORGAN OF CORTI
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WHAT TYPE OF EQUILIBRIUM IS DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING:
>vestibule > sense position of head when body is not moving |
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
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PLEASE INDICATE THE TYPE OF EQUILIBRIUM AS DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING:
>semicircular canals >sense rotation and movement of head and body |
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
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WHAT PART OF THE VESTIBULE FUNCTIONS AS FOLLOWS:
communicates with saccule and membranous portion of semicircular canals |
UTRICLE
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UTRICLE TO THE SACCULE
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WHAT PART OF THE VESTIBULE FUNCTIONS AS FOLLOWS:
communicates with cochlear duct |
SACCULE
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SACCULE TO THE COCHLEAR DUCT
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WHAT PART OF THE VESTIBULE FUNCTIONS AS FOLLOWS:
> hair cells of utricle and saccule >responds to changes in head position > bending of hairs results in generation of nerve impulse |
MACULA
MACULA |
ROCKS IN YOUR HEAD-OTOLITHS
UTRICLE AND SACCULE TOUCHES THE MACULA |
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WHAT IS WITHIN THE SKIN OF THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE AND IS A MODIFIED SWEAT GLAND THAT SECRETES WAX OR CERUMEN AND PROTECTS THE EAR?
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CERIMINOUS GLAND
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WHAT PART OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS THAT ARE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: THE SWELLING OF MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH THAT COMMUNICATES WITH THE VESTIBLE
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AMPULLA
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SUSPENDED SWELLING ENDS OF LABYRINTH
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WHAT IS A PART OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS AS DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS:
>sensory organ of ampulla >hair cells and supporting cells > rapid turns of head or body stimulate hair cells |
CRISTA AMPULLARIS
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FIBERS MAKE UP PART OF VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
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WHAT ARE THE THREE VISUAL ACCESSORY ORGANS OF SIGHT?
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>eyelids
>lacrimal apparatus >extrinsic eye muscles |
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WHAT IS:
composed of four layers skin muscle connective tissue conjunctiva |
PALPEBRA-AKA EYELID
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WHAT MUSCLE CLOSES THE EYELID?
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ORBICULARIS OCULI
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FACIAL NERVES VII
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WHAT MUSCLE OPENS THE EYE?
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LEVATOR PALPERBRAE SUPERIORIS
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OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
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WHAT MUSCLE SECRETES OIL ONTO THE EYELASHES?
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TARSAL GLANDS
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WHAT IS THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE, LINES EYELID AND COVERS PORTION OF THE EYEBALL?
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CONJUNCTIVA
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CONTAINS LYSOZMES-ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES
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WHAT GLAND APPEARS LATERAL TO THE EYE AND SECRETES TEARS?
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LACRIMAL GLAND
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CRIES-PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE FIBERS CARRY MOTOR IMPULSES TO THE LACRIMAL GLAND.
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WHAT COLLECTS TEARS?
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CANALICULI
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WHAT COLLECTS TEARS FROM THE CANALICULI?
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LACRIMAL SAC
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WHAT COLLECTS TEARS FROM LACRIMAL SAC AND EMPTIES TEARS INTO NASAL CAVITY?
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NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
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WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE UP AND MEDIALLY?
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SUPERIOR RECTUS
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OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
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WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE DOWN AND MEDIALLY?
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INFERIOR RECTUS
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OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
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WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE MEDICALLY?
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MEDIAL RECTUS
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OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
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WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE LATERALLY?
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LATERAL RECTUS
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ABDUCENS VI
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WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE DOWN AND LATERALLY?
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SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
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TROCHLEAR IV
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WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE LATERALLY?
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LATERAL RECTUS
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ABDUCENS VI
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WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE DOWN AND LATERALLY?
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SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
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TROCHLEAR IV
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WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE UP AND LATERALLY?
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INFERIOR OBLIQUE
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OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
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DEFINE THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE ?
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HOLLOW
SPHERICAL WALL WITH THREE LAYERS |
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NAME THE THREE LAYERS OF THE EYE.
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OUTER FIBROUS TUNIC
MIDDLE VASCULAR TUNIC INNER NERVOUS TUNIC |
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WHAT PART OF THE OUTER TUNIC IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
-anterior portion - transparent - light transmission -light refraction |
CORNEA
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WHAT PART OF THE OUTER TUNIC IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
-posterior portion -opaque -protection |
SCLERA
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WHAT IS THE PART OF THE MIDDLE TUNIC THAT IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
anterior portion pigmented controls light intensity |
IRIS
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WHAT PART OF THE MIDDLE TUNIC IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
anterior portion pigmented holds lens moves lens for focusing |
CILIARY BODY
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WHAT PART OF THE MIDDLE TUNIC IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
provides blood supply pigments absorb extra light |
CHOROID COAT
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WHAT LIQUID FILLS THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF EYE?
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ACQUEOUS HUMOR
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
transparent biconvex lies behind iris largely composed of lens fibers elastic held in place by suspensory ligaments of ciliary body |
LENS
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
forms internal ring around front of eye ciliary processes – radiating folds ciliary muscles – contract and relax to move lens |
CILIARY BODY
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OCULOMOTOR III
PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS |
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WHAT DO YOU CALL IT WHEN THE CILIARY MUSCLE FIBERS RELAX OR CONTRACT, SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS TAUT OR RELAX WHICH MAKES THE LENS THIN OR THICK?
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ACCOMMODATION
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle
pupil is hole in iris dim light stimulates radial muscles and pupil dilates bright light stimulates circular muscles and pupil constricts |
IRIS
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OCULOMOTOR III
PARASYMPATHETIC-CIRCULAR-CONSTRICT PUPIL SYMPATHETIC-RADIAL-DILATE PUPIL |
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS DEFINED AS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
fluid in anterior cavity of eye secreted by epithelium on inner surface of the ciliary body provides nutrients maintains shape of anterior portion of eye leaves cavity through canal of Schlemm |
AQUEOUS HUMOR
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
contains visual receptors continuous with optic nerve ends just behind margin of the ciliary body composed of several layers |
RETINA
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
YELLOWISH SPOT IN RETINA |
MACULA LUTEA
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:CENTER OF MACULA LUTEA, PRODUCES SHARPEST VISION
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FOVEA CENTRALIS
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS: BLIND SPOT, CONTAINS NO VISUAL RECEPTORS
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OPTIC DISC
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
THICK GEL THAT HOLDS RETINA FLAT AGAINST CHOROID COAT |
VITREOUS HUMOR
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE CONTAINS THE VITREOUS HUMOR?
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POSTERIOR CAVITY OF THE EYE
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WHAT MAJOR GROUPS OF RETINAL NEURSONS PROVIDE A PATHWAY FOR IMPULSES TRIGGERED BY PHOTORECEPTORS TO REACH THE OPTIC NERVE?
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RECEPTOR CELLS, BIPOLAR CELLS AND GANGLION CELLS
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WHAT MAJOR GROUP OF RETINAL NEURONS MODIFY IMPLUSES?
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HORIZONAL CELLS AND AMACRINE CELLS
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WHAT IS DEFINED BY
bending of light occurs when light waves pass at an oblique angle into mediums of different densities. |
LIGHT REFRACTION
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WHAT MAJOR GROUP OF RETINAL NEURONS MODIFY IMPLUSES?
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HORIZONAL CELLS AND AMACRINE CELLS
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WHAT TYPE OF LENSES CAUSE LIGHT WAVES TO CONVERGE?
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CONVEX LENSES
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WHAT TYPE OF LENSES CAUSE LIGHT WAVES TO DIVERGE?
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CONCAVE LENSES
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WHAT VISUAL RECEPTORS ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS;
long, thin projections contain light sensitive pigment called rhodopsin hundred times more sensitive to light than cones provide vision in dim light produce colorless vision produce outlines of objects |
RODS-BLACK/WHITE/GRAY
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WHAT PROVIDES THE VISUAL PIGMENTS AND FUNCTIONS AS FOLLOWS:
light-sensitive pigment in rods decomposes in presence of light triggers a complex series of reactions that initiate nerve impulses impulses travel along optic nerve |
RHODOPSIN
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WHAT PROVIDES THE VISUAL PIGMENTS OF THE EYE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING :
each set contains different light-sensitive pigment each set is sensitive to different wavelengths color perceived depends on which sets of cones are stimulated erythrolabe – responds to red chlorolabe – responds to green cyanolabe – responds to blue |
PIGMENTS ON CONES
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WHAT PART OF THE EYE PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING:
provides perception of distance and depth results from formation of two slightly different retinal images |
STEREOSCOPIC VISION
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NAME SOME OF THE AGE RELATED HEARING LOSS TO TOTAL OF THREE POSSIBLE ANSWERS.
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>damage of hair cells in organ of Corti
>degeneration of nerve pathways to the brain >tinnitus |
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WHAT PROVIDES THE VISUAL PIGMENTS OF THE EYE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING :
each set contains different light-sensitive pigment each set is sensitive to different wavelengths color perceived depends on which sets of cones are stimulated erythrolabe – responds to red chlorolabe – responds to green cyanolabe – responds to blue |
PIGMENTS ON CONES
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NAME SOME OF THE AGE RELATED VISUAL PROBLEMS UP TO SIX OPTIONS.
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>dry eyes
> floaters (crystals in vitreous humor) >loss of elasticity of lens >glaucoma > cataracts >macular degeneration |
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REFRACTION DISORDERS
CONCAVE LENS CORRECT WHAT DISORDER WHERE EYE IS TOO SHORT OR TOO LONG? |
NEARSIGHTEDNESS
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REFRACTION DISORDERS
CONVEX LENS CORRECT WHAT DISORDER WHERE EYE IS TOO SHORT OR TOO LONG? |
FARSIGHTEDNESS
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