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146 Cards in this Set

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GENERAL SENSES OF NERVOUS SYSTEM.
-RECEPTORS ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED THROUGHOUT BODY
-SKIN, VARIOUS ORGANS AND JOINTS
SPECIAL SENSES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
-SPECIALIZED RECEPTORS CONFINED TO STRUCTORS IN THE HEAD, EYES AND EARS
SENSORY RECEPTORS
-SPECIALIZED CELLS OR MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURES COLLECT INFORMATION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
-STIMULATE NEURONS TO SEND IMPULSES ALONG SENSORY FIBERS TO THE BRAIN
SENSATION
-A FELLING THAT OCCURS WHEN BRAIN BECOMES AWARE OF SENSORY IMPULSE
SENSORY RECEPTORS
-SPECIALIZED CELLS OR MULTICELLULAR STRUCTURES COLLECT INFORMATION FROM THE ENVIRONMENT
-STIMULATE NEURONS TO SEND IMPULSES ALONG SENSORY FIBERS TO THE BRAIN
PERCEPTION
-A PERSONS VIEW OF THE STIMULUS
-THE WAY THE BRAIN INTERPRETS THE INFORMATION
-IN CEREBRAL CORTEX
NAME THE SPIRAL ORGAN, IN THE INNER EAR,HAS ROWS OF HAIR CELLS, EACH BEARING UP TO 100 HAIRS, WHICH TRANSLATE SOUND INTO NEURAL MESSAGES THAT TRAVEL TO THE BRAIN.
ORGAN OF CORTI
OUR SENSES HELP OUR BODIES TO MAINTAIN _______BY PROVIDING INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS HAPPENING ON THE INSIDE.
HOMEOSTATIS
CAN AXON AND NERVE FIBER BE USED SYNONYMOUSLY? YES OR NO
YES
WHAT TYPE OF NEURONS, WHICH INCLUDE MOST SENSORY NEURONS, HAVE AN UNUSUAL STRUCTURE IN WHICH THE PORTIONS OF THE NEURON ASSOCIATED WITH THE DENDRITES CALLED A PERIPHERAL PROCESS IS CONSIDERED TO FUNCTION LIKE AN AXON?
UNIPOLAR NEURONS
THE NEURON PROCESSES THAT BRING SENSORY INFORMATION INTO THE CNS WILL BE CALLED __________ _________ OR _________ ______________ NO MATTER WHAT TYPE OF NEURON IS INVOLVED.
BE CALLED SENSORY FIBERS OR AFFERENT FIBERS
NAME THE FIVE RECEPTOR TYPES.
-CHEMORECEPTORS
-PAIN RECEPTORS (NOCICEPTORS)
-THERMORECEPTORS
-MECHANORECPTORS
-PHOTORECEPTORS
WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO CHANGE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF CHEMICALS. THESE RECEPTORS IN INTERNAL OR GANS DETECT CHANGES IN THE BLOOD CONCENTRATIONS OF OXYGEN, HYDROGEN IONS, GLUCOSE, AND OTHER CHEMICALS.
CHEMORECEPTORS
WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO TISSUE DAMAGE?
PAIN RECEPTORS OR NOCICEPTORS
nervous tissue of brain lacks pain receptors
WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE?
THERMORECEPTORS
WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO MECHANICAL FORCES?
MECHANORECEPTORS
WHAT RECEPTORS RESPOND TO LIGHT?
PHOTORECEPTORS
WHAT RECEPTORS SENSE THE CHANGES IN THE TENSION OF THE TENDONS AND MUSCLES?
PROPRIOCEPTORS
ALSO CONSIDERED MECHANORECEPTORS
WHAT RECEPTORS SENSE CHANGES IN BLOOD PRESSURE AND CERTAIN BLOOD VESSELS?
BARORECPTORS OR ALSO KNOWN AS PRESSORECEPTORS
ALSO CONSIDERED MECHANORECEPTORS
WHAT RECEPTORS SENSE THE CHANGES IN THE LUNGS AND SENSE THE DEGREE OF INFLATION?
STRETCH RECEPTORS
ALSO CONSIDERED MECHANORECEPTORS
HINT: ELASTIC MAN
FIVE STEPS OF SENSORY IMPULSES CAUSED BY STIMULATION OF A RECEPTOR.
-stimulation of receptor causes local change in its receptor potential

-a graded electrical current is generated that reflects intensity of stimulation

-if receptor is part of a neuron, the membrane potential may generate an action potential

- if receptor is not part of a neuron, the receptor potential must be transferred to a neuron to trigger an action potential

- peripheral nerves transmit impulses to CNS where they are analyzed and interpreted in the brain
PROJECTION
-process in which the brain projects the sensation back to the apparent source
- it allows a person to pinpoint the region of stimulation
WHAT IS DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING:
-ability to ignore unimportant stimuli

-involves a decreased response to a particular stimulus from the receptors (peripheral adaptations) or along the CNS pathways leading to the cerebral cortex (central adaptation)

-sensory impulses become less frequent and may cease

-stronger stimulus is required to trigger impulses
SENSORY ADAPTATION
Senses associated with skin, muscles, joints, and viscera
GENERAL SENSES
WHAT TYPE OF SENSES ARE:
– senses associated with body surface; touch, pressure, temperature, pain
EXTEROCEPTIVE SENSES
WHAT TYPE OF Senses associated with changes in viscera; blood pressure stretching blood vessels, ingesting a meal
VISCEROCEPTIVE SENSES
WHAT TYPE OF Senses associated with changes in muscles and tendons
PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSES
WHAT TYPE OF NERVE ENDINGS ARE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS:
-common in epithelial tissues
- simplest receptors
-sense itching
FREE NERVE ENDINGS
WHAT IS :
-abundant in hairless portions of skin; lips
-detect fine touch; distinguish between two points on the skin
MEISSNER'S CORPUSCLES
WHAT IS:
-common in deeper subcutaneous tissues, tendons, and ligaments
-detect heavy pressure and vibrations
PACINIAN CORPUSCLES
WHAT SENSES TEMPERATURE
-sensitive to temperatures above 25oC (77o F)
-unresponsive to temperature above 45oC (113oF)
WARM RECEPTORS
WHAT SENSES TEMPERATURE:
-sensitive to temperature between 10oC (50oF) and 20oC (68oF)
COLD RECEPTORS
WHAT SENSES TEMPERATURE:
-sensitive to temperatures above 25oC (77o F)
-unresponsive to temperature above 45oC (113oF)
WARM RECEPTORS
WHAT DOES THE TEMPERATURE SENSE WHEN:
-respond to temperatures below 10oC
-respond to temperatures above 45oC
PAIN RECEPTORS
WHAT IS THE BODY SENSING WHEN THE FOLLOWING OCCURS:
-free nerve endings
- widely distributed
- nervous tissue of brain lacks pain receptors
- stimulated by tissue damage, chemical, mechanical forces, or extremes in temperature
-adapt very little, if at all
SENSE OF PAIN
WHAT IS DEFINED AS:
-pain receptors are the only receptors in viscera whose
stimulation produces sensations

- pain receptors respond differently to stimulation

-not well localized

-may feel as if coming from some other part of the body
VISCERAL PAIN-known as referred pain
WHAT IS THE TYPE OF PAIN THAT may occur due to sensory impulses from two regions following a common nerve pathway to brain ?
REFERRED PAIN
use common nerve pathways
DESCRIBE PAIN NERVE PATHWAYS AS ACUTE PAIN FIBERS.
- A-delta fibers
-thin, myelinated
conduct impulses rapidly
-associated with sharp pain
-well localized
DESCRIBE TYPE OF PAIN NERVE PATHWAYS AS CHRONIC PAIN FIBERS.
- C fibers
-thin, unmyelinated
- conduct impulses more slowly
- associated with dull, aching pain
- difficult to pinpoint
WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN PROVIDES REGULATION OF PAIN IMPULSES ALLOWS A PERSON TO BE AWARE OF PAIN?
THALAMUS
WHAT PART OF THE BRAIN DOES THE REGULATION OF PAIN IMPULSE THAT COMPLYS WITH THE FOLLOWING:
-judges intensity of pain
-locates source of pain
- produces emotional and motor responses to pain
CEREBRAL CORTEX
WHAT THREE PAIN INHIBITING SUBSTANCES DOES THE BODY CREATE?
-ENKEPHALINS
-SEROTONIN
-ENDORPHINS
WHAT ARE THREE MAIN KINDS OF PROPRIORECEPTORS?
- Pacinian corpuscles – in joints
- muscle spindles – in skeletal muscles*
-Golgi tendon organs – in tendons*
*stretch receptors
WHAT THREE PAIN INHIBITING SUBSTANCES DOES THE BODY CREATE?
-ENKEPHALINS
-SEROTONIN
-ENDORPHINS
WHERE ARE THE SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED FOR THE LARGE COMPLEX SENSORY ORGANS?
sensory receptors are within large, complex sensory organs in the head
WHERE IS THE SENSORY RECEPTORS FOR SMELL LOCATED?
smell in olfactory organs
WHERE ARE THE TASTE SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED?
taste in taste buds
WHERE ARE THE SENSORY RECEPTORS FOR HEARING AND EQUILIBRIUM LOCATED?
hearing and equilibrium in ears
HEARING RECEPTOR CELLS ARE EPITHELIAL CELLS.
WHERE ARE SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED FOR SIGHT?
sight in eyes
DEFINE Olfactory Receptors,
-chemoreceptors
- respond to chemicals dissolved in liquids
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE VIII
DEFINE OLFACTORY ORGANS.
contain olfactory receptors and supporting epithelial cells

cover parts of nasal cavity, superior nasal conchae, and a portion of the nasal septum
know olfactory receptors are located in olfactory organs
Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel
along their axons through tiny openings in thr cribreform plates of the ethmoid bone. These fibers synapse with neurons located in the olfactory bulbs where membranes lie on either side of crista galli.
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE VIII
WHAT IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
olfactory organs located high in the nasal cavity above the usual pathway of inhaled air

olfactory receptors undergo sensory adaptation rapidly

sense of smell drops by 50% within a second after stimulation
OLFACTORY STIMULATION
WHAT IS:
-hypothesis
- odor that is stimulated by a distinct set of receptor cells and its associated receptor proteins
OLFACTORY CODE
Once olfactory receptors are stimulated, nerve impulses travel through
olfactory nerves TO olfactory bulbs TO olfactory tracts TO limbic system (for emotions) and TO olfactory cortex (for interpretation) in the temporal lobe and at the base of the frontal lobes in cerebrum
grandmothers perfume defined by limbic system
WHAT IS:
- organs of taste
- located on papillae of tongue, roof of mouth, linings of cheeks and walls of pharynx
TASTE BUDS
WHAT IS:
-taste cells – modified epithelial cells that function as receptors
-taste hairs –microvilli that protrude from taste cells; sensitive parts of taste cells
TASTE RECEPTORS
WHAT ARE THE Four Primary Taste Sensations AND HOW ARE THE STIMULATED.
>sweet – stimulated by carbohydrates
>sour – stimulated by acids
>salty – stimulated by salts
>bitter – stimulated by many organic compounds
fifth is umami aka savory i.e. msg stimulates
WHAT IS THE ACTIVATED RECEPTORS FOR SPICY FOODS?
activate pain receptors
i.e. chili peppers
INDICATE HOW THE Sensory impulses from taste receptors travel along.
>cranial nerves to
>medulla oblongata to
>thalamus to
>gustatory cortex (for interpretation)
FACIAL NERVES VII
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL IX
VAGUS X
WHAT IS THE ORGAN OF HEARING?
EAR
WHAT ARE THE THREE SECTION OF THE EAR?
>EXTERNAL
>MIDDLE
>INNER
WHAT COLLECTS SOUND WAVES?
AURICLE
WHAT DOES THE FOLLOWING:
>lined with ceruminous glands
>carries sound to tympanic membrane
> terminates with tympanic membrane
EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
WHAT vibrates in response to sound waves?
TYMPANIC MEMBRANE
WHAT IS air-filled space temporal bone
?
TYMPANIC CAVITY
WHAT
vibrate in response to tympanic membrane
malleus, incus, and stapes
AUDITORY OSSICLES
WHAT THREE PARTS MAKE UP THE AUDITORY OSSICLES?
MALLEUS, INCUS, STAPES
WHAT IS AN opening in wall of tympanic cavity
AND stapes vibrates against it to move fluids in inner ear.
OVAL WINDOW
WHAT
connects middle ear to throat
helps maintain equal pressure on both sides of tympanic membrane
usually closed by valve-like flaps in throat?
EUSTACHIAN TUBE
WHAT IS A complex system of labyrinths?
INNER EAR
WHAT IS A BONY CANAL IN TEMPORAL BONE AND FILLED WITH PERILYMPH?
OSSEOUS LABRINTH
WHAT IS THE tube within osseous labyrinth
filled with endolymph?
MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH
WHAT ARE THE THREE PARTS OF LABYRINTHS?
COCHLEA, SEMICIRCULAR CANALS, VESTIBULE
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE COCHLEA?
HEARING
WEBER TEST-VIBRATING TUNING FORK AGAINST THE FOREHEAD

RINNE TEST-VIBRATING TUNING FORK BEHIND THE EAR
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF SEMICIRCULAR CANALS?
EQUILIBRIUM
LIE IN RIGHT ANGLES AND DIFFERENT PLANES
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE VESTIBULE?
EQUILIBRIUM
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR VIII
WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
> upper compartment
> leads from oval window to apex of spiral
>part of bony labyrinth
SCALA VESTIBULI
WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
> lower compartment
>extends from apex of the cochlea to round window
>part of bony labyrinth
SCALA TYMPANI
WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
portion of membranous labyrinth in cochlea
COCHLEAR DUCT
WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli
VESTIBULAR MEMBRANE
RESSINER'S MEMBRANE
WHAT PART OF THE COCHLEA HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTION:
separates cochleaduct from scala tympanr i
BASILAR MEMBRANE
WHAT ORGAN HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
>group of hearing receptor cells (hair cells)
>on upper surface of basilar membrane
>different frequencies of vibration move different parts of basilar membrane
>particular sound frequencies cause hairs of receptor cells to bend
>nerve impulse generated
ORGAN OF CORTI
AUDITORY NERVE PATHWAYS.
ELEVEN STEPS
WHAT ORGAN HAS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
>group of hearing receptor cells (hair cells)
>on upper surface of basilar membrane
>different frequencies of vibration move different parts of basilar membrane
>particular sound frequencies cause hairs of receptor cells to bend
>nerve impulse generated
ORGAN OF CORTI
WHAT TYPE OF EQUILIBRIUM IS DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING:
>vestibule
> sense position of head when body is not moving
STATIC EQUILIBRIUM
PLEASE INDICATE THE TYPE OF EQUILIBRIUM AS DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING:
>semicircular canals
>sense rotation and movement of head and body
DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
WHAT PART OF THE VESTIBULE FUNCTIONS AS FOLLOWS:
communicates with saccule and membranous portion of semicircular canals
UTRICLE
UTRICLE TO THE SACCULE
WHAT PART OF THE VESTIBULE FUNCTIONS AS FOLLOWS:
communicates with cochlear duct
SACCULE
SACCULE TO THE COCHLEAR DUCT
WHAT PART OF THE VESTIBULE FUNCTIONS AS FOLLOWS:
> hair cells of utricle and saccule

>responds to changes in head position
> bending of hairs results in generation of nerve impulse
MACULA



MACULA
ROCKS IN YOUR HEAD-OTOLITHS

UTRICLE AND SACCULE TOUCHES THE MACULA
WHAT IS WITHIN THE SKIN OF THE EUSTACHIAN TUBE AND IS A MODIFIED SWEAT GLAND THAT SECRETES WAX OR CERUMEN AND PROTECTS THE EAR?
CERIMINOUS GLAND
WHAT PART OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS THAT ARE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS: THE SWELLING OF MEMBRANOUS LABYRINTH THAT COMMUNICATES WITH THE VESTIBLE
AMPULLA
SUSPENDED SWELLING ENDS OF LABYRINTH
WHAT IS A PART OF THE SEMICIRCULAR CANALS AS DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS:
>sensory organ of ampulla
>hair cells and supporting cells
> rapid turns of head or body stimulate hair cells
CRISTA AMPULLARIS
FIBERS MAKE UP PART OF VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
WHAT ARE THE THREE VISUAL ACCESSORY ORGANS OF SIGHT?
>eyelids
>lacrimal apparatus
>extrinsic eye muscles
WHAT IS:
composed of four layers
skin
muscle
connective tissue
conjunctiva
PALPEBRA-AKA EYELID
WHAT MUSCLE CLOSES THE EYELID?
ORBICULARIS OCULI
FACIAL NERVES VII
WHAT MUSCLE OPENS THE EYE?
LEVATOR PALPERBRAE SUPERIORIS
OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
WHAT MUSCLE SECRETES OIL ONTO THE EYELASHES?
TARSAL GLANDS
WHAT IS THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE, LINES EYELID AND COVERS PORTION OF THE EYEBALL?
CONJUNCTIVA
CONTAINS LYSOZMES-ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES
WHAT GLAND APPEARS LATERAL TO THE EYE AND SECRETES TEARS?
LACRIMAL GLAND
CRIES-PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE FIBERS CARRY MOTOR IMPULSES TO THE LACRIMAL GLAND.
WHAT COLLECTS TEARS?
CANALICULI
WHAT COLLECTS TEARS FROM THE CANALICULI?
LACRIMAL SAC
WHAT COLLECTS TEARS FROM LACRIMAL SAC AND EMPTIES TEARS INTO NASAL CAVITY?
NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE UP AND MEDIALLY?
SUPERIOR RECTUS
OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE DOWN AND MEDIALLY?
INFERIOR RECTUS
OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE MEDICALLY?
MEDIAL RECTUS
OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE LATERALLY?
LATERAL RECTUS
ABDUCENS VI
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE DOWN AND LATERALLY?
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
TROCHLEAR IV
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE LATERALLY?
LATERAL RECTUS
ABDUCENS VI
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE DOWN AND LATERALLY?
SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
TROCHLEAR IV
WHAT EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLE ROTATES EYE UP AND LATERALLY?
INFERIOR OBLIQUE
OCULOMOTOR NERVE III
DEFINE THE STRUCTURE OF THE EYE ?
HOLLOW
SPHERICAL
WALL WITH THREE LAYERS
NAME THE THREE LAYERS OF THE EYE.
OUTER FIBROUS TUNIC
MIDDLE VASCULAR TUNIC
INNER NERVOUS TUNIC
WHAT PART OF THE OUTER TUNIC IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
-anterior portion
- transparent
- light transmission
-light refraction
CORNEA
WHAT PART OF THE OUTER TUNIC IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
-posterior portion
-opaque
-protection
SCLERA
WHAT IS THE PART OF THE MIDDLE TUNIC THAT IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
anterior portion
pigmented
controls light intensity
IRIS
WHAT PART OF THE MIDDLE TUNIC IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
anterior portion
pigmented
holds lens
moves lens for focusing
CILIARY BODY
WHAT PART OF THE MIDDLE TUNIC IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
provides blood supply
pigments absorb extra light
CHOROID COAT
WHAT LIQUID FILLS THE ANTERIOR PORTION OF EYE?
ACQUEOUS HUMOR
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
transparent
biconvex
lies behind iris
largely composed of lens fibers
elastic
held in place by suspensory ligaments of ciliary body
LENS
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
forms internal ring around front of eye
ciliary processes – radiating folds
ciliary muscles – contract and relax to move lens
CILIARY BODY
OCULOMOTOR III
PARASYMPATHETIC FIBERS
WHAT DO YOU CALL IT WHEN THE CILIARY MUSCLE FIBERS RELAX OR CONTRACT, SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS TAUT OR RELAX WHICH MAKES THE LENS THIN OR THICK?
ACCOMMODATION
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS composed of connective tissue and smooth muscle
pupil is hole in iris
dim light stimulates radial muscles and pupil dilates
bright light stimulates circular muscles and pupil constricts
IRIS
OCULOMOTOR III
PARASYMPATHETIC-CIRCULAR-CONSTRICT PUPIL
SYMPATHETIC-RADIAL-DILATE PUPIL
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS DEFINED AS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS:
fluid in anterior cavity of eye
secreted by epithelium on inner surface of the ciliary body
provides nutrients
maintains shape of anterior portion of eye
leaves cavity through canal of Schlemm
AQUEOUS HUMOR
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
contains visual receptors
continuous with optic nerve
ends just behind margin of the ciliary body
composed of several layers
RETINA
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
YELLOWISH SPOT IN RETINA
MACULA LUTEA
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:CENTER OF MACULA LUTEA, PRODUCES SHARPEST VISION
FOVEA CENTRALIS
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS: BLIND SPOT, CONTAINS NO VISUAL RECEPTORS
OPTIC DISC
WHAT PART OF THE EYE IS LOCATED IN THE INNER TUNIC AND IS DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:
THICK GEL THAT HOLDS RETINA FLAT AGAINST CHOROID COAT
VITREOUS HUMOR
WHAT PART OF THE EYE CONTAINS THE VITREOUS HUMOR?
POSTERIOR CAVITY OF THE EYE
WHAT MAJOR GROUPS OF RETINAL NEURSONS PROVIDE A PATHWAY FOR IMPULSES TRIGGERED BY PHOTORECEPTORS TO REACH THE OPTIC NERVE?
RECEPTOR CELLS, BIPOLAR CELLS AND GANGLION CELLS
WHAT MAJOR GROUP OF RETINAL NEURONS MODIFY IMPLUSES?
HORIZONAL CELLS AND AMACRINE CELLS
WHAT IS DEFINED BY
bending of light
occurs when light waves pass at an oblique angle into mediums of different densities.
LIGHT REFRACTION
WHAT MAJOR GROUP OF RETINAL NEURONS MODIFY IMPLUSES?
HORIZONAL CELLS AND AMACRINE CELLS
WHAT TYPE OF LENSES CAUSE LIGHT WAVES TO CONVERGE?
CONVEX LENSES
WHAT TYPE OF LENSES CAUSE LIGHT WAVES TO DIVERGE?
CONCAVE LENSES
WHAT VISUAL RECEPTORS ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS;
long, thin projections
contain light sensitive pigment called rhodopsin
hundred times more sensitive to light than cones
provide vision in dim light
produce colorless vision
produce outlines of objects
RODS-BLACK/WHITE/GRAY
WHAT PROVIDES THE VISUAL PIGMENTS AND FUNCTIONS AS FOLLOWS:
light-sensitive pigment in rods
decomposes in presence of light
triggers a complex series of reactions that initiate nerve impulses
impulses travel along optic nerve
RHODOPSIN
WHAT PROVIDES THE VISUAL PIGMENTS OF THE EYE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING :
each set contains different light-sensitive pigment
each set is sensitive to different wavelengths
color perceived depends on which sets of cones are stimulated
erythrolabe – responds to red
chlorolabe – responds to green
cyanolabe – responds to blue
PIGMENTS ON CONES
WHAT PART OF THE EYE PROVIDES THE FOLLOWING:
provides perception of distance and depth
results from formation of two slightly different retinal images
STEREOSCOPIC VISION
NAME SOME OF THE AGE RELATED HEARING LOSS TO TOTAL OF THREE POSSIBLE ANSWERS.
>damage of hair cells in organ of Corti
>degeneration of nerve pathways to the brain
>tinnitus
WHAT PROVIDES THE VISUAL PIGMENTS OF THE EYE BASED ON THE FOLLOWING :
each set contains different light-sensitive pigment
each set is sensitive to different wavelengths
color perceived depends on which sets of cones are stimulated
erythrolabe – responds to red
chlorolabe – responds to green
cyanolabe – responds to blue
PIGMENTS ON CONES
NAME SOME OF THE AGE RELATED VISUAL PROBLEMS UP TO SIX OPTIONS.
>dry eyes
> floaters (crystals in vitreous humor)
>loss of elasticity of lens
>glaucoma
> cataracts
>macular degeneration
REFRACTION DISORDERS
CONCAVE LENS CORRECT WHAT DISORDER WHERE EYE IS TOO SHORT OR TOO LONG?
NEARSIGHTEDNESS
REFRACTION DISORDERS
CONVEX LENS CORRECT WHAT DISORDER WHERE EYE IS TOO SHORT OR TOO LONG?
FARSIGHTEDNESS