Nervous System Ii

Front 1

contains roughly 20 billion neurons

Back 1

brain

Front 2

protection support and nourishment of the brain involves

Back 2

bones of the skull

cranial meninges

cerbrospinal fluid

blood-brain barrier

vessels of cardiovascular system

Front 3

cranial meninges are

Back 3

dura mater

arachnoid mater

pia mater

Front 4

largest most superior portion of the human brain

Back 4

cerebrum

Front 5

each hemisphere receives sensory information from and generates motor commands to the opposite side of the brain

Back 5

cerebrum

Front 6

connects the cerebrum to the brain stem both structurally and functionally

Back 6

diencephalon

Front 7

functions that occur are almost exclusively subconscious

Back 7

diencephalon

Front 8

controls circadian rhythm

Back 8

epithalamus

Front 9

relays information

Back 9

thalamus

Front 10

coordinates the nervous and endocrine systems

Back 10

hypothalamus

Front 11

midbrain

most superior portion of brain stem

Back 11

mesencephalon

Front 12

nuclei coordinate visual and auditory reflexes

Back 12

mesencephalon

Front 13

superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

Back 13

corpora quadregemina

Front 14

superior colliculi

Back 14

visual

Front 15

inferior colliculi

Back 15

auditory

Front 16

coordinates involuntary movements of skeletal muscles

Back 16

limbic system nuclei

Front 17

nerve bundles to and from the brain and spinal cord

Back 17

cerebral peduncles

Front 18

main functions of the pons

Back 18

house for CN nuclei V VI VII and VIII

help regulate respiration

help coordinate involuntary skeletal and muscle movements and muscle tone

relaying information to and from the brain and spinal cord

Front 19

cerebellum two primary functions

Back 19

adjust the postural muscles of the body to maintain balance

programs and fine tunes voluntary and involuntary movements

Front 20

physically connects the brain with the spinal cord

Back 20

medulla oblongata

Front 21

relay station house for CN nuclei and most importantly controls visceral functions like blood pressure breathing and heart rate

Back 21

medulla oblongata

Front 22

components of the peripheral nervous system that connect to the brain rather than to the spinal cord

Back 22

cranial nerves

Front 23

attaches to brain near the associated sensory or motor nuclei

Back 23

cranial nerves

Front 24

primary function special sensory SMELL

Back 24

Olfactory Nerve

Front 25

Cranial Nerve I

Back 25

Olfactory nerve

Front 26

Cranial Nerve II

Back 26

optic nerve

Front 27

Cranial Nerve III

Back 27

oculomotor nerve

Front 28

Cranial nerve IV

Back 28

trochlear nerve

Front 29

cranial nerve V

Back 29

trigeminal nerve

Front 30

cranial nerve VI

Back 30

abducen nerve

Front 31

cranial nerve VII

Back 31

facial nerve

Front 32

cranial nerve VIII

Back 32

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 33

cranial nerve IX

Back 33

glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 34

cranial nerve X

Back 34

vagus nerve

Front 35

cranial nerve XI

Back 35

accessory nerve

Front 36

cranial nerve XII

Back 36

hypoglossal nerve

Front 37

origin receptors of olfactory epithelium

Back 37

olfactory nerve

Front 38

passes through cribriform plate of ethmoid

Back 38

olfactory nerve

Front 39

destination olfactory bulbs

Back 39

olfactory nerve

Front 40

primary function special sensory vision

Back 40

optic nerve

Front 41

origin retina of eye

Back 41

optic nerve

Front 42

passes through optic canal of sphenoid

Back 42

optic nerve

Front 43

destination diencephalon by way of the optic chiasm

Back 43

optic nerve

Front 44

primary function motor eye movements

Back 44

oculomotor nerve

trochlear nerve

abducen nerve

Front 45

origin mesencephalon

Back 45

oculomotor nerve

trochlear nerve

Front 46

passes through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

Back 46

oculomotor nerve

trochlear nerve

abducen nerve

Front 47

destinations

somatic motor-superior inferior and medial rectus muscle inferior oblique muscle levator palpebrae superioions muscle

visceral motor-intrinsic eye muscles

Back 47

oculomotor nerve

Front 48

destination superior oblique muscle

Back 48

trochlear nerve

Front 49

primary function mixed

ophthalmic and maxillary branches sensory

mandibular branch mixed

Back 49

trigeminal nerve

Front 50

origin

opthalmic branch-oribital structures nasal cavity skin of forehead superior eyelid eyebrow and part of nose

Back 50

trigeminal nerve

Front 51

origin

maxillary branch- inferior eyelid upper lip gums and teeth cheek nose palate and part of the pharynx

Back 51

trigeminal nerve

Front 52

origin

mandibular branch-sensory from lower gums teeth and lips palate and tongue motor from motor nuclei of pons

Back 52

trigeminal nerve

Front 53

passes through

opthalmic branch passes through superior orbital fissure

maxillary branch passes through foramen rotundum

mandibular branch passes through foramen ovale

Back 53

trigeminal nerve

Front 54

destination

opthalmic maxillary and mandibular branches to sensory nuclei in the pons

mandibular branch unnerved muscles of mastication

Back 54

trigeminal nerve

Front 55

origin pons

Back 55

abducen nerve

Front 56

destination lateral rectus muscle

Back 56

abducen nerve

Front 57

primary function mixed (sensory & motor)

Back 57

facial nerve

glossopharyngeal nerve

vagus nerve

Front 58

origin

sensory from fast receptors on anterior 2/3 of tongue

motor from motor nuclei of pons

Back 58

facial nerve

Front 59

passes through internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone along facial canal to reach stylomastoid foramen

Back 59

facial nerve

Front 60

destination

sensory to sensory nuclei of pons

somatic motor to muscles of facial expression

visceral motor to lacrimal gland and nasal mucous gland via pterygopalatine ganglion submandibular and sublingual salivary glands via submandible ganglion

Back 60

facial nerve

Front 61

primary function special sensory balance and equilibrium (vestibular branch) and hearing (cochlear branch)

Back 61

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 62

origin receptors of inner ear

Back 62

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 63

passes through internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone

Back 63

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 64

destination vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons and medulla oblongata

Back 64

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 65

origin

sensory form posterior 1/3 of the tongue part of the pharynx and palate the carotid arteries of the neck

motor from motor nuclei of nebula oblongata

Back 65

glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 66

passes through jugular foramen between occipital and temporal bones

Back 66

glossopharyngeal nerve

vagus nerve

accessory nerve

Front 67

Destination

sensory fibers to sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata

somatic motor to pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing

visceral motor parotid salivary gland after synapsing in the otic ganglion

Back 67

glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 68

primary function motor

Back 68

accessory nerve

Front 69

origin motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla oblongata

Back 69

accessory nerve

Front 70

destination

internal branch innervates voluntary muscles of palate pharynx and larynx

external branch controls sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Back 70

accessory nerve

Front 71

primary function motor, tongue movements

Back 71

hypoglossal nerve

Front 72

origin motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata

Back 72

hypoglossal nerve

Front 73

passes through hypoglossal canal of occipital bone

Back 73

hypoglossal nerve

Front 74

destination muscles of the tongue

Back 74

hypoglossal nerve

Front 75

origin

visceral sensory from pharynx auricle external acoustic meatus diaphragm and visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

visceral motor from motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata

Back 75

vagus nerve

Front 76

nervous system structures outside the brain and spinal cord its nerves thread through almost every part of the body

Back 76

PNS

Front 77

cord-like organ in the PNS consisting of many axons arranged in parallel budges which are enclosed by successive wrappings of connective tissue

Back 77

nerve

Front 78

external tough fibrous connective tissue sheath surrounding a whole nerve which consists of several fascicles and blood vessels

Back 78

epineurium

Front 79

bundles of neuronal axons

Back 79

fascicles

Front 80

connective tissue surrounding each fascicle forms the nerve-blood barrier

Back 80

perineurium

Front 81

delicate connective tissue fibers that surround the individual axons of fascicles

Back 81

endoneurium

Front 82

connected to CNS via cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Back 82

PNS

Front 83

PNS two divisions

Back 83

sensory division

motor division

Front 84

sensory division also known as

Back 84

afferent

Front 85

motor division also known as

Back 85

efferent

Front 86

sensory (afferent) division consists of

Back 86

somatic sensory

visceral sensory

Front 87

motor (efferent) division consists of

Back 87

somatic motor

branchial motor

visceral motor

Front 88

ANS two divisions

Back 88

parasympathetic

sympathetic

Front 89

pick up stimuli from inside and outside the body then initiate impulses in sensory axons

Back 89

peripheral sensory receptors

Front 90

axon terminals of motor neurons that innervate effectors (muscles and glands)

Back 90

peripheral motor endings

Front 91

one junction associated with each muscle fiber

Back 91

neuromuscular junctions

Front 92

neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the sarcolemma

Back 92

acetylcholine

Front 93

a motor neuron innervating muscle fibers

Back 93

motor unit

Front 94

near the smooth muscle or gland cells that are innervated a motor axon swells into a row of varicosities which contain synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters

Back 94

innervation of visceral muscle and glands

Front 95

cluster of peripheral cell bodies

Back 95

ganglion

Front 96

PNS ganglion containing the cell bodies of sensory neurons

Back 96

dorsal root ganglion

Front 97

31 pairs

arise from and span the length of the spinal cord

Back 97

spinal nerves

Front 98

cervical spinal nerves

Back 98

8 pairs

Front 99

thoracic spinal nerves

Back 99

12 pairs

Front 100

lumbar spinal nerves

Back 100

5 pairs

Front 101

sacral spinal nerves

Back 101

5 pairs

Front 102

coccygeal spinal nerves

Back 102

1 pair

Front 103

first branch of each spinal nerve in the thoracic and upper lumbar region

Back 103

white ramus

Front 104

contain myelinated preganglionic axons that continue to an autonomic ganglion

Back 104

white ramus

Front 105

two groups of unmylinated fibers exit this ganglion

Back 105

gray ramus

autonomic nerve

Front 106

carries axons that innervate glands and smooth muscles in the body wall or limbs back to the spinal nerve

Back 106

gray ramus

Front 107

carries fibers to internal organs

Back 107

autonomic nerve

Front 108

white and gray rami which collectively carry visceral motor fibers to and from a nearby autonomic ganglion associated with the sympathetic division of the ANS

Back 108

rami communicantes

Front 109

T1-L2 spinal nerves have four branches

Back 109

white ramus

gray ramus

dorsal ramus

ventral ramus

Front 110

contains sensory fibers arising from cell bodies in dorsal root ganglia

Back 110

dorsal root

Front 111

contains motor fibers arising from cell bodies in the anterior (ventral) horn of spinal cord

Back 111

ventral root

Front 112

branch out as the dorsal rams and the ventral ramus

Back 112

spinal nerve

Front 113

supply dorsum of the neck and trunk and specific segment of the skin

Back 113

dorsal ramus

Front 114

supply anterior (ventral) and lateral regions of neck and trunk and all regions of the limbs

Back 114

ventral ramus

Front 115

area of the skin innervated by the cutaneous branches from a single spinal nerve

Back 115

dermatome

Front 116

complex interwoven network of nerves formed by the ventral rami only

occur as pairs in the cervical brachial lumbar and sacral regions

primarily serve the limbs

Back 116

nerve plexus

Front 117

buried deep in the neck under the sternocleidomastioid muscle

Back 117

cervical plexus

Front 118

supply only the skin of the neck back of head and most superior region of shoulder

Back 118

cutaneous nerve

Front 119

supply the diaphragm

Back 119

phrenic nerves

Front 120

lies partly in the neck and in the axilla

innervates the pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Back 120

brachial plexus

Front 121

formed from the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks

Back 121

lateral cord

Front 122

formed by a continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk

Back 122

medial cord

Front 123

domed by the union of all three posterior divisions of the superior middle and inferior trunks

Back 123

posterior cord

Front 124

arise from one or more trunks or cords whose names indicated their positions relative to the axillary artery which supplies the upper limb

Back 124

nerves

Front 125

formed by the lateral and medial cords

Back 125

median nerve

Front 126

formed exclusively by the lateral cord

Back 126

musculocutaneous nerve

Front 127

formed by the medial cord

Back 127

ulnar nerve

Front 128

formed by the posterior cord (2 nerves)

Back 128

axillary nerve

radial nerve

Front 129

progressive branching of the brachial plexus

Back 129

roots

trunks

divisions

cords

nerves

Front 130

lies within the psoas major muscle in the posterior abdominal wall

innervates the anterior thigh

Back 130

lumbar plexus

Front 131

innervates anterior thigh muscles

Back 131

femoral nerves

Front 132

innervates adductor muscle group and some skin on superomedial thigh

Back 132

obturator nerve

Front 133

lied immediately caudal to the lumbar plexus

innervates the buttock lower limb pelvis and perineum

Back 133

sacral plexus

Front 134

thickest and longest nerve in the body innervates all of the lower limb except anterior and medial thigh regions actually composes of two nerves wrapped in a common sheath

Back 134

sciatic nerve

Front 135

innervates almost all muscles in posterior lower limb

Back 135

tibial nerve

Front 136

innervates anterolateral aspect of lower limb

Back 136

common fibular nerve

Front 137

two nerves that make up the sciatic nerve

Back 137

common fibular nerve

tibial nerve

Front 138

innervate gluteal muscles

Back 138

superior/inferior gluteal nerves

Front 139

innervates muscles and skin of perineum

Back 139

pudendal nerve

Front 140

12 pairs

Back 140

cranial nerves

Front 141

attach to the brain and pass through various openings or foramina in the skull

Back 141

cranial nerves

Front 142

CN I attaches to

Back 142

forebrain

Front 143

CN II-XII attach to

Back 143

brain stem

Front 144

cranial nerves contain _______ and _______ fibers that innervate the head

Back 144

sensory and motor

Front 145

neurons occur in cranial nerves nuclei in ventral gray matter of the brain stem

Back 145

cell bodies of motor

Front 146

neurons lie either in receptor organs or within cranial sensory ganglia which lie along cranial nerve V, VII-X just external to the brain

Back 146

cell bodies of sensory

Front 147

consists of special somatic sensory fibers for smell vision hearing and equilibrium

Back 147

purely sensory nerves

Front 148

purely sensory nerves

Back 148

cranial nerves

I,II,VIII

Front 149

primarily or exclusively motor nerves

Back 149

cranial nerves

III,IV,VI,XI,XII

Front 150

contain general somatic motor fibers to skeletal muscles of the eye and tongue

Back 150

primarily or exclusively motor nerves

Front 151

mixed nerves

Back 151

cranial nerves

V,VII,IX,X

Front 152

consists of general somatic sensory fibers to face

consists of general visceral sensory fibers to mouth viscera and taste buds

consists of branchial motor fibers to all pharyngeal arch muscles

afferent and efferent

Back 152

mixed nerves

Front 153

afferent is _____ fibers

Back 153

sensory

Front 154

efferent is _____ fibers

Back 154

motor

Front 155

Cranial nerve I

Back 155

olfactory nerve

Front 156

Cranial nerve II

Back 156

optic nerve

Front 157

Cranial nerve III

Back 157

oculomotor nerve

Front 158

cranial nerve IV

Back 158

trochlear nerve

Front 159

cranial nerve V

Back 159

trigeminal nerve

Front 160

cranial nerve VI

Back 160

abducens nerve

Front 161

cranial nerve VII

Back 161

facial nerves

Front 162

cranial nerve VIII

Back 162

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 163

cranial nerve IX

Back 163

glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 164

cranial nerve X

Back 164

vagus nerve

Front 165

cranial nerve XI

Back 165

accessory nerve

Front 166

cranial nerve XII

Back 166

hypoglossal nerve

Front 167

sensory cranial nerves

Back 167

cranial nerves

I,II,VIII,

Front 168

motor cranial nerves

Back 168

cranial nerves

III,IV,VI,XI,XII

Front 169

sensory and motor cranial nerves

Back 169

cranial nerves

V,VII,IX,X

Front 170

sense of smell cranial nerve

Back 170

olfactory nerve

Front 171

vision cranial nerve

Back 171

optic nerve

Front 172

eye mover innervate four extrinsic eye muscles

Back 172

oculomotor nerve

Front 173

pulley innervate the superior oblique muscle

Back 173

trochlear nerve

Front 174

three-fold sensory innervation of the face motor fibers to chewing muscle

Back 174

trigeminal nerve

Front 175

abducts the eyeball innervates the lateral rectus muscles

Back 175

abducens nerve

Front 176

muscles of facial expression and other structures

Back 176

facial nerve

Front 177

hearing and equilibrium

Back 177

vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 178

tongue and pharynx

Back 178

glossopharyngeal nerve

Front 179

pharynx larynx hear lungs abdominal viscera

Back 179

vagus nerve

Front 180

accessory part of X-its internal branch

Back 180

accessory nerve

Front 181

tongue muscles

Back 181

hypoglossal nerve

Front 182

carry afferent impulses for the sense of smell

Back 182

olfactory nerve

cranial nerve I

Front 183

arise from olfactory receptor cells

projects olfactory nerve filaments

Back 183

olfactory nerve

cranial nerve I

Front 184

partial or total loss of smell caused by fractured ethmoid bone or lesions of olfactory fibers

Back 184

anosmia

Front 185

carry afferent impulses for vision

Back 185

optic nerves

cranial nerve II

Front 186

contralateral and ipsilateral fibers arise from each retina to form the optic nerve

form the optic tracts that enter the thalamus and synapse onto LGN of thalamus

Back 186

optic nerves

cranial nerve II

Front 187

visual defects

Back 187

anopsias

Front 188

damage to CNII

Back 188

blindness

Front 189

damage to visual pathway

Back 189

partial visual loss

Front 190

efferent fibers from ventral midbrain to eye

Back 190

oculomotor nerves

cranial nerve III

Front 191

innervates 4 of 6 extrinsic eye muscles

Back 191

oculomotor nerves

cranial nerve III

Front 192

eye cannot be moved up or inward

Back 192

oculomotor nerve paralysis

Front 193

somatic efferent to and proprioceptor afferent from the superior oblique muscle

Back 193

trochlear nerve

cranial nerve IV

Front 194

fibers emerge from the dorsal midbrain and course ventrally around the midbrain

Back 194

trochlear nerve

cranial nerve IV

Front 195

double vision and reduced ability to rotate eye inferolaterally

Back 195

CN IV trauma or paralysis

Front 196

afferents for touch temperature and pain from face

branchial efferents for chewing muscles

Back 196

trigeminal nerve

cranial nerve V

Front 197

afferent fibers run from the face to the pons via superior orbital fissure of the sphenoid innervate skin of anterior scalp upper eyelid and nose afferents from nasal cavity mucosa cornea and lacrimal gland

Back 197

ophthalmic division

Front 198

afferent fibers run from the face to the pons via foramen rotundum of the sphenoid bone afferents from nasal cavity mucosa palate upper teeth skin of cheek upper lip and lower eyelid

Back 198

maxillary division

Front 199

afferent fibers run from the face to pons and pass through the skull via foramen oval of the sphenoid bone afferents from anterior tongue lower teeth skin of chin and temporal region of scalp efferents to and afferents from muscles of mastication

Back 199

mandibular division

Front 200

unknown factors cause CN V inflammation but may reflect pressure on CN V root causes symptomatic tics which involves excruciating stabbing pain that occurs around 100 times a day

Back 200

tic doloureux ( trigeminal neuralgia)

Front 201

efferent fibers to and some proprioceptor afferents from the lateral rectus muscle of the eye

Back 201

abducen nerve

cranial nerve VI

Front 202

fibers leave the inferior pons and enter the orbit of the eye via superior orbital fissuer

Back 202

abducen nerve

cranial nerve VI

Front 203

eye cannot be moved laterally at rest affected eyeball turns medially

Back 203

CN VI paralysis

Front 204

mixed fibers which are the chief motor nerves of the face

Back 204

facial nerve

cranial nerve VII

Front 205

fibers arise from pons enter temporal bone via internal acoustic meatus and run within temporal bone before emerging through stylomastoid formaen fibers then course to lateral aspect of face

Back 205

facial nerve

cranial nerve VII

Front 206

5 major branches on face

Back 206

temporal

zygomatic

buccal

mandibular

cervical

Front 207

paralysis of facial muscles on affected side and partial loss of taste sensation

Back 207

bells palsy

Front 208

afferent impulses for hearing and equilibrium

Back 208

vestibulocochlear nerve

cranial nerve VIII

Front 209

carry afferent from hearing receptors located within the inner ear of temporal bone pass through internal acoustic meatus enter brain stem at pons-medulla border

Back 209

cochlear division

Front 210

carry afferents from equilibrium receptors

Back 210

vestibular division

Front 211

central or nerve deafness

Back 211

lesions of CN VIII

Front 212

dizziness rapid involuntary eye movement loss of balance nausea and vomiting

Back 212

damage to vestibular division

Front 213

mixed fibers which innervate part of tongue and pharynx

Back 213

glossopharyngeal nerves

cranial nerve IX

Front 214

fibers emerge from medulla and leave skull via jugular foramen to run to throat

Back 214

glossopharyngeal nerves

cranial nerve IX

Front 215

impairs swallowing and taste and posterior 1/3 of tongue

Back 215

CN IX damage

Front 216

mixed fibers that serve the pharynx larynx heart lungs abdominal viscera

Back 216

vagus nerve

cranial nerve X

Front 217

fibers emerge from medulla pass through skull via jugular foramen and descend through neck into thorax and abdomen

innervate tiny area of skin on external ear and some of membrane lining middle ear

Back 217

vagus nerve

cranial nerve X

Front 218

hoarseness or loss of voice difficulty swallowing impaired GI mobility

Back 218

CN X paralysis

Front 219

carry branchial efferents from lateral aspect of medulla to larynx pharynx and soft palate

Back 219

cranial roots of accessory nerve (CN XI)

Front 220

carry branchial efferents from superior region of spinal cord to trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Back 220

spinal roots of accessory nerve (CN XI)

Front 221

causes head to turn toward injury side due to sternocleidomatoid paralysis shrugging of the shoulder on the injured side is difficult

Back 221

spinal root injury of one CN XI

Front 222

efferents to intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue

Back 222

hypoglossal nerve

cranial nerve XII

Front 223

fibers arise by series of roots from medulla exit from the skull via hypoglossal canal to travel to the tongue

Back 223

hypoglossal nerve

cranial nerve XII

Front 224

difficulties in speech and swallowing tongue deviates toward affected side paralyzed side eventually begins to atrophy

Back 224

CN XII damage

Front 225

cannot protrude tongue

Back 225

both CN XII damaged