Nervous System For Vet Nurses

Front 1

Central nervous system

Back 1

Brain and spinal cord

Front 2

Peripheral nervous system

Back 2

-Spinal Nerves
-Cranial nerves
-Autonomic nervous system- sympathetic and parasympathetic, regulate involuntary impulses
-Enteric nervous system (controls GI system)

Front 3

Neurological system

Back 3

- complex network of neurons (nerve cells) and neuralgia (specialized connective tissue
- conduct electrical impulses around the body

Front 4

Neurological system function

Back 4

transmits and processes information rapidly to maintain homeostasis by:
- Receive info about external and internal environment.
- Interpret received info
- Send impulses to stimulate activity.

Front 5

Neuron

Back 5

-a specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses.
- Can be afferent (carry impulses to cns) or efferent (carry impulses away from cns)

Front 6

Parts of a neuron

Back 6

-Cell body (centron) with nucleus

-cytoplasm (contains neurotubules, nissl bodies, mitochondria etc),
-a cell membrane.

-One or more dendrons or dendrites: tiny branches, carry impulses towards cell body

-axon : Carries nerve impulse away from cell body


-myelin:Lipoprotein secreted by schwann cells (Neurolemmocytes) in peripheral neurons or oligodendrocytes in cns

-myelin sheath: made from myelin, envelope axons, nerve fibres are then myelinated. ( grey matter of cns and neurons of cornea are non-mylinated)

-nodes of ranvier: gaps within the myelin, allows faster conduction speed by saltatory conduction.

-terminal dendrite

-synaptic terminal

Front 7

Shapes of neurons
(position of dendrites)

Back 7

Multipolar eg motor neurons, purkinje fibres
Bipolar eg retina
Pseudo-unipolar eg sensory neuron.

Front 8

Homeostasis

Back 8

ability to maintain the body as close to the normal state as possible. Internal control.

Front 9

Components of a coordinated nerve pathway?

Back 9

- Stimulus: any change inside or outside body that provokes a change in behaviour.
- Receptors: specialized cells that detect stimuli
-Coordinators: the cns receive info in form of nerve impulses, coordinate info and initaite response
- Effectors: produce the response

Front 10

Sensory vs Motor neurons

Back 10

Sensory conduct impulses from receptors towards cns
Motor neurons conduct impulses away from cns towards effector organs.

Front 11

Visceral vs somatic nerves

Back 11

Visceral nerves supply visceral organs eg respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems and heart.
Can be visceral motor or visceral sensory nerves.

Somatic nerves supply all other organs eg skin, joints, skeltal muscles.
Can be somatic sensory or somatic motor.

Front 12

Neuroglia

Back 12

Connective tissue of nervous system; packing material around neurons.

Front 13

Types of neuroglia

Back 13

Astrocytes: Numerous star-shaped cells thought to provide mechanical and metabolic support to neurons; covering capllaries in brain, these help to form blood brain barrier

Oligodendrocytes: Similiar to schwann cell of peripheral nervous tissue and responsible for myelination and holding nerve fibres together.

Microglia: Small phagocytic cells; cns version of macrophage/monocyte defense system

Ependymal: Simple epithelium that lines cerebral ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord.

Front 14

Types of stimulus

Back 14

1)Light
(2)Heat
(3)Temperature
(4)Smell
(5)Pressure/Touch

Front 15

What are nerve impulses?

Back 15

a form of electrical impulse resulting from a chain reaction in the form of wave or rearrangements of sodium and potassium

Front 16

Refractory period

Back 16

Period of recovery between nerve impulses. Lasts 1/1000th of a second.

Front 17

Synapse

Back 17

microscopic gap between one the tip of one nerve fibre and the beginning of the next.

Front 18

Neurotransmitter

Back 18

chemical that allows a impulse to cross a synapse

Front 19

Types of neurotransmitters

Back 19

Acetylcholine
Adrenaline
Serotonin

Front 20

Neuromuscular junction

Back 20

Where nerve fibres terminate.
Aka motor endplate.

Front 21

Reflex arc

Back 21

Simplest arrangement of neurons

Front 22

Reflex action

Back 22

stimulus results in an action that does not need to be learnt and occurs without concious thought

Front 23

Spinal cord location

Back 23

Within spinal cavity of the veterbral column.

Front 24

Parts of forebrain
(Telencephalon and diencephalon)

Back 24

cerebrum/ cerebral hemisheres (left and right)
Corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

frontal, parietal, temporal ad occipital lobes
Optic chiasma
Pituitary gland
Olfactory bulbs
Pineal body
Lateral ventricles
Cranial nerve I and II

Front 25

Parts of hindbrain
(Metencephalon and myelencephalon)

Back 25

Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

Fourth ventricle
Cranial nerves V, VI and XII

Front 26

What are the cerebral hemispheres and what is its function?

Back 26

-Greatest part of forebrain
- Contains 90% of the entire bodys neurons
-Function: Concious thought

Front 27

Function of frontal lobe

Back 27

voluntary movement
Controls gross, fine and complicated muscle movement

Front 28

Function of Parietal lobe

Back 28

Collects, recognises an organises sensations of pain, temp, touch, position and movement

Front 29

Function of temporal lobe

Back 29

Centre for awareness and correlation of auditory stimuli

Front 30

Function of Occipital lobe

Back 30

Visual perception and visual memory with a role in eye movement.

Front 31

role of optic chiasma

Back 31

cross shaped arrangment of nerve fibres
associated with eye

Front 32

Function of Pituitary gland

Back 32

Part of endocrine system

Front 33

Function of Hypothalamus

Back 33

Coordinates endocrine system

Front 34

Function of olfactory bulbs

Back 34

Sense of smell

Front 35

Function of thalamus

Back 35

relay station for sensory impulses

Front 36

Function of pineal body

Back 36

regulation of gonad hormones

Front 37

Function of lateral ventricles

Back 37

contain cerebrospinal fluid

Front 38

Damage to tissue of forebrain results in

Back 38

Personality change

Front 39

Damage to tissue of midbrain results in

Back 39

coma

Front 40

Damage to tissue of hindbrain results in

Back 40

rapid death

Front 41

Parts of midbrain

Back 41

Cerebral aqueduct
Cranial nerves III and IV

Front 42

Functions of midbrain

Back 42

control of muscle, sight, hearing and body positioning

Front 43

Function of cerebellum

Back 43

controls and coordinates balance and movement

Front 44

Function of medulla oblongata

Back 44

controls respiration, heart rate and blood pressure

Front 45

Function of pons

Back 45

control of respiration

Front 46

Ventricles- what are they, location and role

Back 46

4 Ventricles which all contain CSF and are continuos with the spinal cord

- 2 lateral ventricles (one within each cerebral hemisphere
- third ventricle- just above thalamus
Fourth ventricle- lies beneath and in from of cerebellum

Front 47

What are the meninges? 3 layers?

Back 47

3 layers of membrane that cover and protect the brain
- Dura mater: tough fibrous membrane that lines cranium
- Arachnoid matar: delicate, closely attached to dura, facilates diffusion of oxygen and nutrients into nervous tissue beneath
- Pia matar: delicate, vascular, closely attached to the entire brain surface

Front 48

What is cerebrospinal fluid and its role?

Back 48

clear fluid, smiliar to plasma, with less protein, flows within ventricular system of brainn, central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space. .

Shock absorber, antibacterial effect, transport nutrients and waste material from the nervous tissue.

Front 49

What protects CNS?

Back 49

Cranium
Vertebral colomn
Meninges
CSF

Front 50

What is the spinal cord?

Back 50

nerve fibres (mainly myelinated) running in organised tracts.
Along its length the cord gives of paired spinal nerves that branch into various peripheral nerves.

Front 51

Location of spinal cord?

Back 51

Runs from brain stem through the vertebral foramina to the lumbar region, terminates at cauda equina,

Front 52

Anatomy of spinal cord

Back 52

-Outer white matter
-Inner grey matter
-covered by Meninges
-Bathed in CNS

Front 53

What are Spinal nerves?

Back 53

-paired
-Given of by spinal cord
-emerge from the intervertebral space
-named according to the vertebra in front of where they leave the CNS (with exception of cervical region-first nerve leaves the cord before the first vertebra)
-Mix of both sensory and motor fibres ie mixed nerves

Front 54

Anatomy of spinal nerves

Back 54

Composed of
- Dorsal Root that carries sensory fibres to the cord. The cell bodies of the nerve are contained in the dorsal root gangilion
-Ventral root carries motor fibres away from the cord. the Cell bodies are within the grey matter of the cord.

Front 55

What are cranial nerves

Back 55

-Given of by the brain and leave the cranium via foramina in the bones
- They supply structures on the head
- Short
- Carry sensory, motor or mix of both
-Specific names
- Referred by Roman numerals I to XII (i.e. 1-12)

Front 56

Cranial Nerve I

Back 56

Name:Olfactory
Nerve Type: Sensory
Nerve Function: Smell
Nerve Location: Forebrain

Front 57

Cranial Nerve II

Back 57

Name:Optic
Nerve Type: Sensory
Nerve Function: Vision, pupil light response
Nerve Location: Forebrain

Front 58

Cranial Nerve III

Back 58

Name:Oculomotor
Nerve Type: Motor and parasympathetic
Nerve Function: Eye movement, pupil constriction, focus
Nerve Location: Midbrain

Front 59

Cranial Nerve IV

Back 59

Name:Trochear
Nerve Type: Motor
Nerve Function: Eye Movement
Nerve Location: Midbrain

Front 60

Cranial Nerve V

Back 60

Name:Trigeminal
Nerve Type: Mixed
Nerve Function: Muscle for mastication, upper and lower jaws, face
Nerve Location: Hindbrain

Front 61

Nerve supply to limbs

Back 61

Front limbs: Cervical 6 (C6) to Thoracic 2 (T2)
Hindlimbs: Lumbar 4 (L6) to Sacral 2 (S2)

Front 62

What is the autonomic nervous system?

Back 62

-Spinal nerves that supply motor fibres to the viscera (may be described as visceral motor system)
- Efferent impulses only (take impulses from CNS to peripherary)
- Self governing, not under concsious control but will assist in the regulation of internal body organs
- Sympathetic and parasympathetic regions

Front 63

Sympathetic system

Back 63

-Located in thoracolumbar areas of spinal cord (T1-L4 or L5)
- Prepare body for stressful or hazordous situations
- Relies on noradrenaline as transmitter
- Inhibits salivation and slows gut movement, speeds HR and RR

Front 64

Parasympathetic system

Back 64

-Orginates in brain stem, sends impulses via cranial nerves III, VII, XI, X and spinal S1-2
- Function opposite of sympathetic, assists day to day function of body
- Uses acetylcholine at synapses
- Stimulates salivation and gut movement, decreases HR and RR.

Front 65

Visceral motor vs Visceral Sensory

Back 65

VM take instrauctions to smooth or cardiac muscle
VS take impulses back from involuntary muscle to the brain

Front 66

Sympathetic Chain

Back 66

Nerve trunk that contains the associated nerve gangalia that runs along dorsal body wall from which the sympathetic nerve arises

Front 67

Afferent vs Efferent

Back 67

-afferent carry impulses towards a structure, usually cns
-efferent carry impulses away from a structure, usually cns

Front 68

What are intercalcalated neurons

Back 68

-a neuron that lies between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
-Not always present

Front 69

Where and when does the CNS form?

Back 69

- In the embryo from a hollow neural tube that runs along dorsal surface of embryo.
- Nerve fibres grow laterally from tube
- Anterior end of tube becomes the brain and the remaining tube the spinal cord.

Front 70

What is the corpus callosum

Back 70

Links cerebral hemispheres, is a tract of white matter, contains nerve fibres that run across brain from one hemisphere to the other

Front 71

Use and types of hemisphere folds

Back 71

- folds enable large surface area to be enclosed within the small cranial cavity
- Types: Gyri (upfolds), sulci (shallow depressions), fissures (deep crevices)

Front 72

Tissue of cerebral hemispheres

Back 72

Outer grey matter, inner white matter

- Grey matter (aka cerebral cortex)contains millions of cell bodies of neurons
- White matter is made of tracts of myelinated nerve fibres linking one area to another