Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the drug of choice used to treat seizures in dogs and cats?
|
phenobarbitol
|
|
|
In what forms are phenobarbitol administered?
|
Oral: tablet or liquid
|
|
|
What protein does phenobarbitol bind to? Where is this protein made?
|
Albumin, which is made in the liver
|
|
|
What type of inducer is phenobarbitol and what does this do?
|
CYP450 inducer: increasees the rate of phenobarbitol and other drug metabolism
|
|
|
Why does phenobarbitol require drug (serum) monitoring?
|
Low TI
|
|
|
What are the side effects of using phenobarbitol. What species does this affect the most?
|
PU/PD/PP, liver damage.
Especially in dogs |
|
|
When using phenobarbitol, what species is the liquid form good for using?
|
Cats
|
|
|
What drug classification does phenobarbitol fall under?
|
Barbiturate
|
|
|
What drug classification does benzodiazepine fall under?
|
Barbiturate
|
|
|
Is benzodiazepine a controlled substance?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepine?
|
enhances GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter)
|
|
|
What are the side effects of using benzodiazepine?
|
sedation
|
|
|
How does GABA affect a neuron?
|
Reduces action potential travelling down the neuron, hyperpolarizes and depresses neurofunction.
|
|
|
Name a drug and it's trade name of a benzodiazepine.
|
diazepam (Valium)
|
|
|
In what scenarios do we prescribe diazepam (Valium)? What is the route of adminstration?
|
emergency situations (status epilepticus) is given IV or rectally
|
|
|
How do we store diazepam and why?
|
Away from light and plastic because it is sensitive.
|
|
|
How is potassium bromide used?
|
In combination with phenobarbitol or a first line drug
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of potassium bromide?
|
enhances GABA
|
|
|
What form does K Br come in?
|
compounded as a liquid
|
|
|
K Br has a low TI so what must we monitor?
|
Serum monitor
|
|
|
What are the side effects of K Br?
|
vomiting, sedation
|
|
|
What species is K Br contraindicated in? why?
|
Cats due to allergic bronchitis
|
|
|
What are the 4 anticonvulsant add-ons?
|
levetiracetam
gabapentin zonisamide felbamate |
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of levetiracetam?
|
binds to synaptic vesicle protein and prevents conduction of impulse across synapse.
|
|
|
What form is levetiracetam administered in?
|
Oral: tablet or liquid
|
|
|
What is the oral bioavailability of levetiracetam?
|
1
|
|
|
What are the side effects of levetiracetam?
|
sedation, ataxia
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of gabapentin?
|
inhibits calcium channels
|
|
|
What do calcium channels do?
|
help to signal to synaptic vesicles to move to presynaptic membrane and exocytose
|
|
|
How is gabapentin excreted and what is a precaution to take into consideration?
|
Excreted by kidneys: Use caution with patients with kidney disease, can overdose.
|
|
|
What form is gabapentin administered in?
|
Oral tablet
|
|
|
What oral form is gabapentin not used in and why?
|
Liquid, contains xylitol which is a sweetener and causes hypoglycemia and hepatoxicity in dogs
|
|
|
What drug classification are opioids under?
|
Narcotic analgesic
|
|
|
How are opioids made?
|
Synthetically
|
|
|
How do opioids work?
|
Mimic action of endogenous (natural) opioids produced in nervous / endocrine system
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of opioids?
|
Interaction at opioid receptors (mu, kappa, delta) the pain areas of the CNS
|
|
|
What other parts of the body do opioids affect and how?
|
Effects activity in other central areas of brain. Slowed down GI tract, smooth muscle.
|
|
|
What are the side effects of opioids?
|
Sedation, vomiting, salivation, ileus, slowed HR, hypotension
|
|
|
What do the three opioid receptors affect?
|
Mu: pain areas of brain, spinal cord and resp. centre of brain.
Kappa: cerebral cortex and spinal cord Delta: cerebral cortex and spinal cord (min. effect in animals) |
|
|
What opioid are all other opioid analgesics compared to?
|
Morphine
|
|
|
What is the strength of fentanyl?
|
200x
|
|
|
How is fentanyl administered and at what rate?
|
IV as CRI (IM, SC) q 2 hours
transdermal patch (3 days) |
|
|
What type of agonist / antagonist is fentanyl?
|
A full mu agonist
|
|
|
What is the strength of hydromorphone?
|
5-7x
|
|
|
What is the route of administration and rate of hydromorphone?
|
IV, IM, SC q4-6 hrs
|
|
|
What type of agonist / antagonist is hydromorphone?
|
Full mu agonist
|
|
|
What is CRI?
|
Constant rate infussion: continuously delivered medication through IV
|
|
|
What is affinity?
|
The tendency of a molecule to bind to another one. Ability to bind to biological target.
|
|
|
What is the strength of butorphanol?
|
2-5x
|
|
|
What is the route of admin. for butorphanol?
|
IV, IM, SC (1-2 hours duration)
|
|
|
What type of agonist / antagonist is butorphanol?
|
partial mu agonist
|
|
|
What is butorphanol used for?
|
preanaesthetic sedation / analgesia
|
|
|
What is the strength of buprenorphine?
|
30x
|
|
|
What is the route of admin. and rate for buprenorphine?
|
IM q8-10hrs, transmucousal q12 hrs, SC slow release (depot) q 72hrs
|
|
|
What type of agonist / antagonist is buprenorphine?
|
mu agonist
|
|
|
What is buprenorphine used for?
|
post surgical analgesia
|
|
|
What type of agonist / antagonist is naloxone?
|
full mu antagonist
|
|
|
How does naloxone work?
|
Has a strong affinity for receptor but has no activity at receptor site.
|
|
|
What is naloxone used for?
|
Opioid reversal agent
|
|
|
What is the route of administration for tramadol?
|
IV, IM or oral (q8-12 hrs)
|
|
|
What type of agonist / antagonist is tramadol?
|
partial mu receptor agonist
|
|
|
How does tramadol work?
|
Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and NE
|
|
|
Is tramadol a controlled substance?
|
No
|
|
|
What is tramadol used for?
|
post-op and chronic pain mgmt and hallucination in dogs and cats
|
|
|
What are some possible systemic side effects of taking local anesthetics?
|
seizures, arrythmias
|
|
|
Which species are more sensitive to local anesthetics?
|
Cats
|
|
|
What type of onset and duration does lidocaine have?
|
Rapid, 2 hrs duration
|
|
|
What administration form does lidocaine come in?
|
Injection, gel, spray
|
|
|
What type of onset and duration does bupivacaine have?
|
Slower, 4-6 hour duration
|
|
|
What is the route of administration for bupivacaine?
|
Injection
|
|
|
What type of onset and duration does proparacaine have?
|
rapid, 10 min duration
|
|
|
What form does proparacaine come in?
|
Topical eye drops
|
|
|
What type of drug is used for euthanasia and how?
|
pentobarbitol overdose
|
|
|
What are the trade names for euthanasia drugs?
|
Euthansol, Euthanyl
|
|
|
Are Euthansol and Euthanyl controlled substances?
|
Yes
|
|
|
What route is Euthansol and Euthanyl given in?
|
rapid injection
|
|
|
How does Euthansol and Euthanyl work?
|
Depresses CNS (resp centre), cardiac arrest
|
|
|
jdks
|
jkfdls
|
