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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 basic steps neurons take in regulating physiologic processes?
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axonal conduction: conducting an action potential down the axon
& synaptic transmission: carrying information across the gap between neuron and postsynaptic cell |
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What are the only drugs that alter axonal conduction?
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local anesthetics suppress transmission in any nerve they reach
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What are the 5 steps in synaptic transmission?
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1) transmitter synthesis
2) transmitter storage 3) transmitter release 4) receptor binding 5) termination of transmission |
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What are three ways in which a transmitter action is terminated?
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1) reuptake
2) enzymatic degradation 3) difussion |
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How do all neuropharmacological agents produce their effects?
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either directly or indirectly altering receptor activity
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What is receptor activation, anyway?
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an effect on receptor function equal to that produced by the natural neurotransmitter at that synapse
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What effects can a drug have on transmitter synthesis?
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it can increase, decrease, or cause the synthesis of a more effective transmitter than the natural one
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Why does interferring with transmitter storage cause receptor activation to decrease?
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Disrupting storage depletes storage vesicles of their transmitter content, leaving less transmitter available for release
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What are the 3 principal functions of the ANS?
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1) regulation of the heart
2) regulation of the secretory glands 3) regulation of smooth muscles |
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What is the mechanism of neostigmine (Prostigmin)?
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Cholinesterase inhibitor:
prevents the enzyme from inactivating ACh, increasing the amount of ACh available at the receptor sites |
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What are two therapeutic uses for neostigmine (Prostigmin)?
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1) myasthenia gravis: increases muscle strength
2) reverses nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents after surgery |
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What are the side effects of neostigmine (Prostigmin)at what are they caused by?
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GI motility, bradycardia, GI secretions, urinary urgency, etc. d/t excessive muscarinic stimulation
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How can side effects of neostigmine (Prostigmin)be treated?
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muscarinic effects can be treated with atropine
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What is the mechanism of action of tubocurarine (Tubarine) & succinylcholine (Anectine)?
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neuromuscular blocking agents:
block ACh at neuromuscular junction resulting in muscle relaxation and hypotension. Does not cross blood/brain barrier; complete paralysis can be achieved without LOC or decreased pain sensation |
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What are the therapeutic uses of tubocurarine (Tubarine) & succinylcholine (Anectine)?
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*adjunct to general anesthesia to promote muscle relaxation
*control spontaneous respiratory movements in ventilated pts *succinylcholine: seizure control d/t ETC; et tubes & endoscopy |
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What are the most serious side effects of tubocurarine (Tubarine) & succinylcholine (Anectine)?
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respiratory arrest from paralyzed respiratory muscles
malignant hyperthermia (muscle rigidity & high temp) |
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drugs that mimic or activate receptor activity
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Agonists
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drugs that block or decrease activation of a receptor
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Antagonists
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How is the PNS divided?
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somatic motor
autonomic *parasympathetic *sympathetic |
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How to poisons affect PSNS?
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actions are stuck "on":
increased GI secretion, slowed HR, incontinent bowel/bladder, pupil constriction, bronchial constriction |
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what is the only organ that does not receive dual enervation of the SNS and PSNS?
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vascular system (blood vessels)
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What are the prinipal neurotransmitters of the PNS?
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acetylcholine
norephinephrine epinephrine dopamine (mainly in CNS) |
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What neurotransmitters mediate the cholinergic receptors, and with branch of the PNS do they affect?
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acetylcholine; PSNS
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What neurotransmitters mediate the adrenergic receptors, and with branch of the PNS do they affect?
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epinephrine & norepinephrine; SNS
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What is the most important feedback loop of the ANS and why?
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baroreceptor reflex regulates blood pressure
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What are the subtypes of adrenergic receptors?
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α1 α2
β1 β2 dopamine |
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What are the subtypes of cholinergic receptors?
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muscarinic
nicotinic m nicotinic n |
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Where are α1 receptors located?
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eyes, vessels, bladder and prostate
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Where are the β1 receptors located?
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heart and kidneys
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What effect does β1 activation have on the heart?
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increases: force of contraction, heart rate, and velocity of AV node conduction
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What effect does β1 activation have on the kidney?
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renin release
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Where are β2 receptor sites located?
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arteries, lungs, uterus,liver, skeletal muscle
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What effect does β2 activation have on the arteries?
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vasodilation
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What effect does β2 activation have on the lungs?
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bronchiodilation
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What effect does β2 activation have on the skeletal muscle?
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enhanced contraction
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What effect does β2 activation have on the uterus?
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relaxation of the uterine muscle
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What effect does β2 activation have on the liver?
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glycogenolysis
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mechanism of action of bethanechol
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muscarinic agonist: direct-acting, reversable
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therapeutic uses of bethanechol
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nonobstructive urinary retention
GERD Ileus post-operative abdominal distention |
