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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Nervous System? |
-Master controller + communicator of the body -Communicates via electrical + chemical activity -Rapid + Specific -Receives, processes + responds to info -Works intimately with endocrine system |
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Function of Nervous System |
Recieves - Info is recieved by NS via millions of sensors constantly monitoring any changes inside + outside the body. Via afferent pathway Processes -Any info recieved is relayed to and processed by NS Respond -Effector responses decided upon. Response may be muscle or gland response. Via efferent pathway |
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Afferent pathway |
Delivering Info TO the brain |
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Efferent Pathway |
Delivering the effect message to the muscles for eg. |
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CNS |
-Central Nervous System -Brain + Spinal Cord -Processes + integrates info delivered via sensory fibres |
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PNS |
-Peripheral Nervous System -Cranial + spinal nerves + nervous tissue outside of CNS -Is subdivided into Somatic (voluntary control) nervous system anf Autonomic (involuntary control) nervous system |
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ANS |
-Autonomic Nervous System -regulate automatic responses such as breathing -ANS is subdivided into sympathetic (fight or flight) and parasympathetic (rest + digest) nervous system |
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Neurons |
-Primary cell -'nerve cells' -Transmit the electrical (nerve) impulses -Work individually or in groups -Work with receptors to detect changes + initiate response to maintain homeostasis -CNS neurons will not repair or regenerate -PNS neurons can regenerate -Highly reliant on O2 and glucose |
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Neurological |
-Supporting cells -Numerous types: Astrocytes, Schwann cells, Microglial cells + Oligodendrocytes -Provide structural + nutritional support for neurons -Can multiply in number |
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3 Basic Components of Neurons |
-A cell body (normal organelles of a cell) -Two sets of thin processes extending from the cell 1. Dendrites: Signal receiving 2. Axons: Signal sending (typically covered by fatty insulator known as myelin-myelin sheath |
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Microglial Cell |
-neurological cell -macrophages of the brain |
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Oligodendrocytes |
-neurological cells -deposit + maintain myelin |
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Ependymal cells |
-neurological cells -circulate CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) |
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Astrocytes |
-neurological cells -star like -physical support role for dendritic & axonal projections + blood vessels -maintain blood brain barrier |
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Action Potential |
The change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell |
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Meninges |
-protects brain -3 layers of connective tissue ------Dura mater ------Arachnoid mater ------Pia mater |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid |
-150mls replenished 8 hourly -Similar to plasma -Cushions & Protects -Protects brain |
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Blood Brain Barrier |
-Protects brain |
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Occipital Lobe |
-visual processing centre -work together to enable vision |
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Temporal Lobe |
-hearing and selective listening -receives sensory info such as sounds and speech -sensory input including pain and auditory stimuli |
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Frontal Lobe |
-controls important cognitive skis such as language, emotion, behavior, impulse control, decision-making etc |
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Parietal Lobe |
-processes taste, temp and touch |
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Cerebrum |
-What most people identify as the brain -left and right sides -Cerebral Cortex: Outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres -Grey matter: convoluted to allow for increased surface area -Cerebral white matter (axons of neurons) -motor areas & sensory areas -contralateral control |
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Diencephalon |
-Contains the thalamus & hypothalamus & epithalamus -surrounded by cerebrum |
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Thalamus |
-in diencephalon -functions as a 'relay' centre for afferent impulses to the cerebral cortex |
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Hypothalamus |
-in diencephalon -key functions in maintaining homeostasis including temperature regulation, sleep, hormone production, behavioural responses, feeding and level of wakefulness. Regulates ANS |
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Epithalamus |
-In diencephalon -home of pineal gland, secretes melatonin, regulates sleep wake cycles |
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Brainstem |
-vital centre of the brain responsible for functions required for life such as breathing and control of blood pressure |
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Cerebellum |
'Little brain' -grey & white matter -responsible for fine-tuning of motor activity |
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Spinal Cord |
-long nerve cord which connects the body and the brain -approx 45 cms |
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Spinal Nerves |
-31 pairs -Cervical nerves (8), Thoracic nerves (12), Lumbar nerves (5), Sacral nerves (5), Coccygeal nerve (1) |
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Cranial nerves |
-12 pairs of nerves associated with brain -2 attached to forebrain, rest with brainstem |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
-fight or flight -neuronal innervation of adrenal glands -activated when body under threat -neurotransmitters: adrenaline & noradrenalin |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
-rest & digest -promotes physiological activity associated with restful, non-stress periods such as digestion -neurotransmitter: acetylcholine |
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Sensory Neurons |
-sense stimuli (internal or external), convert this physical stimulus into action potential which is then relayed + interpreted by the CNS -eg. Touch, sight, taste, smell, hearing etc |
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Sensory Receptors |
-Thermoreceptor (temp) - Nociceptors (pain) -Mechanoreceptors (stretch) -Chemoreceptors (ph, o2, co2) -Proprioceptors (position of body) -Photoreceptors (light) |
