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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the functions of the Nervous system?
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- sensory- receptors detect internal and external changtes
-integrative - collect seonsory info -motor - stimulates effectors to respond |
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what is somatic NS?
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–Sensory and motor innervations for all parts of the CNS and PNS except viscera, smooth muscle and glands
–Consciously controlled |
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What is autonomic or viseral NS?
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–Involuntary
–Heart, smooth muscle in blood vessels, various glands |
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what do sensory receptors do?
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1. deterct chance in internal and external conditiosn. At the end of peripheral neurns.
2. convert info into nerve impulses, where it is integrated in CNS and causes motor reaction 3. motor function: CNS sends nerve impulses to response structore called effectors (muscles and glands) |
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The nervous system helps maintain homeostasis?
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•Detects changes outside and within the body,
•Makes decisions based on the information received •Stimulates muscles or glands to respond •Counteracts the effects of changes detected |
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what do efferent nerves do?
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send nerve signals OUT of CNS to effector organs
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what do afferent nerves do?
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sends input into CNS from sensory receoptrs
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what is main sensory part of neuron?
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the dendrite
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what are schwnn cells
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whie matter containing myelin that surround nerve axon and increase spped of impulse transmission. "white matter"
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what are Nodes of Ranvier?
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Nodes beween mylenated sections
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what are neuroglial cells?
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supporting cells that protect and provide metabolic support to neurons
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what are examples of neroglial cells in Peripheral NS?
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Peripheral nervous tissue
–Schwann cells: wrap a layer of myelin around axons –Satellite cells: secret a basement membrane -separate nervous cells from supporting tissue |
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what are examples of neroglial cells in CNS?
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Central nervous tissue
–(oligodendrocytes): myelinating cells –Astrogli (astrocytes):regulate ion content in intercellular fluid, structural support, abundant processes, found between neurons and blood vessels –Microglia- phagocytes , also support function –Ependymalcells: line the neural tube cavity |
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what is the function of microglia cells?
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phagocytes of CNS
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oligodentritic cell ?
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what does it do?
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what does astrocyte cell do?
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-support of some kind?
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what does myelin do?
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The myelin sheath increases the speed of impulse transmission (the impulse can skip over the myelinated/insulated parts of the neuron), but speed is not important everywhere (like the digestive tract).
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are all nuerons mylinated?
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no - it would take up too much space
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what is white matter?
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Masses of myelinated axons
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what is gray matter?
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Masses of unmyelinated axons:
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what are 3 structural classifications of neurons?
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1. multipolar
2. Bipolar 3. Unipolar |
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what are multipolar nuerons?
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–Many processes arising from cell body: only one is an axon, others are dendrites
–Most neurons whose cell bodies are in the brain or spinal cord |
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what are bipolar neurons?
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processes, one from each end of cell body: one is axon and other is a dendrite
–Neurons in specialized parts of eye, nose and ears |
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what are unipolar neurons?
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Single process extending from cell bodywhich divides right after in 2 branches and function as a single axon
–Cell body: aggregate in ganglia –One branch: peripheral axon –near a peripheral body part –Other branch: central process –enters the CNS (brain or spinal cord) |
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What are 3 functional classification of neurons?
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1. sensory
2. interneruons 3. motor neurons |
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what is the function of sensory neruons?
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–Afferent neurons
–carry impulses from peripheral body parts to the CNS –Specialized receptor ends at the tips of dendrites or dendrites associated with receptor cells |
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what is the function of interneurons?
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within CNS (brain or spinal cord)
–Multipolarand link other neurons –Transmit impulses from one part of brain or spinal cord to another |
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what are the functions of motor neurons?
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–Efferent neurons
–carry information from the CNS to the effector organs –multipolar |
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what are the metabolic requirments of nervous tissue?
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•High metabolism, high energy requirememnts
•Cannot store oxygen •Cannot engage in anaerobic activity •Requires a continuous supply of oxygen and glucose •Receives 15% of resting cardiac output •Consumes 20% of its oxygen |
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what keeps the cell membrane resting potential?
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–High Na+outside membrane
–High K+inside –Many negatively charged ions inside –More positive ions leave: inside becomes negative and outside positive –Membrane is polarized |
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what is depolarization?
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When resting potential becomes more positive, a membrane becomes depolarized, due to a stimulation
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what happens when a neuron fires?
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At threshold Na+ channels open: Na+ diffuse in→ depolarizing membrane
–K+ channels open, K+ diffuses out: repolarizingmembrane –The rapid change in potential is an action potential –Many action potential can occur before active transport reest6ablishes the resting potential |
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what happens in synaptic transmission?
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-presynaptic nueron releases nuerotransmitters, which difusse across gap and bind to post-synaptic nueron
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what type o chemicals do neurons secretee?
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1. nuerotransmitters
2. nueromudluators 3. neurotrohpic factors |
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what are neurtransmitters?
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Amino acids: glutamicacid and GABA
–Peptides: endorphins and enkephalins –Monoamines : epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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what are nueromudlators?
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–Attach to receptors and change their response to neurotransmitters
–Produce slower and long-acting changes in the membrane potential |
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what are Neurotrophic factors?
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–Neuron survival and to develop connections between neurons
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what kinds of neurons are on dorsal part of spinal cord?
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dorsal afferent and sensory
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what kinds of neurons are on ventralpart of spinal cord?
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efferent and motor
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ventral part of spinal cord contains what kind of nuerons?
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nurons of output
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dorsal part of spinal cord contains what kind of neurons?
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neurons of input association
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what are the layers of the white matter?
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1. archi layer
2. Paleo layer 3. neo layer |
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what does archi layer do?
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–Connects neighboring segments
–Contains neurons reticular activating system |
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what does Paleo layer do?
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Fibers reach to the brain stem
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what does neo layer do?
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–Pathways for bladder control and fine motor skills
–Develop by fifth year of life |
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do kids have mylenated cells?
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no - mylinated cells develop later... complete by 5th year
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what are the functions of Functions of the Hindbrain?
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Medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and pons
•Reflex centers for heart and respiration rates, coughing, swallowing, vomiting, etc. •Gives rise to cranial nerves V–XII controlling viscera, hearing, facial, and mouth/throat functions •Cerebellum –allows fine motor coordination –Integrates sensory information in the coordination of skeletal muscle movements and equilibrium |
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what is function of cerellum?
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–allows fine motor coordination
–Integrates sensory information in the coordination of skeletal muscle movements and equilibrium |
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what parts of brain are included in the hindbrain?
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1. Medulla oblongata,
2.cerebellum 3. pons |
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what are parts of mid brain?
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•Cerebral peduncles
•Cerebral aqueduct •Colliculi |
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what are functions of the midbrain?
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•Cerebral peduncles carry nerve fibers from the cerebrum to the hindbrain
•Cerebral aqueduct lets cerebrospinal fluid drain from the fourth ventricle inside the cerebrum •Superior colliculicontrol reflex eye movements •Inferior colliculicontrol reflex reactions to sound •Gives rise to cranial nerves III and IV, controlling eye movement |
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what are the functions of the forebrain?
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Diencephalus: thalamus, hypothalamus and limbic system
•Thalamus: “switchboard” or relay station for impulses going to and coming from the cerebrum •Hypothalamus: homeostatic control •Cerebrum •Gives rise to cranial nerves I and II, for smell and sight |
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what is corpus callosum?
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Two hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
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what is the cerebral cortex?
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Cerebral cortex consits of sensory, motor, and association areas
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Which part of the brain maintains vital functions like breathing, heart rate, and digestion?
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c.Hindbrain
Rationale:Also known as the brain stem, this is the vasomotor center that controls cardiopulmonary function and digestion. |
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what are meninges?
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they surround brain and spinal cord
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what are types of meninges?
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–Duramater
–Arachnoid –Piamater Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the arachnoidand piamater |
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what is dura matter and what is its function?
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outer most layer - has innter and outer layers.
•Between the layers of the dura, at the base of each fold, venous blood drains out of the brain in a sinus •Bridging veinscarry blood from the brain across the inner layer of the dura mater to the sinus •The sinus also collects cerebrospinal fluid |
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what is arachnoid layer and its funtion?
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•Lies just beneath the duramater
•Waterproof •Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lies under the arachnoidto cushion the brain •Extensions of the arachnoid(villi) poke through the inner layer of the duramater into the sinuses, to let CSF drain into the sinuses |
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what is pia mater and what is its function?
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•Lies right on the surface of the brain
•Holds the cerebral arteries in place |
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where are meningeal arteries located?
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Epidural space
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what is Cerebrospinal Fluid? where does the fluid go?
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-composition is controlled by blood - brain barrier.
-•Passes out an opening below the cerebellum •Circulates around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space •Passes through arachnoid villi into blood in the dural sinuses and is returned to the heart |
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what is role of the somatic NS?
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coordinates the body's movements
receiving external stimuli regulates activities that are under conscious control |
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what is the role of the autonomic NS?
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movment without concious effort.
Split into the sympathetic division and parasympathetic division |
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what is role of sympathetic NS
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responds to stressful/ emergency conditions:
–Catecholamines –Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine –Attach to adrenergic receptors |
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what are effects of sympathethic activation?
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responsible for the increase of one's heartbeat and blood pressure, among other physiological changes, along with the sense of excitement one feels due to the increase of adrenaline in the system.
i.e. Fight or Flight |
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what is effect of parasympathetic activation
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is active when a person is resting and feels relaxed
Initiates constriction of the pupil, the slowing of the heart, the dilation of the blood vessels, and the stimulation of the digestive and genitourinary systems |
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when is parasympathtic NS active?
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under ordinary circumstances
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what kind of NS fibers secereets acetylcholine?
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BOTH sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS
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The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as fight-or-flight. : true or false?
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True
Rationale:The SNS is characterized by the release of adrenaline, which results in pupil dilation, bronchodilation, and increased HR, BP, and glucose production—all the things that come in handy when you are running from something! |
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what is function of oligodendrocytes?
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supporting cell in CNS ; form mylelin in CNS.... serveral precess from one cell wrap around fdiifferent axons
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What is the function of astrocyte?
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-type of glial cell in CNS; links blood vessels and neirons to provide mechanism of exchange for o2, co2, ions, ec
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what is function of microglial cell?
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type of glial cell in CNS; a phagocytic cell that cleans up debris after cell damage or death
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what is function of the ependymal cell?
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forms the lineing of the neural tube cavity
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