Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List the FIVE lobes of the Cerebrum? |
1) Insular 2) Parietal 3) Occipital 4) Frontal 5) Temporal |
|
|
The Central Nervous system is comprised of? A) The brain stem, cranial nerves, cerebrum and spinal cord B) The spinal cord, cranial nerves, cerebellum and cerebrum C) The cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord D) The cerebrum, cerebellum, cranial nerves and the brain stem |
C) The cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord |
|
|
List FIVE cranial bones |
1) Frontal 2) Temporal 3) Ethmoid 4) Parietal 5) Occipital |
|
|
Which of the following are functions of the cranial bones? 1) Protection of the brain, 2) Attachment of muscles that move the head, 3) Protection of the special sense organs, 4) Attachment of the meninges, and 5) Attachment of muscles that produce facial expressions.
A) 1, 2 and 5 B) 1, 2, 4, and 5 C) 2 and 5 D) 1, 2, 3, and 5 E) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 |
E) 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 |
|
|
True or False: The medulla oblongata of the brain connects with the spinal cord in the foramen magnum? |
True |
|
|
Name the THREE cranial meninges? |
1) Pia Mater 2) Arachnoid Mater 3) Dura Mater |
|
|
True or False: The brain stem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and diencephalon? |
False - The diencephalon consists of the epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus |
|
|
What are the components and functions of the Somatic Nervous System (SNS), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), and the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)? |
Somatic Nervous System Component - Brain, Spinal cord and Peripheral nerves Function - Motor - The control of the skeletal system Function Sensory - Heat, Pain, Touch, Proprioception and Stretch
Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic - Fight or Flight - Dilate pupils, Increase Heart Rate, Vasoconstriction - Redirects Blood to Important Organs and Muscles Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest - Constructs Pupils and enables Contraction and Peristalasis
Enteric Nervous System - Co-ordinates local activities of the gut. |
|
|
What is the name of the first cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Olfactory (I) Nerve - Sensory.
Enables the sense of smell |
|
|
What is the name of the Second cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Optic (II) Nerve - Sensory.
Enables vision |
|
|
What is the name of the Third cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Oculomotor Nerve - Motor.
Enables movement of the eye balls and upper eye lids |
|
|
What is the name of the fourth cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Trochlear (IV) Nerve - Motor.
Enables movement of the eye balls (Extrinsically) |
|
|
What is the name of the sixth cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Abducens (VI) nerve - Motor.
Enables lateral rotation of the eyeballs |
|
|
What is the name of the Seventh cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Facial (VII) Nerve - Mixed.
Sensory - Enables the sense of taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
Motor - facial expression and salivary glands excretion. |
|
|
What is the name of the Eighth cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve - Sensory.
Enables hearing and balance |
|
|
What is the name of the Ninth cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve - Mixed.
Sensory - Blood Pressure (carotid sinus), Blood Gasses (carotid body), Taste (one-third posterior tongue), and Sensory data from tongue and external ear.
Motor - Speech, Swallowing, and Salivation from parotid gland. |
|
|
What is the name of the Tenth cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Vagus (X) Nerve - Mixed.
Sensory - Abdominal and Visceral Sensation, Blood Pressure (aortic arch),Blood Gasses (aortic body), Taste and Sensory Data from Tongue and External Ear
Motor - Speech, Swallowing, Heart-Rate, and Stomach Motility |
|
|
What is the name of the Eleventh cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Accessory (XI) Nerve - Motor.
Head Movement |
|
|
What is the name of the Twelfth cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve - Motor.
Tongue Movement |
|
|
What is the name of the Fifth cranial nerve and what is its purpose? |
Trigeminal (V) Nerve - Mixed.
Has 3 branches - Ophthalmic, Maxillary and Mandibular.
Sensory - Sensory data from Palate, teeth, Gums, Face and Cornea.
Motor - Biting and Chewing Movements. |
|
|
How many pairs of Cranial Nerves are there in the human body? |
12 |
|
|
Which part of the nervous system do the cranial nerves belong to? |
Peripheral Nervous System |
|
|
Which cranial nerves are Sensory Neurones? |
1, 2, and 8. |
|
|
Which cranial nerves are classed as Motor Neurones? |
3, 4, 6, 11, and 12 |
|
|
Which cranial nerves are classed as Mixed Nerves? |
5, 7, 9, and 10 |
|
|
What is the typical value for the resting membrane potential of a neurone? |
-70mV |
|
|
Describe the sequence of events during an action potential? |
An action potential has two phases - Depolarisation and Re-polarisation. If a stimulus reaches a threshold e.g. -55mV, then an action potential will be generated. Depolarising Phase - This is when voltage gated sodium channels open allowing an influx of sodium ions inside the cell thus making the intracellular space more positive. This will have a rippling effect along the axon. Once the action potential reaches a sodium equilibrium (typically 58mV), then voltage gates potassium channels will have enough voltage for them to open. Repolorising Phase - Once the sodium has reached its equilibrium, voltage gated potassium channels will open allowing potassium to leave the intracellular space (because positive repels positive). Once the potassium reaches its equilibrium (typically -93mV), the cell will enter its refractory period also known as Hyperpolarisation. During the refractory period, the sodium and potassium pumps begin to pump THREE sodium ions out (extra cellular) to TWO potassium ions in (intracellular) before reaching its normal resting state of -70mV. |
|
|
The peripheral nervous system is comprised of? A) Sensory Nerves, Motor Nerves, Parasympathetic Nerves. B) Sympathetic Nerves, Autonomic Nerves, Sensory Nerves. C) Autonomic Nerves, Parasympathetic Nerves, Motor Nerves. D) Autonomic Nerves, Sensory Nerves, Motor Nerves. |
D) Autonomic Nerves, Sensory Nerves, Motor Nerves. |
|
|
List the FIVE components of a reflex arc, in order from the beginning to the end. |
A) Sensory Receptor receives a stimulus. B) Sensory Neurones carry the impulse towards the CNS C) Interneurones carries the impulse within the CNS D) Motor Neurones carry the impulse away from the CNS E) Effector muscle or gland carry out an action |
|
|
What vessels supply the brain with arterial blood? |
A) Internal Carotid Arteries - Supply the anterior brain B) Vertebral Arteries - Supply the brain stem and posterior brain |
|
|
Describe the Formation and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)? |
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced from arterial blood by the Choroid Plexuses of the lateral and fourth ventricles by a combined process of Diffusion, Pinocytosis, and Active Transfer. Substances are selected (mostly water) from the blood plasma, which are filtered from the capillaries, are secreted by the Ependymal cells to produce CSF. CSF is primarily water but also contains small amounts of glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (Cl-, and HCO3-) as well as some white blood cells. CSF that is formed in the Choroid Plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle. The Fluid then flows through the aqueduct of the midbrain before entering the subarachnoid space that covers the brain and the spinal cord. |
|
|
Identify the Cranial Nerves by name and number? |
I - Olfactory Nerve II - Optic Nerve III - Oculomotor Nerve IV - Trochlear Nerve V - Trigeminal Nerve VI - Abducens Nerve VII - Facial Nerve VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal Nerve X - Vagus Nerve XI - Accessory Nerve XII - Hypoglossal Nerve |
|
|
True or False - Small-Molecule neurotransmitters include Acetylcholine, ATP, Nitric Oxide, and Carbon Monoxide neuropeptides? |
False - Neuropeptides are not small-molecule neurotransmitters. |
|
|
True or False - Small-Molecule neurotransmitters include Acetylcholine, ATP, Nitric Oxide, and Carbon Monoxide neuropeptides? |
False - Neuropeptides are not small-molecule neurotransmitters. |
|
|
Filling the blanks: The Diencephalon surrounds the third ventricle and consists of the _________, _________ and _________? |
A) Thalamus B) Hypothalamus C) Epithalamus |
|
|
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, and Serotonin are classified as? |
Biogenic Amine Neurotransmitters |
|
|
What is the difference between myelination from a Schwann Cell and an Oligodendrocyte? |
An Oligodendrocyte is located in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and can extend up to 50 axons WHEREAS a Schwann Cell is located in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and can only wrap around 1 axon. |
|
|
True or False: An action potential will not occur in response to a Hyperpolarising graded potential because a Hyperpolorising graded potential causes the membrane potential to become inside more negative and , therefore, further away from threshold? |
True - Hyperpolorisation is the last process (refractory period) before reaching its resting potential |
|
|
What are the functions of the cerebellum? |
The Cerebellum receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements. The Cerebellum co-ordinates voluntary movements such as posture, balance, co-ordination (proprioception) and speech. This results in smooth and balanced muscular activity. |
|
|
The cerebral hemispheres are connected internally by a broadband of white matter known as.......? |
Corpus Callosum - A wife and flat bundle of neural fibres which connects the two hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication. |
|
|
True or False: Oligodendrocytes stimulate the capillary endothelial cells to form the right junctions characteristic of the blood brain barrier? |
False |
