Nervous System

Front 1

Small clusters of nerve cell bodies in the PNS
Small clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

Back 1

Ganglia
Nucleus

Front 2

Bundles of nerve fibers running through the CNS

Back 2

tracts

Front 3

Bundles of nerve fibers running through the PNS

Back 3

nerves

Front 4

The difference between white matter and gray matter is...

Back 4

White matter is myelinated (fibers) and gray matter is unmyelinated (fibers and cell bodies).

Front 5

What's in the PNS?

Back 5

Nerves that extend from the CNS

Front 6

Subdivisions of the sensory or afferent division of the nervous system. -Sensory fibers delivering impulses from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
-Sensory fibers delivering impulses from the internal organs

Back 6

Somatic sensory fibers
Visceral sensory fibers

Front 7

The motor or efferent division carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the muscles and the glands. The 2 subdivisions are

Back 7

somatic and autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Front 8

Multipolar is found where?
Bipolar is found where?
Unipolar are where?

Back 8

Motor neurons
A few sensory neurons
Sensory neurons.

Front 9

Which part of a neuron conducts impulses toward the cell body? Which part releases neurotransmitters?

Back 9

Dendrites
Axon Terminal

Front 10

Nerve Impulses:
The ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into a nerve impulse
The ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands

Back 10

Irritability
Conductivity

Front 11

Rapid, predictable, and involuntary reponses to stimuli. Much like one-way streets--once a _____ begins, it always goes in the same direction. Involve both CNS and PSN structures

Back 11

Reflex

Front 12

-When you quickly pull your hand away from a hot object
-Regulates the activity of smooth muscles, the heart, and the glands

Back 12

Somatic
Autonomic

Front 13

What's the difference between a graded potential and an action potential?

Back 13

A graded potential is a local current that dies out with distance. An action potential is a current that is continuously regenerated along the length of the axon and does not die out.

Front 14

Which portion of a neuron is likely to be associated with a sensory receptor or a sensory organ?

Back 14

Dendrites

Front 15

The cerebrum is broken down into 2... which cover the brain stem.

Back 15

cerebral hemispheres

Front 16

The elevated ridges of the brain are called _____ while the shallow grooves are called _____. Less numerous are the deeper grooves called _____ which separate large regions of the brain. The hemispheres are separated by the _____.

Back 16

Gyri
Sulci
Fissures
Longitudinal Fissure

Front 17

Speech, memory, logical and emotional response, as well as consciousness, interpretation of sensation, and voluntary movement, are all functions of neurons of the _____

Back 17

cerebral cortex

Front 18

On the outside of the brain, what's deep? Gray matter or white matter? Which carries impulses to, from, or within the cortex? Which contains thousands of neurons?

Back 18

White matter
White matter
Gray matter

Front 19

makes up the majority of the mass of the brain and is responsible for conscious thought and control.

Back 19

cerebrum

Front 20

Name the 5 major lobes that compose the cerebrum

Back 20

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and the insula

Front 21

A large white matter fiber that connects the cerebral hemispheres. The fiber tracts are called commisures.

Back 21

Corpus Callosum

Front 22

Performs higher brain functions involved with sensations, voluntary actions, reasoning, planning and problem solving

Back 22

Cerebrum

Front 23

Sits on top of the brain stem and is enclosed by the cerebral hemispheres. Composed of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

Back 23

Diencephalon

Front 24

a relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the sensory cortex.

Back 24

Thalamus

Front 25

Plays a key role in sensation, motor activities, learning, and memory

Back 25

Thalamus

Front 26

Serves as a relay station for motor impulses descending from the cerebral cortex to lower brain regions, referred to as the ‘gateway to the cerebral cortex’

Back 26

Thalamus

Front 27

Plays a role in the regulation of body temperature, water balance, and matabolism. The center for many drives and emotions.

Back 27

Hypothalamus

Front 28

The site of attachment for the pituitary gland
Is a major link between the nervous and endocrine systems

Back 28

Hypothalamus

Front 29

Acts as a major control center of the autonomic nervous system

Back 29

Hypothalamus

Front 30

Maintains homeostasis by regulating:
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
Sleep and Wakefulness

Back 30

Hypothalamus

Front 31

The outer cerebral cortex composed of gray matter is composed of...

DANG

Back 31

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and associated glial cells

Front 32

There is _____ of cortical functions whereby each hemisphere specializes in specific tasks.

Back 32

lateralization

Front 33

forms the roof of the third ventricle. The pineal gland extends from its posterior edge. The pineal gland plays a major role in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles.

Back 33

Epithalamus

Front 34

Knots of capillaries within each ventricle, form the cerebrospinal fluid.

Back 34

Choroid Plexus

Front 35

Name the structures of the brain stem

Back 35

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata \

Front 36

The fold of the meningeal dura mater within the cranial cavity which limit excessive movement of the brain

Back 36

Dural septa

Front 37

Forms a loose brain covering
Separated from the dura mater by the subdural space

Back 37

Arachnoid Mater

Front 38

contains threadlike extensions that secures it to the pia mater
filled with CSF and contains the largest blood vessel serving the brain

Back 38

Subarachnoid Space

Front 39

protrusions into the superior sagittal sinus that function to delivers CSF into the dural sinuses

Back 39

Arachniod villi

Front 40

Highly vascularized to nourish the brain surface

Back 40

Pia Mater

Front 41

Origins of the meningial names

Back 41

Tough mother--dense fibrous connective
Spiderlike extensions
Gentle mother--vacuum extensions that cling

Front 42

Has mushroom like extensions who’s purpose is to carry cerebral spinal fluid to be deposited into the sinuses

Back 42

Arachnoid Mater

Front 43

Located in and around the brain and spinal cord
Functions to cushion and protect the CNS organs, provide nourishment, and carry chemical signals
Derived from blood plasma

Back 43

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 44

Formed in the choroid plexuses found in each ventricle of the brain (Lateral, Third, and Fourth)

Back 44

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 45

located on the roof of each ventricle which actively cleans and alters CSF

Back 45

Choroid Plexus

Front 46

List the structures in the brain stem

Back 46

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Front 47

Reflex center: contains reflex centers for head, eye and body movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli

Back 47

Midbrain

Front 48

works with the medulla oblongata to control the rate of depth of breathing

Back 48

Pons

Front 49

connects the brain with the spinal cord

Back 49

Medulla Oblongata

Front 50

Respiratory, Cardiac, and Vasomotor Control Centers are all located here

Back 50

Medulla Oblongata

Front 51

reflex center that controls and coordinates the interaction of skeletal muscles

Back 51

Cerebellum

Front 52

Substance that connects the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum

Back 52

vermis

Front 53

Name the meninges, superficial to deep

Back 53

The leathery dura mater (a double-layered membrane surrounding the brain), acachnoid mater, and pia mater

Front 54

Name the 2 layers of the dura mater, superficial to deep

Back 54

Periosteal (not found in the spinal cord) and Meningeal (both brain and spinal cord)

Front 55

Where are the 2 parts of the dura mater (periosteal and meningeal layers) not fused around the brain? These places collect venous blood from the brain and direct it into the internal jugular vein of the neck

Back 55

Dural Sinuses

Front 56

These thin walled cluster of capillaries are enclosed by pia mater and a layer of ependymal cells

Back 56

Choroid Plexus

Front 57

modifies blood filtrate by selectively pumping specific ions into CSF through active transport

Back 57

ependymal cells

Front 58

formed in the ventricles and some then flows into the central canal of the spinal cord

Back 58

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 59

Most CSF enters the subarachnoid space via the _____ and _____ _____ (off the fourth ventricle) where it baths the outer surface of the brain and spinal cord

Back 59

Medial and Lateral apertures

Front 60

CSF returns to the blood in the _____ via the _____

Back 60

dural sinuses
arachnoid villi

Front 61

The specialized structure of these capillaries along with their association with astrocytes contributes to their impermeability

Back 61

Blood-Brain Barrier

Front 62

This helps maintain a stable environment for the brain through a lot of tight junctions
Water, glucose, and essential amino acids pass through these capillaries; so can alcohol

Back 62

Blood-Brain Barrier

Front 63

Metabolic wastes (urea), toxins, proteins, and most drugs are prevented from entering the brain because of this

Back 63

BBB

Front 64

Extends from foramen magnum to second lumbar vertebra
Segmented into...
-Cervical
-Thoracic
-Lumbar
-Sacral
Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves

Back 64

Spinal Cord

Front 65

Bulges in the spinal cord that supplies the upper and lower limbs

Back 65

Cervical enlargement
Lumbar enlargement

Front 66

tapered inferior end of the spinal cord

Back 66

Conus medullaris

Front 67

origins of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from lumbosacral enlargement and conus medullaris; region where you take a spinal tap.

Back 67

Cauda equina

Front 68

In the spinal cord, the fissure is on the _____ side and the sulcus is on the _____ side.

Back 68

Anterior
Posterior

Front 69

Spinal Cord...white or gray?
Regions which contain dense collections of myelinated fibers
_____ in the spinal cord can be divided into posterior, lateral, and anterior columns
Posterior columns are ascending tracts that carry sensory input to the brain
Lateral and anterior tracts contain both ascending and descending (motor) tracts
Posterior Median Sulcus and Anterior Median Fissure

Back 69

White

Front 70

Spinal Cord: White or Gray?
Regions which contain nerve cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
Posterior (dorsal) horns contain interneurons
Anterior (ventral) horns contain cell bodies of motor neurons of the somatic nervous system
_____ commisure; central canal where CSF is located

Back 70

Gray

Front 71

Formed by afferent fibers carrying impulses from peripheral sensory receptors
_____ ganglion contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons

Back 71

Dorsal root

Front 72

Contains largely the axons of motor neurons with some interneurons (cell bodies of motor neurons located in the ventral horns of the gray matter of spinal cord)
Efferent fibers lead to the skeletal muscles and visceral organs

Back 72

Ventral root

Front 73

Spinal Cord: superficial to deep
Outer fibrous sheath of the nerve?
Covers fasicles of fibers?
Surrounds individual fibers?

Back 73

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

Front 74

Structural Classification of Nerves
Associated with the brain and pass through foramina of the skull?
Formed from the combination of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord?

Back 74

Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves

Front 75

12 pairs arise from the brain and connect the brain with organs and tissues
Most are from the brain stem and other than the vagus nerves, they serve only the head and neck structures
Most _____ are mixed, while some are sensory or primarily motor

Back 75

Cranial Nerves

Front 76

formed by the fusion of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord and are therefore mixed nerves

Back 76

Spinal Nerves

Front 77

The cranial and spinal nerves are considered to be a part of what system?

Back 77

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 78

The _____ nervous system consists of a combination of both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons that form a plexus within the wall of the digestive system.

Back 78

enteric

Front 79

extends from the optic chiasma (where optic nerves cross over) to the posterior end of the mammillary bodies

Back 79

hypothalmus

Front 80

Between the optic chiasma and mammillary bodies; a stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Back 80

infundibulum

Front 81

produce programmed, automatic behaviors essential for our survival

Back 81

brain stem

Front 82

Brain part that monitors vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing

Back 82

Medulla oblongata

Front 83

a diffuse system of associated nuclei that are scattered throughout the brainstem that control “cyclic” activities such as sleep-wake cycles.

Back 83

reticular formation

Front 84

Referred to as the dural sheath

Back 84

Periosteal layer of the dural mater

Front 85

In contrast to the spinal cord meninges, the meninges surround the brain (do/do not) have an epidural space

Back 85

do not

Front 86

The third ventricle is located within the diencephalon and is connected to the lateral ventricles through _____

Back 86

interventricular foramen

Front 87

The commissures in the spinal cord contain _____ that cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

Back 87

axons

Front 88

White matter in the spinal cord can be divided into ... columns.

Back 88

Dorsal, ventral, and lateral

Front 89

Nerves are composed of...

MEM: SAC

Back 89

axons, Schwann cells, and connective tissue.

Front 90

have one or more of the following functions; sensory, somatic motor, and/or parasympathetic

Back 90

Cranial Nerves

Front 91

The _____ extends into the abdomen providing parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic/abdominal organs.

Back 91

vagus nerve

Front 92

The _____ within the thoracic region form the intercostal nerves. The _____ of the remaining majority of nerves fuse to form five major plexuses.

Back 92

ventral rami

Front 93

Which area does not have a plexus?

Back 93

Thoracic

Front 94

The _____ extend almost immediately from the ventral rami and connect to the ganglion of the _____

Back 94

communicating rami
sympathetic chain.

Front 95

supply the somatic region of the body (voluntary muscle and skin) from the neck down

Back 95

Nerve rami

Front 96

supply the posterior body trunk ?
supply the rest of the body and limbs?

Back 96

dorsal rami
ventral rami

Front 97

are at the base of the ventral rami of spinal nerves in the thoracic region and contain autonomic nerve fibers

Back 97

Rami communicantes

Front 98

formed by ventral rami that branch and join one another from multiple nerves

Back 98

Nerve plexuses

Front 99

Dominant under the normal, non-stressful condition of everyday life
Conserves body energy and maintains body activities at basal levels

Back 99

Parasympathetic

Front 100

Dilation of the Bronchioles of the Lungs
Increased Blood Glucose
Sweating

Back 100

Sympathetic

Front 101

Pupil Constriction
Glandular Secretion
Increased Digestive Tract Mobility
Smooth Muscle Activities
Elimination of feces and urine

Back 101

Parasympathetic

Front 102

_____ Fibers are autonomic motor neurons which release acetylcholine

Back 102

Cholinergic

Front 103

_____ Fibers are autonomic motor neurons which release norepinephrine

Back 103

Adrenergic

Front 104

1)_____ is released by all preganglionic fibers and all parasympathetic postganglion fibers

As a general rule, 2)_____ is released by all sympathetic postganglion fibers

Back 104

Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine