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99 Cards in this Set
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central nervous system
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consists of brain and spinal cord.
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CNS
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acetylcholine
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neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells
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afferent nerve
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carries messages TOWARD the brain and spinal cord.
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sensory nerve
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efferent nerves
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carries messages AWAY from the brain and spinal cord.
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motor nerve
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arachnoid membrane
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middle layer of the meninges that surround and protect brain and spinal cord.
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middle meninges
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atrocyte
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glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries.
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autonomic nervous system
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nerves that control involuntary functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs
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axon
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microscopic fiber that carries nervous impulses along a nerve cell.
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Blood-brain barrier
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Protective separation between the blood and brain cells
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Makes it difficult four substances to penetrate capillary walls and the brain
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brain stem
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Posterior portion of the brain. Connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
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Includes the pons and medulla oblongata
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cauda equina
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Collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord
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cell body
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Part of a nerve cell. Contains nucleus
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central nervous system
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The brain and spinal cord.
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CNS
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Cerebellum
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Posterior part of the brain. Coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance
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Cerebral cortex
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Outer region of the cerebrum. Sheets of nerve cells: gray matter of the brain
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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Circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord
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CSF
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Cerebrum
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Largest part of the brain. Responsible for voluntary muscular activity vision speech taste hearing thought and memory
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Cranial nerves
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12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain. Head and neck
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dendrite
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microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
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Dura mater
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Thick outermost layer of the meninges.
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Meninges
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Membrane that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.
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Three layers
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Ependymal cell
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Glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord. Forms cerebrospinal fluid
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Ganglion
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Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
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Glial cell
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Supportive and connective nerve cell. Does not carry nervous impulses. Cells can reproduce themselves.
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Gyrus
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Sheet of nerve cells that produce a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex
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Hypothalamus
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Portion of the brain beneath the thalamus. Control sleep, appetite, body temperature, and secretions from the pituitary gland
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Medulla oblongata
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Part of the brain just above spinal cord. Controls breathing, heartbeat, and size of blood vessels. Nerve fibers cross over here
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Micro glial cell
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Phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the CNS
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Myelin sheath
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Covering of white fatty tissue. Surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell. Myelin speeds impulse conduction
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Nerve
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Macroscopic cord like collection of fibers that carry electrical impulses
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Neuron
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Nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell. Stimulates or inhibits another cell , can be a nerve cell, muscle cell, or gland cell
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Oligodendroglial cell
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Glial cell that form the myelin sheath.
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Parasympathetic nerves
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Involuntary nerves that regulate normal body functions. Heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract
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Parenchyma
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Essential tissue of any organ or system. Of the nervous system includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses.
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Peripheral nervous system
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Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. Cranial, spinal, and autonomic nerves
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Pia mater
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Delicate inner membrane of the meninges
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Plexus
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Large interlacing network of nerves.
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Pons
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Part of the brain, anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain
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Bridge connecting various parts of the brain
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Receptor
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Organ that receives a nervous stimulus. Passes it on to afferent nerves. Skin, ears, eyes, and taste buds are receptors
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The senses
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Sciatic nerve
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Nerves extending from base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot.
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Pain or inflammation along the course of the nerve: sciatica
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Spinal nerves
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31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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Stimulus
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Agents of change in the internal or external environment. Evoke a response
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Stroma
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Connective and supporting tissue of an organ
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sulcus
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Depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex
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Sympathetic nerves
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Autonomous nerves. Influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress
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Synapse
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Space through which a nervous impulses travel between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells
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Point of contact
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Thalamus
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Main relay center of the brain. Conducts impulses between spinal cord and cerebrum.
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Vagus nerve
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10th cranial nerve. Branches lead to the larynx, trachea, bronchi longs, aorta, esophagus and stomach
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Cranial nerve X
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Ventricles of the brain
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Canals that contain cerebrospinal fluid.
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LP
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lumbar puncture
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lept/o
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thin or slender
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radicul/o
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nerve root of the spine
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thec/o
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sheath
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alges/o
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excessive sensitivity to pain
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also -algesia
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esthesi/o
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feeling, nervous sensation
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also -esthesia
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-paresis
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weakness
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-phasia
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speech
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-praxia
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action
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-sthenia
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strength
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syncop/o
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to cut off, cut short
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tax/o
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order, coordination
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hydrocephalus
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abnormal accumulation of CSF in the brain.
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spina bifida
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congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts.
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spina bifida occulta
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Posterior vertebrae have not fused. No herniation of the spinal cord or meninges. May be visible signs on skin such as Mole, dimple, or patch of hair
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spina bifida cystica with meningocele
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External protruding sac contains meninges and CSF
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spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele
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External sac contains meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and the spinal cord
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myelomeningocele
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hernia of the spinal membrane
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Alzheimer disease
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Brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning.
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AD
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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Degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem
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ALS
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Epilepsy
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Chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
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Huntington disease
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ereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt and involuntary movements and mental deterioration
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Multiple sclerosis
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Destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic tissue
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MS
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myasthenia gravis
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autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
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MG
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palsy
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paralysis of motor function
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cerebral palsy
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partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by lack of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or perinatal period.
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bell palsy
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paralysis on one side of the face. likely caused by viral infection.
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Parkinson disease
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degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring in later life. leads to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement
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Huntington disease
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hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration.
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tonic clonic seizure
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grand mal or ictal events. sudden loss of consciousness, falling, seizures.
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aura
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precedes (comes before) seizure episodes. peculiar sensation; dizziness, numbness, and visual or olfactory disturbances.
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absence seizures
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momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings. also petit mal
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cerebral concussion
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type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head.
football or boxing injuries. |
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cerebral contusion
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bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head.
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cerebrovascular accident CVA
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disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke
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AD
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Alzheimer's disease
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ALS
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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CSF
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cerebrospinal fluid
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CNS
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central nervous system
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CVA
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cerebrovascular accident
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EEG
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electroencephalography or -gram
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MS
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multiple sclerosis
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PNS
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peripheral nervous system
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TIA
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transient ischemic attack; temporary interference with blood flow to the brain.
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ACL
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acetylcholine
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ANS
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autonomic nerve system
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CP
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cerebral palsy
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HD
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Huntington's disease
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