Nervous System

Front 1

Name the Structural Divisions of the Nervous System

Back 1

1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

Front 2

What does CNS stand for?

Back 2

Central nervous system

Front 3

What does PNS stand for?

Back 3

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 4

Name the anatomic components of the central nervous system

Back 4

Brain and spinal cord

Front 5

What are the anatomic components that make up the peripheral nervous system?

Back 5

nerves (cranial and spinal)

ganglia

Front 6

which system Integrates and processes nervous information?

Back 6

Central nervous system

Front 7

Command center of nervous system

Back 7

Central nervous system

Front 8

projects information to and receives information from CNS and mediates some reflexes

Back 8

Peripheral Nervous system

Front 9

What are the functional divisions of the nervous system?

Back 9

1. sensory nervous system
a. somatic sensory
b. visceral sensory

2. motor nervous system
a. somatic motor (somatic nervous system
b. autonomic motor (autonomic nervous system)

Front 10

what does SNS stand for?

Back 10

somatic nervous system

Front 11

what does ANS stand for?

Back 11

autonomic nervous system

Front 12

Comprised of some CNS and PNS components (including sensory neurons)

Back 12

sensory nervous system

Front 13

Comprised of some PNS and CNS components (including motor neurons)

Back 13

motor nervous system

Front 14

which division of the nervous system consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from a peripheral structure to the CNS?

Back 14

sensory nervous system

Front 15

which division of the nervous system includes "input" information?

Back 15

sensory nervous system

Front 16

examples of "input" information and division that handles this information

Back 16

pain
touch
temperature
pressure

sensory nervous system

Front 17

Name the division and sub-division of the nervous system that transmits input from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscle

Back 17

sensory nervous system

somatic sensory

Front 18

Name the division and sub-division of the nervous system that transmits input from viscera

Back 18

sensory nervous system

visceral sensory

Front 19

division of the nervous system that consists of all axons that transmit a nerve impulse from the CNS to a muscle or gland

Back 19

motor nervous system

Front 20

which division of the nervous system handles "output" information?

Back 20

motor nervous system

Front 21

division and subdivision associated with voluntary control of skeletal muscle

Back 21

motor nervous system

somatic motor (somatic nervous system)

Front 22

division and subdivision of nervous system associated with involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Back 22

motor nervous system

autonomic motor (autonomic nervous system)

Front 23

what is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

Back 23

neuron

Front 24

conducts nerve impulses from one part of the body to another

Back 24

neuron

Front 25

Name special characteristics of neurons

Back 25

1. high metabolic rate
2. survival depends on continuous and abundant supply of glucose and oxygen
3. extreme longevity -last a lifetime
4. typically nonmitotic (unable to divide and produce new neurons)
5. mitotic ability is lost during fetal development

Front 26

neuron structure:

what is the name of the neuron structure that serves as control center?

Back 26

cell body

Front 27

neuron structure:

AKA soma

Back 27

cell body

Front 28

neuron structure:

responsible for receiving, integrating, and sending nerve impulses

Back 28

cell body

Front 29

neuron structure:

enclosed by plasma membrane and contains cytoplasm surrounding a nucleus

Back 29

cell body

Front 30

neuron structure:

processes projecting from cell body are called (1) (2)

Back 30

1. dendrites

2. an axon

Front 31

neuron structure:

surrounded by cytoplasm in cell body

Back 31

nucleus

Front 32

neuron structure:

contains a prominent nucleolus

Back 32

nucleus

Front 33

neuron structure:

numerous (----) are present within cytoplasm to produce large amounts of (----) needed by a neuron

Back 33

numerous (MITOCHONDRIA) are present within the cytoplasm to produce large amounts of (ATP) needed by a neuron

Front 34

neuron structure:

Large numbers of ribosomes and rough ER produce (_____) for the active neuron

Back 34

proteins

Front 35

neuron structure:

what are two names that both free and bound ribosomes go by and why?

Back 35

1. chromatophilic substance ("color" "to love") because they stain darkly with basic dyes
2. nissl bodies because they were first described by German microscopist Franz Nissl

Front 36

neuron structure:

What is believed to account for the gray color of gray matter found in brain and spinal cord?

Back 36

the chromatophilic substance together with dendrites and cell bodies

Front 37

neuron structure:

tend to be shorter, smaller processes that branch off the cell body

Back 37

dendrites

Front 38

neuron structure:

conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body

Back 38

dendrites

Front 39

neuron structure:

receive input and transfer it to the cell body for processing

Back 39

dendrites

Front 40

neuron structure:

the (____) dendrites a neuron has, the (____) nerve impulses the neuron can receive from other cells

Back 40

the (more) dendrites a neuron has, the (more) nerve impulses the neuron can receive from other cells

Front 41

neuron structure:

on many, but not all, neurons, dendrite surface area is increased by (_____)

Back 41

dendritic spines

Front 42

neuron structure:

small knoblike protuberances/projections that permit a greater number of nerve impulses to be received by the neuron

Back 42

dendritic spines

Front 43

neuron structure:

typically longer nerve cell process emanating from the cell body

Back 43

axon

Front 44

neuron structure:

neurons have either (____) axon(s) or (_____) axon(s)

Back 44

neurons have either (one) axon or (no) axons

Front 45

neuron structure:

neurons with only dendrites and no axons are called

Back 45

anaxonic

Front 46

neuron structure:

sometimes called a nerve fiber

Back 46

axon

Front 47

neuron structure:

small neurons that provide no clues to distinguish axon from dendrite

Back 47

anaxonic

Front 48

neuron structure:

anaxonic neurons are only found in the

Back 48

CNS

Front 49

neuron structure:

are anaxonic neurons common or uncommon?

Back 49

uncommon

Front 50

neuron structure:

transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body toward another cell

Back 50

axon

Front 51

neuron structure:

transmits output information to other cells

Back 51

axon

Front 52

neuron structure:

connects to the cell body at a triangular region called the axon hillock

Back 52

axon

Front 53

neuron structure:

triangular region of the cell body that connects to the axon

Back 53

axon hillock

Front 54

neuron structure:

only part of the cell body that is devoid of chromatophilic substance

Back 54

axon hillock

Front 55

neuron structure:

part of the cell body that lacks dark-staining regions when viewed under a microscope

Back 55

axon hillock

Front 56

neuron structure:

although an axon remains relatively unbranched for most of its length, it may give rise to a few side branches called (_____)

Back 56

axon collaterals

Front 57

neuron structure:

most axons and their collatetals branch extensively at their (____) end and end into an array of fine terminal extensions called (_____)

Back 57

most axons and their collaterals branch extensively at their (distal) end and end into an array of fine extensions called (telodendria)

Front 58

neuron structure:

array of fine terminal extensions found at the distal end of axons and their collaterals

Back 58

telodendria

Front 59

neuron structure:

telodendria is aka

Back 59

axon terminals

Front 60

neuron structure:

slightly expanded regions found at tips of telodenria

Back 60

synaptic knobs

Front 61

neuron structure:

synaptic knobs are aka (___) or (___)

Back 61

synaptic knobs are aka (end bulbs) or (terminal boutons)

Front 62

neuron structure:

perikaryon

Back 62

cytoplasm within the cell body

Hint 62

sometimes used by anatomists to describe the whole cell body

Front 63

neuron structure:

microtubles that form the cytoskeleton

Back 63

neurotubules

Front 64

neuron structure:

intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils

Back 64

neurofilaments

Front 65

neuron structure:

bundles that extend as a complex network into both dendrites and axons

Back 65

neurofibrils

Front 66

neuron structure:

their tensile strength provides support for dendrites and axons

Back 66

neurofibrils

Front 67

Neuron Classification:

What are the two types of neuron classification?

Back 67

1. structural classification

2. functional classification

Front 68

Neuron Classification:

what are three types of structural classification of neurons?

Back 68

1. unipolar
2. bipolar
3. multipolar

Front 69

Neuron Classification:

what are the three types of functional classifications for neurons?

Back 69

1. sensory
2. motor
3. interneuron

Front 70

Neuron Classification:

unipolar neurons are

a) relatively uncommon
b) common
c) most common

Back 70

B) unipolar neurons are common

Front 71

Neuron Classification:

bipolar neurons are

a) relatively uncommon
b) common
c) most common

Back 71

a) bipolar neurons are relatively uncommon

Front 72

Neuron Classification:

multipolar neurons are

a) relatively uncommon
b) common
c) most common

Back 72

c) multipolar neurons are the most common neuron

Front 73

Neuron Classification:

type of neuron with single short cell process that extends directly from cell body and looks like a T as a result of the fusion of two processes into one long axon

Back 73

unipolar neuron

Front 74

Neuron Classification:

two nerve cell processes extend directly from the cell body

Back 74

bipolar neuron

Front 75

Neuron Classification:

multiple nerve cell processes extend from cell body; typically one axon and many and many dendrites

Back 75

multipolar neuron

Front 76

Neuron Classification:

most sensory neurons are

a) unipolar
b) bipolar
c) multipolar

Back 76

a) most sensory neurons are unipolar

Front 77

Neuron Classification:

some special sense neurons (e.g., in olfactory epithelium of noise, retina of eye) are:

a) unipolar
b) bipolar
c) multipolar

Back 77

c) some special neurons are bipolar

Front 78

Neuron Classification:

interneurons and motor neurons are:

a) unipolar
b) bipolar
c) multipolar

Back 78

c) interneurons and motor neurons are multipolar

Front 79

Neuron Classification:

conducts nerve impulses from body to CNS

Back 79

Sensory

Front 80

Neuron Classification:

conducts nerve impulses from CNS to muscles or glands

Back 80

Motor

Front 81

Neuron Classification:

found only in CNS

Back 81

interneuron

Front 82

Neuron Classification:

facilitates communication between motor and sensory neurons

Back 82

interneuron

Front 83

Neuron Classification:

aka association neuron

Back 83

interneuron

Front 84

Neuron Classification:

most sensory neurons are

a. unipolar b. sensory
c. bipolar. d. motor
e. multipolar e. interneuron

Back 84

a & b
most sensory neurons are unipolar and sensory

Front 85

Neuron Classification:

motor neurons are

1. unipolar
2. bipolar
3. multipolar

Back 85

3. motor neurons are multipolar

Front 86

Neuron Classification:

interneurons are:

1. unipolar
2. bipolar
3. multipolar

Back 86

3. interneurons are multipolar

Front 87

Neuron Classification:

decides the body's response to stimuli

Back 87

interneuron

Front 88

Neuron Classification:

outnumber all other neurons in both total and types. (99% of our neurons)

Back 88

interneurons

Front 89

Glial Cells:

large cell with numerous cell processes

Back 89

astrocyte

Front 90

Glial Cells:

in contact with neurons and capillaries

Back 90

astrocyte

Front 91

Glial Cells:

most common type of glial cell

Back 91

astrocyte

Front 92

Glial Cells:

helps form the blood brain barrier

Back 92

astrocyte

Front 93

Glial Cells:

regulates tissue fluid composition

Back 93

astrocyte

Front 94

Glial Cells:

provides structural support and organization to CNS

Back 94

astrocyte

Front 95

Glial Cells:

replaces damaged neurons

Back 95

astroctye

Front 96

Glial Cells:

assists with neuronal development

Back 96

astrocyte

Front 97

Glial Cells:

helps regulate synaptic transmission

Back 97

astrocyte

Front 98

Glial Cells:

name 6 functions of astrocytes

Back 98

1. helps form BBB
2. regulates tissue fluid composition
3. provides structural support and organization to CNS
4. replaces damaged neurons
5. assists with neuronal development
6. helps regulate synaptic transmission

Front 99

Glial Cells:

simple cuboidal epithelial cell

Back 99

ependymal cell

Front 100

Glial Cells:

lines cavities in brain and spinal cord

Back 100

ependymal cell

Front 101

Glial Cells:

has cilia on apical surface

Back 101

ependymal cell

Front 102

Glial Cells:

lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

Back 102

ependymal cell

Front 103

Glial Cells:

assists in production and circulation of CSF

Back 103

Ependymal cell

Front 104

Glial Cells:

list 2 functions of ependymal cells

Back 104

1. lines ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

2. assists in production and circulation of CSF

Front 105

Glial Cells:

small cell with slender branches from cell body

Back 105

microglial cell

Front 106

Glial Cells:

least common type of glial cell

Back 106

microglial cell

Front 107

Glial Cells:

defends against pathogens

Back 107

microglial cell

Front 108

Glial Cells:

removes debris

Back 108

microglial cell

Front 109

Glial Cells:

phagocytizes wastes

Back 109

microglial cell

Front 110

Glial Cells:

list 3 functions of microglial cells

Back 110

1. defends against pathogens
2. removes debris
3. phagocytizes wastes

Front 111

Glial Cells:

rounded, bulbous cell with slender cytoplasmic extensions

Back 111

oligodendrocyte

Front 112

Glial Cells:

extensions wrap around CNS axons

Back 112

oligodendrocyte

Front 113

Glial Cells:

myelinates and insulates CNS axons

Back 113

oligodendrocyte

Front 114

Glial Cells:

found in CNS allows faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon

Back 114

oligodendrocyte

Front 115

Glial Cells:

list 2 functions of oligodenrocyte

Back 115

1. myelinates and insulates CNS axons

2. allows faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon

Front 116

Glial Cells:

list the 4 types of glial cells found in the central nervous system

Back 116

1. astrocyte
2. ependymal cell
3. microglial cell
4. oligodendrocyte

Front 117

Glial Cells:

list the 2 types of glial cells found in the peripheral nervous system

Back 117

1. satellite cell
2. neurolemmocyte

Front 118

Glial Cells:

flattened cell clustered around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion

Back 118

satellite cell

Front 119

Glial Cells:

protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia

Back 119

satellite cell

Front 120

Glial Cells:

list the function of satellite cells

Back 120

satellite cells protect and regulate nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia

Front 121

Glial Cells:

flattened cell clustered around a portion of an axon in the PNS

Back 121

neurolemmocyte

Front 122

Glial Cells:

myelinates and insulates PNS axons

Back 122

neurolemmocyte

Front 123

Glial Cells:

found in PNS allows for faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon

Back 123

neurolemmocyte

Front 124

Glial Cells:

name 2 glial cells that allow for faster nerve impulse conduction through the axon

Back 124

1. oligodendrocyte of CNS
2. neurolemmocyte of PNS

Front 125

Glial Cells:

how many types of glial cells?

Back 125

6

Front 126

Nerve structure:

formed from many parallel axons wrapped by successive connective tissue layers

Back 126

A Nerve

Front 127

Nerve structure:

a cablelike bundle of parallel axons

Back 127

Nerve

Front 128

Nerve structure:

Name 3 successive tissue wrappings of a nerve

Back 128

1. endoneurium
2. perineurium
3. epineurium

Front 129

Nerve structure:

an individual axon in a myelinated neuron is surrounded by neurolemmocytes and wrapped in the (________).

Back 129

an individual axon in a myelinated neuron is surrounded by neurolemmocytes and wrapped in the (endoneurium).

Front 130

Nerve structure:

a delicate layer of connective tissue that separates and electrically isolates each axon

Back 130

endoneurium

Front 131

Nerve structure:

within this connective tissue layer are capillaries that supply each axon

Back 131

endoneurium

Front 132

Nerve structure:

deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve

Back 132

endoneurium

Front 133

Nerve structure:

layer comprised of cellular dense irregular tissue

Back 133

perineurium

Front 134

Nerve structure:

groups of axons wrapped into separate bundles by the perineurium

Back 134

fascicles

Front 135

Nerve structure:

layer that supports blood vessels that supply the capillaries of the endoneurium

Back 135

perineurium

Front 136

Nerve structure:

superficial layer of connective tissue

Back 136

epineurium

Front 137

Nerve structure:

layer that bundles fascicles together

Back 137

epineurium

Front 138

Nerve structure:

thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Back 138

epineurium

Front 139

Nerve structure:

encloses the entire nerve

Back 139

epineurium

Front 140

Nerve structure:

provides support and protection to fascicles within this layer

Back 140

epineurium

Front 141

Nerve structure:

list components of nerve structure from deep to superficial

Back 141

1. axon
2. myelin sheath
3. endoneurium
4. fascicle
5. perineurium
6. epineurium

Front 142

Brain:

Name the 4 major regions of the brain

Back 142

1. cerebrum
2. diencephalon
3. brainstem
4. cerebellum

Front 143

Brain:

when viewed (_____) the cerebrum is divided into two halves called the (___) & (____) (_____)

Back 143

when viewed (superiorly) the cerebrum is divided into two halves called the (left) & (right) (hemispheres).

Front 144

Brain:

each hemisphere of the cerebrum may be subdivided into (#?) functional areas called (_____)

Back 144

each hemisphere of the cerebrum may be subdivided into (5) functional areas called (lobes).

Front 145

Brain:

(#?) lobes of the brain are visible superficially and (#?) is seen internally.

Back 145

(4) lobes of the brain are visible superficially and (1) is seen internally

Front 146

Brain:

folds seen on the outer surface of an adult brain

Back 146

gyri

Front 147

Brain:

shallow depressions between folds of brain

Back 147

sulci

Front 148

Brain:

how many pairs of cranial nerves are associated with the brain?

Back 148

12

Front 149

Brain:

name two distinct tissue areas recognized within the brain and spinal cord

Back 149

1. Gray matter
2. white matter

Front 150

Brain:

which distinct tissue type of the brain houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons?

Back 150

Gray matter

Front 151

Brain:

which distinct tissue of the brain contains discrete internal clusters of cerebral nuclei?

Back 151

white matter

Front 152

Brain:

which brain tissue derives its color from the myelin in the myelinated axons?

Back 152

white matter

Front 153

Brain:

what is the external layer of gray matter called?

Back 153

cerebral cortex

Front 154

Brain:

external layer of gray matter that covers the surface of most of the adult brain

Back 154

cerebral cortex

Front 155

Brain:

discrete internal clusters of gray matter within the white matter

Back 155

cerebral nuclei

Front 156

Brain:

which is deeper?

a) white matter
b) gray matter

Back 156

a) white matter lies deep to gray matter

Front 157

Brain:

oval, spherical, or sometimes irregularly shaped clusters of neuron cell bodies found within white matter

Back 157

cerebral nuclei

Front 158

Cranial Meninges:

cranial meninges are comprised of (#?) layers

Back 158

Cranial meninges are comprised of (3) layers

Front 159

Brain:

three connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium

Back 159

cranial meninges

Front 160

Brain:

cranial meninges separate the (___) of the brain from the (_____)

Back 160

Cranial meninges separate the (soft tissue) of the brain from the (cranial bones)

Front 161

Brain:

Cranial meninges enclose and protect (______ ______) that supply the brain

Back 161

Cranial meninges enclose and protect (blood vessels) that supply the brain.

Front 162

Brain:

cranial meninges contain and circulate (____)

Back 162

cranial meninges contain and circulate (CSF)

Front 163

Brain:

some parts of the cranial meninges form some of the (____) that drain (____) from the brain.

Back 163

some parts of the cranial meninges form some of the (veins) that drain (blood) from the brain.

Front 164

Brain:

list the 3 cranial meninges from deep to superficial

Back 164

1. pia mater
2. arachnoid mater
3. dura mater

Front 165

Brain:

the innermost of the cranial meninges

Back 165

pia mater

Front 166

Brain:

thin layer of delicate areolar connective tissue that is highly vascularized and tightly adheres to the brain

Back 166

pia mater

Front 167

Brain:

which of the cranial meninges follows every contour of the brain's surface

Back 167

pia mater

Front 168

Brain:

arachnoid membrane aka

Back 168

arachnoid mater

Front 169

Brain:

which of the cranial meninges lies external to the pia mater

Back 169

arachnoid mater

Front 170

Brain:

which of the cranial meninges resembles a spider web

Back 170

arachnoid mater

Front 171

Brain:

which of the cranial meninges is partially composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers

Back 171

arachnoid mater

Front 172

Brain:

the delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers

Back 172

arachnoid trabeculae

Front 173

Brain:

what is immediately deep to the arachnoid mater?

Back 173

subarachnoid space

Front 174

Brain:

the arachnoid trabeculae extend through the (________) to the (______).

Back 174

the arachnoid trabeculae extend through the (subarachnoid space) to the (pia mater).

Front 175

Brain:

between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater is the (___)

Back 175

between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater is the (subdural space)

Front 176

Brain:

the potential space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater

Back 176

subdural space

Front 177

Brain:

the (___) becomes an actual space if (___) or (___) accumulates there

Back 177

the (subdural space) becomes an actual space if (blood) or (fluid) accumulates there.

Front 178

Brain:

which of the cranial meninges is comprised of an external, tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer

Back 178

dura mater

Front 179

Brain:

which of the cranial meninges is composed of 2 fibrous layers?

Back 179

dura mater

Front 180

Brain:

name the two layers of the dura mater

Back 180

1. meningeal layer
2. periosteal layer

Front 181

Brain:

the meningeal layer of the dura mater lies (___) to the periosteal layer.

Back 181

the meningeal layer of the dura mater lies (deep) to the periosteal layer.

Front 182

Brain:

forms the periosteum on the internal surface of the cranial bones

Back 182

periosteal layer of the dura mater

Front 183

Brain:

in the dura mater, the (_____) layer is usually fused to the (_____) layer, except in specific areas where the two layers (_____).

Back 183

in the dura mater, the (meningeal) layer is usually fused to the (periosteal) layer except in specific areas where the two layers (separate)

Front 184

Brain:

the areas where the meningeal layer and the periosteal layer separate form large (______) spaces called (_____)

Back 184

the areas where the meningeal layer and the periosteal layer separate form large (blood-filled) spaces called (dural venous sinuses)

Front 185

Brain:

typically triangular in cross section do not have valves to regulate venous blood flow

Back 185

dural venous sinuses

Front 186

Brain:

large veins that drain blood from the brain and transport this blood to the internal jugular veins that help drain blood circulation from the head

Back 186

dura venous sinuses

Front 187

Brain:

potential space that separates dura mater and skull

Back 187

epidural space

Front 188

Brain:

potential space containing veins and arteries that nourish the meninges and cranial bones

Back 188

epidural space

Front 189

Brain:

which layer of the dura mater extends as flat partitions into the cranial cavity in 4 locations?

Back 189

the meningeal layer

Front 190

Brain:

double layers of dura mater

Back 190

cranial dura septa

Front 191

Brain:

membranous partitions separating specific parts of the brain and providing stabilization and support to the entire brain

Back 191

cranial dura septa

Front 192

Brain:

name 4 parts of the cranial dura septa

Back 192

1.falx cerebri
2. tentorium cerebelli
3. falx cerebelli
4. diaphragma sellae

Front 193

Brain:

clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space

Back 193

CSF - cerebral spinal fluid

Front 194

Brain:

2 places where CSF circulates

Back 194

1. in the ventricles
2. in the subarachnoid space

Front 195

Brain:

CSF completely surrounds the (____) and (____)

Back 195

CSF completely surrounds the (brain) and (spinal cord)

Front 196

Brain:

name 3 functions of CSF

Back 196

1. buoyancy
2. protection
3. environmental stability

Front 197

Brain:

the brain floating in CSF is an example of which CSF function?

Back 197

buoyancy

Front 198

Brain:

CSF supports more than (%?) of the brain's weight and prevents it from being (___) under its own weight

Back 198

CSF supports more than (95%) of the brain's weight and prevents it from being (crushed) under its own weight

Front 199

Brain:

buoyancy caused by the CSF prevents the heavy brain from sinking through the (____)

Back 199

foramen magnum

Front 200

Brain:

CSF acts as a ("_____") by acting as a liquid (_____) to protect delicate neural structures from sudden (_____).

Back 200

CSF acts as a ("movement buffer") by acting as a liquid (cushion) to protect delicate neural structures from sudden (movements).

Front 201

Brain:

CSF helps (____) movements of the brain if the skull and/or body move too forcefully.

Back 201

CSF helps (slow) movements of the brain if the skull and/or body move too forcefully

Front 202

Brain:

CSF transporting (_____) and (____) to the brain and removing (_____) products from the brain is an example of (__which of its functions ?__)

Back 202

CSF transporting (nutrients) and (chemicals) to the brain and removing (waste) products from the brain is an example of (environmental stability).

Front 203

Brain:

CSF protects nervous tissue from (____) that would disrupt neuron function.

Back 203

CSF protects nervous tissue from (chemical fluctuations) that would disrupt neuron function.

Front 204

Brain:

the waste products and excess CSF are eventually transported into the (____)

Back 204

the waste products and excess CSF are eventually transported into the (venous circulation)

Front 205

Brain:

venous circulation (____) waste products and excess (___) from the blood and secretes then into the (_____).

Back 205

venous circulation (filters) waste products and excess (CSF) from the blood and secretes them into the (urinary system).

Front 206

Brain:

CSF is formed by the (____) in each (____).

Back 206

CSF is formed by the (choroid plexus) in each (ventricle).

Front 207

Brain:

the choroid plexus is composed of a layer of (_____) cells and the capillaries that lie within the (__cranial meninge____).

Back 207

the choroid plexus is composed of a layer of (ependymal) cells and the capillaries that lie within the (pia mater).

Front 208

Brain:

CSF is produced by (____) of a fluid from the (_____) cells that originates from the (______).

Back 208

CSF is produced by the (secretion) of a fluid from the (ependymal) cells that originates from the (blood plasma).

Front 209

Brain:

CSF is similar to (___), although certain (_____) concentrations differ.

Back 209

CSF is similar to (blood plasma), although certain (ion) concentrations differ.

Front 210

Brain:

list the 5 step process of the circulation of CSF (long)

Back 210

1. produced by choroid plexus in ventricles
2. 3rd ventricle through cerebral aquaduct to 4th ventricle
3. from 4th ventricle passes through paired apertures or median aperture to get to subarachnoid space which removes waste products and provides buoyancy to support the brain
4. then into central canal of spinal cord
5. excess csf flows into arachnoid villi, then drains into dural venous sinuses

Front 211

Brain:

circulation of CSF (condensed)

Back 211

1. produced by choroid plexus in ventricles
2. 3rd ventricle through cerebral aquaduct to
3. 4th ventricle
4. passes through apertures (paired lateral or single median) into
5. subarachnoid space
6. excess to arachnoid villi
7. drains into dural venous sinuses

Front 212

Brain:

the greater pressure on the CSF in the (______) ensures that CSF moves into the (______) without permitting venous blood to enter the (______).

Back 212

the greater pressure on the CSF in the (subarachnoid space) ensures that (CSF) moves into the (venous sinuses) without permitting venous blood to enter the (subarachnoid space).

Front 213

Brain:

as the CSF flows through the (____) it removes (____) products and provides (_____) to support the brain.

Back 213

as the CSF flees through the (subarachnoid space) it removes (waste) products and provides (buoyancy) to support the brain.

Front 214

Brain:

the flat partitions of the meningeal layer of the dura mater that extend into the cranial cavity at four locations are called (___). Collectively, these double layers of the dura mater are called (____).

Back 214

the flat partitions of the meningeal layer of the dura mater that extend into the cranial cavity at four locations are called (septa). Collectively these double layers of the dura mater are called (cranial dural septa).

Front 215

Brain:

The membranous patritions that separate specific parts of the brain are called (_____).

Back 215

The membranous partitions that separate specific parts of the brain are called (cranial dural septa).

Front 216

Brain:

what are the two functions of cranial dural septa?

Back 216

1. separate specific parts of the brain
2. provide additional stabilization and support for the entire brain

Front 217

Brain:

how many cranial dura septa?

Back 217

4

Front 218

Brain:

name the four cranial dura septa

Back 218

1. falx cerebri
2. tentorium cerebelli
3. falx cerebelli
4. diaphragma sellae

Front 219

Brain:

which cranial dura septa is the largest?

Back 219

falx cerebri

Front 220

Brain:

what is the name of the large, sickle-shaped vertical fold of dura mater, located in the midsaggittal plane

Back 220

falx cerebri

Front 221

Brain:

which cranial dural septa is located in the midsagittal plane and projects into the longitudinal fissure between the left and right hemispheres?

Back 221

falx cerebri

Front 222

Brain:

which cranial dural septa anteriorly attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone and posteriorly the inferior portion attaches to the internal occipital crest.

Back 222

falx cerebri

Front 223

Brain:

name the two venous sinuses found in the falx cerebri

Back 223

1. superior sagittal sinus
2. inferior sagittal sinus

Front 224

Brain:

which cranial dura septa is a horizontally oriented fold of dura mater that separates the occipital and temporal lobes of the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

Back 224

tentorium cerebelli

Front 225

Brain:

the tentorium cerebelli separates the (_____) and (____) lobes from the (____) and (______).

Back 225

the tentorium cerebelli separates the (temporal) and (occipital) lobes of the (cerebrum) from the (cerebellum).

Front 226

Brain:

which cranial dural septa is named for the fact that it forms a "tent"over the cerebellum?

Back 226

tentorium cerebelli

Front 227

Brain:

which sinuses run within the posterior border of the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 227

transverse sinuses

Front 228

Brain:

what is the name of the gap or opening found on the anterior surface of the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 228

tentorial notch (tentorial incisure)

Front 229

Brain:

what is the function of the tentorial notch found on the anterior surface of the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 229

it allows for the passage of the brainstem

Front 230

Brain:

which cranial dural septa extends into the midsagittal line inferior to the tentorium cerebelli?

Back 230

falx cerebelli

Front 231

Brain:

which cranial dura septa is the sickle-shaped vertical partition that divides the left and right cerebellar hemispheres?

Back 231

falx cerebelli

Front 232

Brain:

what is the name of the sinus found in the posterior vertical border of the falx cerebelli?

Back 232

occipital sinus

Front 233

Brain:

which cranial dural septa is the smallest?

Back 233

diaphragma sellae

Front 234

Brain:

which cranial dural septa forms a "roof"over the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone?

Back 234

diaphragma sellae

Front 235

Brain:

what is the name of the small opening within the diaphragma sellae that allows for passage of a think stalk?

Back 235

infundibulum

Front 236

Brain:

the infundulum is a small opening within the (_____) that allows for passage of a thin stalk that attaches the (______) gland to the base of the (________).

Back 236

the infundulum is a small opening within the (diaphragma sellae) that allows for passage of a thin stalk that attaches the (pituitary) gland to the base of the (hypothalamus).

Front 237

Brain:

describe the location of the pituitary gland

Back 237

the pituitary gland is inferior to the diaphragma sellae.

Front 238

Brain:

which lobe of the brain houses the primary auditory cortex, the auditory association area, and the primary olfactory cortex?

Back 238

temporal lobe

Front 239

Brain:

which lobe of the brain houses the primary visual cortex and the visual association area?

Back 239

occipital lobe

Front 240

Brain:

list the 3 cortices and/or association areas of the temporal lobe

Back 240

1. primary auditory cortex
2. auditory association area
3. primary olfactory cortex

Front 241

Brain:

list the 2 cortices and/or auditory association areas of the occipital lobe

Back 241

1. primary visual cortex
2. visual association area

Front 242

Brain:

the (______) located in the temporal lobe receives and processes auditory information.

Back 242

primary auditory cortex

Front 243

Brain:

what provides conscious awareness of smells and is found in the temporal lobe?

Back 243

primary olfactory cortex

Front 244

Brain:

(_____) is located within the temporal lobe, posteroinferior to the primary auditory cortex.

Back 244

the auditory association area

Front 245

Brain:

within the auditory association area of the temporal lobe, (_____) neurons (___) characteristics of sound and (____) memories of sounds heard in the past

Back 245

within the auditory association area of the temporal lobe, (cortical) neurons (interpret) characteristics off sound and (store) memories of sounds heard in the past.

Front 246

Brain:

located in the occipital lobe, the (___) receives and processes incoming visual information.

Back 246

primary visual cortex

Front 247

Brain:

located in the occipital lobe, the (______) enables us to process visual information by analyzing (___), (___), and (___), and to use this information to identify the things we see.

Back 247

located in the occipital lobe, the (visual association area) enables us to process visual information by analyzing (color), (movement), and (form), and use this information to identify the things we see.

Front 248

Brain:

what are the four major regions of the brain?

Back 248

1. cerebrum
2. diencephalon
3. brainstem
4. cerebellum

Front 249

Brain:

each hemisphere of the brain may be further divided into (#?) functional areas called (___).

Back 249

each hemisphere of the brain may be further divided into (5) functional areas called (lobes).

Front 250

nervous system structures:

cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS

Back 250

ganglion

Front 251

nervous system structures:

what is a group of CNS neuron cell bodies with a common function called?

Back 251

center?

Front 252

nervous system structures:

the center in the CNS that displays discrete anatomic boundaries is called the

Back 252

nucleus

Front 253

nervous system structures:

an axon bundle extending through the PNS is called a

Back 253

nerve

Front 254

nervous system structures:

name for a network of nerves in the PNS

Back 254

nerve plexus

Front 255

nervous system structures:

name for CNS axon bundle in which the axons have a similar function and share a common origin and destination

Back 255

tract

Front 256

nervous system structures:

name for a group of tracts in a specific area of the spinal cord

Back 256

funiculus

Front 257

nervous system structures:

name for centers and tracts that connect the CNS with the body organs and systems

Back 257

pathway

Front 258

nervous system structures:

name for outer layer of gray matter in cerebrum and cerebellum that consists of densely packed neuron cell bodies

Back 258

cortex

Front 259

nervous system structures:

name for either of two symmetrical sides of the cerebrum separated by the longitudinal fissure

Back 259

cerebral hemisphere

Front 260

the nervous system is divided into (#?) divisions and (#?) subdivisions

Back 260

the nervous system is divided into (2: divisions and (4) subdivisions

Front 261

what are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Back 261

1. sensory nervous system

2. motor nervous system

Front 262

the (_____) system contains receptors and transmits information from receptors to CNS

Back 262

the (sensory nervous) system contains receptors and transmits information from receptors to CNS

Front 263

what are the two subdivisions of the sensory nervous system?

Back 263

1. somatic sensory

2. visceral sensory

Front 264

what are the general somatic senses?

Back 264

1. touch
2. pain
3. temperature
4. pressure
5. vibration
6. proprioception
7. special senses

Front 265

what is propioception?

Back 265

somatic sense of sensing the position or movements of joints and limbs

Front 266

what are the special senses of somatic sensory

Back 266

taste
hearing
vision
balance
smell

Front 267

it's somatic sensory voluntary or involuntary?

Back 267

voluntary

Front 268

subdivision of the nervous system that receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal muscles and special senses

Back 268

somatic sensory

Front 269

subdivision of the nervous system that receives information from viscera

Back 269

visceral sensory

Front 270

(____) senses primarily include temperature and stretch of muscles of the organ walls

Back 270

(visceral) senses primarily include temperature and stretch of muscles of the organ walls

Front 271

are visceral senses voluntary or involuntary

Back 271

involuntary

Front 272

what is the division of the nervous system that transmits information from the CNS to the rest of the body and sends motor information to effectors?

Back 272

motor nervous system

Front 273

the motor nervous system transmits information from the (___) to the (____) and sends (____) information to effectors.

Back 273

the motor nervous system transmits information from the (CNS) to the (rest of the body) and sends (motor) information to effectors.

Front 274

what are the two subdivisions of the motor nervous system

Back 274

1. somatic motor

2. autonomic motor

Front 275

what subdivision of the nervous system innervates the skeletal muscles?

Back 275

somatic motor

Front 276

subdivision of the nervous system aka voluntary nervous system

Back 276

somatic motor

Front 277

which subdivision of the nervous system indicates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?

Back 277

autonomic motor

Front 278

is the autonomic motor system voluntary or involuntary?

Back 278

involuntary

Front 279

the nervous system is functionally divided into a (__) nervous system and a (__) nervous system. both of these parts of the nervous system contain (__) and (__) components.

Back 279

the nervous system is functionally divided into a (sensory) nervous system and a (motor) nervous system. both of these parts of the nervous system contain (somatic) and (visceral) components.

Front 280

in a typical neuron , (__) information flows through (___) to the (___). (__) information flows through the (__) to the next (__).

Back 280

in a typical neuron, (input) information flows through (dendrites) to the (cell body). (Output) information flows through the (axon) to the next (cell).

Front 281

name of the small projections that increase dendrite surface area and permit a greater number of nerve impulses to be received by the neuron.

Back 281

dendritic spines

Front 282

name of intermediate filaments that aggregate to form bundles called neurofibrils

Back 282

neurofilaments

Front 283

name is bundles that extend as network into both dendrites and axons, where their tensile strength provides support for these processes

Back 283

neurofibrils

Front 284

what strictly controls substances entering the nervous tissue in the brain from the blood stream?

Back 284

BBB

Front 285

what protects the delicate brain from toxins but allows nutrients to pass through?

Back 285

BBB

Front 286

which glial cell helps regulate the chemical composition of the interstitial fluid within the brain by controlling movement of molecules from the blood to the interstitial fluid?

Back 286

astrocyte

Front 287

what's the name of the process in which the space formerly occupied by a damaged or dead neuron is filed by cells produced by astrocyte division?

Back 287

astrocytosis

Front 288

in a nerve, groups of axons are wrapped into separate bundles called (__) by a cellular dense irregular connective tissue layer called the (__). All of the (__) are bundled together by a superficial connective tissue covering termed the (__).

Back 288

in a nerve, groups of axons are wrapped into separate bundles called (fascicles) by a cellular dense irregular connective tissue layer called the (perineurium). All of the (fascicles) are bundled together by a superficial connective tissue covering termed the (epineurium).

Front 289

location of lateral sulcus

Back 289

lateral side of brain, around temporal lobe

Front 290

location of parieto-occipital sulcus

Back 290

bi lateral posterior part of cerebrum, defines occipital lobe

Front 291

location of central sulcus

Back 291

medial bilateral part of cerebrum, separates frontal and parietal lobes

Front 292

name the 4 structures that protect the brain

Back 292

1. cranium
2. cranial meninges
3. CSF
4. BBB

Front 293

(__) are cavities or expansions within the brain that are continuous with one another as well as the central canal of the spinal cord.

Back 293

ventricles

Front 294

how many ventricles in the brain

Back 294

4

Front 295

name the 4 ventricles of the brain

Back 295

1. two lateral ventricles
2. third ventricle
3. fourth ventricle

Front 296

which ventricle(s) are located in the cerebrum?

Back 296

(2) lateral ventricles

Front 297

the lateral ventricles are separated by a thin partition called the

Back 297

septum pellucidum

Front 298

which ventricle(s) is located within the dicephalon?

Back 298

third ventricle

Front 299

each lateral ventricles communicates with the third ventricle through an opening called the

Back 299

interventricular foramen

Front 300

name the narrow canal that passes through the midbrain and connects the third ventricle with the fourth vertical

Back 300

cerebral aquaduct

Front 301

the fourth ventricle narrows at its inferior end before it merges with the slender (___) in the spinal cord.

Back 301

central canal

Front 302

All of the ventricles contain (__)

Back 302

CSF

Front 303

fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid mater project through the dura mater into the dual venous sinuses to form (__).

Back 303

arachnoid villi

Front 304

what are collections of arachnoid villi called?

Back 304

arachnoid granulations

Front 305

deep to the white matter in the cerebrum lies

Back 305

cerebral nuclei

Front 306

the surface of the cerebrum folds into elevated ridges called

Back 306

gyri

Front 307

gyri allow a greater amount of (___) to fit in the cranial cavity.

Back 307

cortex

Front 308

adjacent gyri are separated by shallow (__) or deeper grooves called (__).

Back 308

adjacent gyri are separated by shallow (sulci) or deeper grooves called (fissures).

Front 309

the paired cerebral hemispheres are separated by a deep (___).

Back 309

longitudinal fissure

Front 310

which cerebral fissure extends across the midsagittal plane?

Back 310

longitudinal fissure

Front 311

the cerebral hemispheres are separate except for a few places where bundles of axons called (__) form white matter regions that allow communication between then.

Back 311

tracts

Front 312

what is the largest white matter tract in the brain?

Back 312

corpus callosum

Front 313

what part of the brain connects and provides the main communication link between hemispheres?

Back 313

corpus callosum

Front 314

which lobe lies deep to the frontal bone and forms the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere?

Back 314

frontal lobe

Front 315

the frontal lobe ends posteriorly at a deep grove called (__)

Back 315

the central sulcus

Front 316

the (__) marks the boundary between the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe

Back 316

central sulcus

Front 317

name the deep grove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe

Back 317

lateral sulcus

Front 318

the inferior border of the frontal lobe is marked by the (__) sulcus

Back 318

lateral

Front 319

what is the name of the important anatomic feature of the frontal lobe comprised of a mass of nervous tissue immediately posterior to the central sulcus?

Back 319

precentral gyrus

Front 320

which lobe lies deep to the parietal bone and forms the superoposterior part of each hemisphere?

Back 320

parietal lobe

Front 321

what is the name of the mass of nervous tissue immediately posterior to the central sulcus in the parietal lobe?

Back 321

postcentral gyrus

Front 322

which lobe terminates antetiorly at the central sulcus, posteriorly at the parieto-occipital sulcus, and laterally at the lateral sulcus?

Back 322

parietal lobe

Front 323

which lobe is inferior to the lateral sulcus and underlies the temporal bone?

Back 323

temporal lobe

Front 324

which lobe is involved with hearing and smell?

Back 324

temporal lobe

Front 325

which lobe forms the posterior region of each hemisphere and immediately underlies the occipital bone?

Back 325

occipital lobe

Front 326

which lobe is responsible for processing incoming visual information and sorting visual memories?

Back 326

occipital lobe

Front 327

which lobe is small and deep to the lateral sulcus?

Back 327

insula

Front 328

which lobe can be viewed by laterally reflecting (pulling aside) the temporal lobe?

Back 328

insula

Front 329

what is the name of the region aka "in-between brain"

Back 329

diencephalon

Front 330

name of paired oval masses of gray matter that lie on either side of the third ventricle

Back 330

thalamus

Front 331

what forms the superolateral walls of the third ventricle of the brain?

Back 331

thalamus

Front 332

what is located in the anteroinferior region of the diencephalon?

Back 332

hypothalumus

Front 333

what are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Back 333

1. master and control of the autonomic nervous system
2. master control of the endocrine system
3. regulation of body temperature
4. control of emotional behaviour
5. control of food intake
6. control of water intake
7. regulation of sleep-wake (circadian) rhythms

Front 334

what connects the prosencephalon and cerebellum to the spinal cord?

Back 334

brainstem

Front 335

what 3 regions form the brainstem?

Back 335

1. superiorly placed midbrain
2. pons
3. inferiorly placed medulla oblongata

Front 336

what is the superior portion of the brainstem called?

Back 336

midbrain

Front 337

what extends through the midbrain and connects the third and 4th ventricles?

Back 337

cerebral aquaduct

Front 338

what is the bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem?

Back 338

pons

Front 339

what is the most inferior part of the brainstem and is continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly?

Back 339

medulla oblongata

Front 340

what provides a vital link between the brain and the rest of the body?

Back 340

spinal cord

Front 341

what are two important functions of the spinal cord and it's attached nerves?

Back 341

1. serve as a pathway for sensory and motor impulses
2. responsible for reflexes

Front 342

what part of the CNS extends inferiorly from the brain through the foramen magnum and then through the vertebral canal and ends at the level of the L vertebra

Back 342

spinal cord

Front 343

name the different parts of the spinal cord

Back 343

1. cervical
2. thoracic
3. lumbar
4. sacral
5. coccygeal

Front 344

which region is the superiormost region of the spinal cord?

Back 344

the cervical part

Front 345

which region of the spinal cord is continuous with the medulla oblongata?

Back 345

the cervical part

Front 346

the cervical part of the spine contains (__) neurons whose axons contribute to the cervical spinal nerves and receives (__) information from (__) neurons through these spinal nerves.

Back 346

the cervical part of the spine contains (motor) neurons whose axons contribute to the cervical spinal nerves and receives (input) information from (sensory) neurons through these spinal nerves.

Front 347

which part of the spine lies inferior to the cervical part?

Back 347

the thoracic part

Front 348

the thoracic part of the spine contains (__) for the thoracic spinal nerves.

Back 348

neurons

Front 349

which part of the spinal is a shorter segment than the others?

Back 349

the lumbar part

Front 350

the lumbar part of the spinal cord contains neurons for the (__) spinal nerves.

Back 350

sacral

Front 351

which part of the spinal cord lies inferior to the lumbar part?

Back 351

the sacral part

Front 352

what is the most inferior part of the spinal cord?

Back 352

the coccygeal part

Front 353

how many spinal nerves are associated with the coccygeal part of the spinal cord?

Back 353

one pair

Front 354

the sacral part of the spinal cord contains neurons for the (__) spinal nerves.

Back 354

sacral

Front 355

what is the name of the tapering inferior end of the spinal cord?

Back 355

conus medullaris

Front 356

what marks the official end of the spinal cord proper?

Back 356

conus medullaris

Front 357

where is the conus medularis of the spinal cord usually found?

Back 357

usually at the level of the first lumbar vertebra.

Front 358

name for the collective groups of axons interior to the conus medullaris of the spinal cord.

Back 358

cauda equina

Front 359

name for the collective groups of axons that project inferiorly from the spinal cord.

Back 359

cauda equina

Front 360

cauda equina was named was named because the nerve roots resemble

Back 360

a horse's tail

Front 361

what is the name of the thin stand of pia mater found within the cauda equina?

Back 361

filum terminale

Front 362

name the the thin stand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the cocyx.

Back 362

filum terminale

Front 363

the external surface of the spinal cord has (#?) longitudinal depressions

Back 363

2

Front 364

name the two longitudinal depressions found on the external surface of the spinal cord.

Back 364

1. posterior median sulcus

2. anterior median fissure

Front 365

the (__) located in the inferior cervical part of the spinal cord contains neurons that innervate the upper limbs.

Back 365

cervical enlargement

Front 366

the (__) extends through the lumbar and sacral parts of the spinal cord and innervates the lower limbs.

Back 366

lumbosacral enlargement

Front 367

the spinal cord is associated with (#?) pairs of spinal nerves that connect to CNS muscles, receptors, and glands.

Back 367

31

Front 368

spinal nerves are considered (__) nerves because they contain both motor and sensory axons.

Back 368

mixed

Front 369

spinal nerves are identified by the (__) of the spinal cord part to which they attach combined with a (__).

Back 369

spinal nerves are identified by the (first letter) of the spinal cord part to which they attach combined with a (number).

Front 370

each side of the spinal cord contains 8 (__), 12 (__), 5(__), 5(__), and 1(__).

Back 370

each side of the spinal cord contains 8 (cervical nerves), 12 (thoracic nerves), 5 (lumbar nerves), 5(sacral nerves), and 1(coccygeal nerve).

Front 371

(C1-C8)

Back 371

cervical nerves

Front 372

(T1-T12)

Back 372

thoracic nerves

Front 373

(L1-L5)

Back 373

lumbar nerves

Front 374

(S1-S5)

Back 374

sacral nerves

Front 375

(Col.)

Back 375

coccygeal nerve

Front 376

the spinal cord is protected and encapsulated by

Back 376

spinal cord meninges

Front 377

spinal cord meninges are (__) with cranial meninges.

Back 377

continuous

Front 378

list the 7 structures and spaces (both real and potential) that encircle the spinal cord in order from outermost to innermost.

Back 378

1. vertebra
2. epidural space
3. dura mater
4. subdural space
5. arachnoid mater
6. subarachnoid space
7. pia mater

Front 379

what lies between the dura mater and the periosteum covering the inner walls of the vertebra?

Back 379

epidural space

Front 380

what houses the areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue associated with the spinal cord?

Back 380

epidural space

Front 381

what is located deep to the epidural space in the spinal cord?

Back 381

dura mater

Front 382

the (__) dura mater consists of one meningeal layer

Back 382

spinal

Front 383

the spinal dura mater provides (__) to the spinal cord

Back 383

stability

Front 384

at each intervertebral foramen, the (__) extends between adjacent vertebra and (__) with the connective tissue layers that surround the spinal (__).

Back 384

at each intervertebral foramen, the (dura mater) extends between adjacent vertebra and (fuses) with the connective tissue layers that surround the spinal (nerves).

Front 385

in the spinal cord, what separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater?

Back 385

a narrow subdural space

Front 386

in the spinal cord, the narrow subdural space that separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater is only found in (__)

Back 386

tissue preparations

Front 387

in life, the narrow subdural space of the spinal cord that separates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater is merely a (__)

Back 387

potential space

Front 388

in the spinal cord, the (__) is found deep to the arachnoid mater.

Back 388

subarachnoid space

Front 389

the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord is a (__) filled with (__).

Back 389

the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord is a (real space) filled with (CSF).

Front 390

what is the delicate, innermost meningeal layer of the spinal cord found deep to the subarachnoid space?

Back 390

pia mater

Front 391

which meningeal layer of the spinal cord is composed of elastic and collagen fibers?

Back 391

pia mater

Front 392

the pia mater of the spinal cord directly (__) to the spinal cord and supports some of the (__) supplying the spinal cord.

Back 392

the pia mater of the spinal cord directly (adheres) to the spinal cord and supports some of the (blood vessels) supplying the spinal cord.

Front 393

what is the name of the paired, lateral triangular extensions of the spinal pia mater that attach to the dura mater?

Back 393

denticulate ligaments

Front 394

what is the name of the spinal ligaments that help suspend and anchor the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater?

Back 394

denticulate ligaments

Front 395

the great matter in the spinal cord is (__) located.

Back 395

centrally

Front 396

the shape of the (__) in the spinal cord resembles an "H"

Back 396

Gray matter

Front 397

name the 4 subdivisions of the gray matter of the spinal cord

Back 397

1. anterior horns
2. lateral horns
3. posterior horns
4. gray commissure

Front 398

how many subdivisions of gray matter of spinal cord?

Back 398

4

Front 399

name of the left and right anterior masses of gray matter of the spinal cord.

Back 399

anterior horns

Front 400

anterior horns primarily house the (__) which innervate the skeletal muscle.

Back 400

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Front 401

masses of gray matter that occur in the T1 - L2 parts of the spinal cord only.

Back 401

lateral horns

Front 402

lateral horns contain the (__) which innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

Back 402

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Front 403

name of the left and right posterior masses of gray matter of the spinal cord.

Back 403

posterior horns

Front 404

posterior horns contain the (__) of sensory neurons and the (__) of interneurons

Back 404

posterior horns contain the (axons) odd sensory neurons and the (cell bodies) of interneurons.

Front 405

name of the horizontal bar of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord.

Back 405

gray commissure

Front 406

the gray commissure primarily contains (__) and serves as a (__) route between right and left sides of (__)

Back 406

the gray commissure primarily contains (unmyelinated axons) and serves as a (communication) route between right and left sides of (gray matter)

Front 407

name of various functional groups of neuron cell bodies found within regions of gray matter of the spinal cord.

Back 407

nuclei

Front 408

(__) nuclei located in the posterior horns contain (__) cell bodies.

Back 408

(sensory) nuclei located in the posterior horns contain (interneuron) cell bodies.

Front 409

(__) nuclei in the spinal region receive information from sensory receptors

Back 409

somatic sensory

Front 410

(__) nuclei in the spinal region receive information from sensory receptors in the south muscle walls of viscera.

Back 410

visceral sensory

Front 411

(__) nuclei in the anterior and lateral horns contain motor neuron cell bodies that send (__) to muscles and glands.

Back 411

(motor) nuclei in the anterior and lateral horns contain motor neuron cell bodies that send (nerve impulses) to muscles and glands.

Front 412

(__) nuclei in the anterior horns innervate skeletal muscle

Back 412

somatic motor

Front 413

(__) nuclei in the lateral horns innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

Back 413

autonomic motor

Front 414

the white matter of the spinal cord is (__) to the gray matter.

Back 414

external

Front 415

white matter on each side of the spinal cord is partitioned into (#?) regions, each called a (__)

Back 415

white matter on each side of the spinal cord is partitioned into (3) regions, each called a (funiculus)

Front 416

location of the posterior funiculus?

Back 416

between the posterior gray horns on posterior side of cord and the posterior median sulcus

Front 417

what lies between the posterior gray horns on the posterior side of the cord and the posterior median sulcus?

Back 417

posterior funiculus

Front 418

the white matter region on each lateral side of the spinal cord is the

Back 418

lateral funiculus

Front 419

the anterior funiculi are interconnected by the

Back 419

white commissure

Front 420

what is composed of tracts of white matter that occupy the space on each anterior side of the cord between the anterior gray horns and the anterior median fissure?

Back 420

anterior funiculus

Front 421

each funiculus contains both

Back 421

motor and sensory neurons

Front 422

an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

Back 422

dermatome

Front 423

phenomenon in which pain or discomfort from one organ is mistakenly referred to a dermatome

Back 423

referred visceral pain

Front 424

a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves

Back 424

nerve plexus

Front 425

name the principal plexuses

Back 425

1. cervical plexuses
2. brachial plexuses
3. lumbar plexuses
4. sacral plexuses

Front 426

the (__) are located deep on each side of the neck, immediately lateral to cervical vertebra C1-C4.

Back 426

left and right cervical plexuses

Front 427

what are formed by the anterior rami of spinal nerves C1-C4?

Back 427

left and right cervical plexuses

Front 428

is the 5th cervical spinal nerve considered a part of the cervical plexus?

Back 428

no

Front 429

does the 5th cervical nerve contribute axons to one of the cervical plexus branches?

Back 429

yes

Front 430

branches of the (__) innervate anterior neck muscles as well as the skin off the neck and portions of the head.

Back 430

cervical plexuses

Front 431

one important branch of the cervical plexus is the (__).

Back 431

phrenic nerve

Front 432

although not part of the cervical plexus, per se, the (__) receives some fibers from the cervical plexus.

Back 432

phrenic nerve

Front 433

the phrenic nerve is formed primarily from the (__) nerve and some contributing (__) from (__) and (__).

Back 433

the phrenic nerve is formed primarily from the (C4) nerve and some contributing (axons) from (C3) and (C5)

Front 434

which nerve travels through the thoracic cavity to innervate the diaphragm?

Back 434

phrenic nerve

Front 435

the networks of nerves that supply the upper limb

Back 435

brachial plexuses

Front 436

which plexus extends lately from the neck, pass superior to the first rib, and then continue into the axilla?

Back 436

brachial plexus

Front 437

name the networks of nerves that supply the upper limb.

Back 437

brachial plexus

Front 438

what is formed by the anterior rami of zonal nerves C5 - T1?

Back 438

each brachial plexus

Front 439

the components of the brachial plexus extend (__) from the neck.

Back 439

laterally

Front 440

the components of the brachial plexus pass (__) to the first rib.

Back 440

superior

Front 441

the components of the (__) extend laterally from the neck, pass superior to the first rib, and then continue into the axilla.

Back 441

brachial plexus

Front 442

how many terminal branches of the brachial plexus?

Back 442

5

Front 443

name the 5 branches of the brachial plexus.

Back 443

1. axillary nerve
2. median nerve
3. musculocutaneous nerve
4. radial nerve
5. ulnar nerve

Front 444

which nerve traverses through the axilla and posterior to the surgical neck of the humerus?

Back 444

axillary nerve

Front 445

which nerve emerges from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and integrates both the deltoid and teres minor muscles?

Back 445

axillary nerve

Front 446

which nerve receives sensory information from the superolateral part of the arm?

Back 446

axillary nerve

Front 447

which nerve is formed from branches of the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus?

Back 447

median nerve

Front 448

which nerves travels along the midline of the arm and forearm and deep into the capital tunnel in the wrist?

Back 448

median nerve

Front 449

which nerve innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles, the thenar muscles, and the lateral two lumbricals?

Back 449

median nerve

Front 450

which nerve receives sensory information from the palmar side of the lateral 3 1/2 fingers (thumb, index, middle, 1/2 ring) and the dorsal tips of these fingers?

Back 450

median nerve

Front 451

which nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

Back 451

musculotaneous nerve

Front 452

which nerve innervates the anterior arm muscles (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis), which flex the humerus and flex the forearm?

Back 452

musculotaneous nerve

Front 453

which nerve receives sensory information from the lateral surface of the forearm?

Back 453

musculotaneous nerve

Front 454

which nerve arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

Back 454

radial nerve

Front 455

which nerve travels along the posterior side of the arm and then along the radial side of the forearm?

Back 455

radial nerve

Front 456

which nerve innervates the posterior arm muscles (forearm extensors) and the posterior forearm muscles (extensors of the wrist and digits and the supinator of the forearm)?

Back 456

radial nerve

Front 457

which nerve receives sensory information from the posterior arm and forearm surface and the dorsolateral side of the hand?

Back 457

radial nerve

Front 458

which nerve arises from the medial cord of the brachial plexus and descends along the medial side of the arm?

Back 458

ulnar nerve

Front 459

which nerve wraps posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and then rubs along the ulnar side of the forearm?

Back 459

ulnar nerve

Front 460

which nerve innervates done of the anterior forearm muscles (the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus and all of the flexor carpi ulnaris ?

Back 460

ulnar nerve

Front 461

which nerve innervates must of the intrinsic hand muscles including the hypothenar muscles, the palmar and dorsal interossei, and the medial two lumbricals?

Back 461

ulnar nerve

Front 462

which nerve receives sensations from the skin of the dorsal and oalmar asoects of the medial 1 1/2 fingers?

Back 462

ulnar nerve

Front 463

what part of the brain contains the cerebral peduncle?

Back 463

brain ste

Front 464

what does the cerebral peduncle include?

Back 464

midbrain
pineal gland
tectal plate aka corpora quadrigemina

Front 465

what is found within the diencephalon?

Back 465

interthalamic adhesion
thalamus
hypothalumus

Front 466

partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalon

Back 466

epithalamus

Front 467

posterior portion of the epithalamus houses which gland?

Back 467

pineal gland

Front 468

endocrine gland that secrets melatonin and is found in the posterior portion of the epithalamus

Back 468

pineal gland

Front 469

hormone that regulates day-night cycles known as the body's circadian rhythm

Back 469

melatonin

Front 470

paired oval masses of gray batter that lie on each side of the third ventricle. located between the anterior commissure and the pineal gland

Back 470

thalamus

Front 471

small midline mass of gray matter that connects the right and left thalamic bodies

Back 471

interthalamic adhesion

Front 472

the principal and final relay point for sensory information that will be processed and protected to the primary somatosensory cortex

Back 472

thalamus

Front 473

found in anterior region of diencephalon

Back 473

hypothalamus

Front 474

attaches directly to pituitary gland

Back 474

infundibulum

Front 475

occupies vertebral foramen/canal

Back 475

spinal cord

Front 476

origin of spinal cord

Back 476

foramen magnum

Front 477

insertion of spinal cord

Back 477

L2 second lumbar vertebrae

Front 478

terminal end of spinal cord

Back 478

conus medullaris

Front 479

how many enlargements of spinal cord?

Back 479

2

Front 480

names of 2 enlargements of spinal cord

Back 480

1. cervical enlargement
2. lumbar enlargement

Front 481

location of cervical enlargement

Back 481

just above brachial plexus

Front 482

location of lumbar enlargement

Back 482

just above consusmedularis

Front 483

lumbar enlargement create nerves that

Back 483

innervate extremities

Front 484

most important centrally located part of cauda equina

Back 484

filum terminale

Front 485

longitudinal depression of posterior spinal cord that dips internally on the posterior surface

Back 485

posterior median sulcus

Front 486

longitudinal grove of anterior spinal cord

Back 486

anterior median fissure

Front 487

sensory and motor distribution of cervical part of spinal cord

Back 487

motor neurons axons contribute to cervical spinal nerves

receives input from sensory neurons through spinal nerves

Front 488

how many pairs of spinal nerves?

Back 488

31

Front 489

how many cervical nerves?

Back 489

8 pairs

Front 490

name of cervical nerves

Back 490

C1-C8

Front 491

how many thoracic nerves?

Back 491

12 pairs

Front 492

name of thoracic nerves

Back 492

T1-T12

Front 493

how many lumbar nerves?

Back 493

5

Front 494

name of lumbar nerves

Back 494

L1-L5

Front 495

how many sacral nerves?

Back 495

S1-S5

Front 496

how many coccygeal nerves?

Back 496

1

Front 497

name of coccygeal nerve?

Back 497

Col

Front 498

spinal cord ends at

Back 498

L2

Front 499

important nerve C3-C5 innervates diaphragm and controls respiration

Back 499

phrenic nerve

Front 500

a portion of the anterior ramus of t1 helps form the

Back 500

brachial plexus

Front 501

2 parts of sciatic nerve

Back 501

1. common fibular division - medial
2. tibial division- lateral

Front 502

sciatic nerve splits into (#?) branches in posterior popliteal region

Back 502

2

Front 503

tibial branch of sciatic nerve innervates

Back 503

back of leg

Front 504

common fibular division of sciatic nerve innervates

Back 504

front of leg

superficial fibular nerve and deep fibular nerve