Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
CNS
|
brain +spinal cord
|
head and back
|
|
|
PNS
|
nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors
|
n, g, sr
|
|
|
cranial nerves
|
originate from brain. extends to neck (12 pairs)
|
from head, extends to back 12
|
|
|
spinal nerves
|
from spinal cord to supply below head (31pairs)
|
from back to head 31
|
|
|
cervical
|
8 pairs
|
Lucky number
|
|
|
thoracic
|
12 pairs
|
6x2=? pairs
|
|
|
lumbar
|
5 pairs
|
2+3=? pairs
|
|
|
sacral
|
5 pairs
|
5×1=? pairs
|
|
|
coccygeal
|
1 pair
|
a pair
|
|
|
somatic system
|
voluntary. contains sensory nerves in skin, sensory organ in head
|
vol., sense in skin+head
|
|
|
motor nerves
|
stimulate skeletal muscles
|
skeletal muscles
|
|
|
automatic
|
involuntary motor+sensory nerves that carry impulses to visceral organs, blood vessels+glands
|
invol., motor, sense, impulse to visceral organ, vessels, glands
|
|
|
sympathetic division
|
active during injury, emotional excitement, strenuous physical activity
|
active during owie, hormones, and volleyball
|
|
|
parasympathetic division
|
active during conditions of normal organ functioning
|
normal organ functioning
|
|
|
neuroglial
|
90% substance in brain, spinal cord, smaller in peripheral nerves. provide structural framework for fragile neurons. produce fatty sheath around axon, remove unwanted material,aid circulation of cerebrospinal fluid+impulses conduction.
|
astrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocytes, Schwan's cells
|
|
|
neurons
|
primary structural+functional unit of nerve tissue.
|
nerve cell. axon large. dendritic smaller
|
|
|
cell body
|
nisel substance specialized rough er.
|
nisel proteins
|
|
|
neurofibrils
|
intermediate cytoskeleton. maintains cell shap
|
intermed. cytoskeleton. maintains cell shape
|
|
|
myelinated
|
axons with myelin sheath=white matter
|
white matter
|
|
|
unmyelinated
|
fibers w/out myelin sheath. has neuron cell bodies form gray matter
|
gray matter
|
|
|
structural multipolar
|
many dendrites+ single axon arising from cell body
|
dendrites+single axon
|
|
|
bipolar
|
single dendrite+single Axon from cell body (eyes, ears, nose)
|
dendrite+axon
|
|
|
unipolar
|
single nerve fiber extends from cell body+splits to become axon and dendrite (neurons from skin receptors to spinal cord)
|
single nerve. become axon and dendrite
|
|
|
functional
|
sensory neurons. afferent, unipolar
|
sensory, afferent, uni
|
|
|
association neurons
|
interneurons located in cns. between neurons. multipolar
|
in cns. multipolar
|
|
|
motor neurons
|
efferent multipolarse figure
|
efferent mulipolar
|
|
|
pain +temperature receptor
|
naked nerve endings
|
nerve endings
|
|
|
meissners' corpuscles
|
touch receptors
|
touch
|
|
|
pacinian corpuscles
|
deep pressure receptors
|
deep pressure
|
|
|
proprioceptor
|
goli tendon organ, muscle spinde
|
muscle spindle
|
|
|
action potential
|
nerve impulse. depolarization of region of plasma membrane, followed quickly by repolarization. NA/K pump
|
nerve impulse. depolarization. sodium potassium pump.
|
|
|
Saltatory conductions
|
impulses jumps across myelin sheath from one node to another of ranvier
|
across myelin sheath,node to node to ranvier
|
|
|
synapse
|
junction betw. adj. neurons. presynaptic neuron/postsynaptic neuron
|
adjacent neurons. pre+post synaptic neuron
|
|
|
presynaptic neuron
|
ends into synaptic end bulb w/synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters. ex: acetycholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, gaba
|
ends in synaptic bulb w/synaptic vesicles. norepinephrine, dopamine etc.
|
|
|
post synaptic neurons
|
concave surface that forms a gap called synaptic cleft
|
concave, forms synaptic cleft
|
|
|
exitatory transmission
|
increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions causing action potential
|
increase postsynaptic, NA ions cause action. potentialtial
|
|
|
exitatory neurotranamitters
|
acetycholine+norepinephrine
|
acety.+nore
|
|
|
inhibitory transmission
|
increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to K ions. chloride channels are opened. action potential blocked.
|
increase postsyn.,k ion, chloride channel open, action pot. blocked
|
|
|
inhibitory neurotransmitters
|
GABA, endorphin, enkephalins
|
gaba, endor., enkeph.
|
|
|
protective covering of spinal cord
|
vertebral column, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges
|
vertebral, cero, mening.
|
|
|
meninges
|
dura mater, arachnoid, piano mater
|
dura mater, arach,pia
|
|
|
Subarachnoid space
|
betw. arachnoid+ pia mater filled with cerebral fluid
|
arachnoid+pia. cereb.
fluid |
|
|
protective coverings of brain
|
crainium, cerebrospinal fluid, meninges, duramater, arachnoid, piamater, subarachnoid space
|
cranium, cereb. fluid, everything in meninges
|
|
|
spinal cord
|
long cylinder flattened on its anterior+posterior surfaces, spinal nerves extend by way of spinal roots
|
long cylinder. spinal nerves extends by spinal roots
|
|
|
cervical enlargement
|
in the neck
|
neck
|
|
|
lumbosacral enlargment
|
in lower back
|
low back
|
|
|
Conus medullaris
|
spinal nerves extends to form caudal equina.
|
spinal nerves form cauda equina
|
|
|
filum terminale
|
membrane that is an extension of piamater to back coccyx
|
extension of piamater to back coccyx
|
|
|
cross section
|
anterior median fissure. posterior median sulcus divides cord into right+left portions
|
anterior median fissure. posterior median sulcus divide cord right+left
|
|
|
gray matter
|
center. unmyelinated fibers and neuron cell bodies. posterior horns(sensory function). anterior function (motor). lateral hot autonomic), gray commissure
|
center. unmyelinated. gray commisure
|
|
|
white matter
|
myelinated fibers. anterior, posterior, and lateral columns
|
myelinated
|
|
|
nodes of anvier
|
gaps in myelin sheath along axon
|
gaps in yelp sheath
|
|
|
cell body
|
first part of neuron to receive messages, then moves to axon.
|
cell body receives messages the moves to axon
|
|
|
sensory afferent neurons
|
carry impulses from sensory receptors to cns
|
sensory receptors to cns
|
|
|
conduction pathways & reflex arc
|
ascending tracts, carry sensory information to brain
|
sensory info. to brain
|
|
|
decending tracts
|
carry motor info. away from brain
|
motor away from brain
|
|
|
reflex arc
|
receptor, sensory neuron, association neuron, motor neuron, effector
|
rec, sens, ass. neur,.mot. neur, eff.
|
|
|
somatic reflexes
|
withdrawal and patellar reflexes, effector skeletal muscles
|
w/drw., patellar reflexes, effector skel. musc.
|
|
|
visceral reflexes
|
affect smooth and cardiac muscles cause auto.atic response (heart rate breathing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing)
|
affects smooth+cardiac musc. causes automatic response
|
|
|
ventricles
|
cavities continuous with the central canal of spinal cord+ subarachnoid space. 2 lateral ventricles located in cerebral hemisphere, 3rd ventricle in center of diencephalon, 4th betw. cerebellum+medulla oblongata. each lateral ventricle is connected to 3rd by foramen of monro. 3rd ventricle connected to 4th by cerebral duct.
|
spinal to subarachnoid. 2 in cerebral. 3rd vent. in diencephon. 4th vent. betw. cerebellum+medulla oblongata. connected to foramen Monro. 3rd ventricle connected to 4th by cerebral duct
|
|
|
csf
|
formed w/in ventricles by filtration thru dense network of capillaries(chloride plexus). similar to blood plasma. lack cells, bacteria, and protein. consist of water, glucose+oxygen. return to bloodstream by resorption across arachnoid villi which deliver to superior sagittal sinus.
|
form w/in ventricles by filtration thru choroid plexus. return to bloodstream.
|
|
|
forebrain
|
cerebrum, diencephalon
|
cerebr., dien
|
|
|
mid brain
|
hindbrain, brainstem, cerebrum,diencenphalon, midbrain, medulla oblingata, cerebellum
|
|
|
|
hindbrain
|
pons, medulla oblingata, cerebellum
|
p, m o, cerebe.
|
|
|
brainstem
|
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
|
mid, pon, med, oblong
|
|
|
cerebrum
|
cerebral hemisphere, convolution s - gyri, sulci, longitudinal fissure, lateral fissure, lobea:frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cerebral cortex - gray matter, corpus callosum - white matter
|
|
|
|
dicenphalon
|
thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, pituitary gland
|
|
|
|
midbrain
|
cerebral peduncles, corporate quadrigemina
|
|
|
|
medullary oblongata
|
cardiac, vasomotor+respiratory center
|
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
Arbor vitae, cerebellar peduncles
|
|
|
|
functional areas of cerebral cortex
|
sensory areas, association areas, motor areas, origins of motor impulses
|
|
|
|
sensory areas
|
general sensory area in the parietal lobe, primary visual area in occipital lobe, primary Gustatory in parietal, primary olfactory in temporal
|
|
|
|
association areas
|
somesthetic area located behind general sensory area, visual association area, frontal association area, gnostic association area
|
|
|
|
motor areas
|
primary motor area, premotor area, visual motor area, motor speech area (broca), frontal lobe, wernickes area(temporal/parietal)
|
|
|
|
origins of motor impulses
|
arise from integration centers in the spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, or cerebral cortex
|
|
