Nervous System

Front 1

evolutionary trends:
increased __1__ and __2__ of nerve cells
__3__ of function
increased number of __4__ neurons
more complex __5__
formation of a __6__

Back 1

1. number
2. concentration
3. specialization
4. association
5. synaptic contacts
6. head

Front 2

central nervous system

Back 2

brain and dorsal, tubular spinal cord

Front 3

peripheral nervous system

Back 3

sensory receptors, nerves

Front 4

CNS protected by bone and __1__, cushioned by __2__

Back 4

1. three meninges: dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
2. cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 5

spinal cord transmits impulses to and from __1__ and controls many __2__

Back 5

1. brain
2. reflex actions

Front 6

spinal cord:
peripheral nerves enter through __1__ and are bundles of neurons carrying __2__
sensory neurons split when they enter the vertebral column through __3__
motor neurons leave CNS at __4__

Back 6

1. intervertebral foramen
2. sensory & motor information
3. dorsal roots
4. ventral roots

Front 7

gray matter of spinal cord contains nuclei that serve as __1__

Back 7

1. reflex centers

Front 8

__1__ tracts transmit information __2__

Back 8

1. ascending/descending
2. to/from brain

Front 9

cells involved in withdrawal reflex
path of reflex action

Back 9

sensory receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors
receptor cell -> sensory neuron -> sensory neuron's cell body in dorsal root ganglion -> synapse between sensory and interneuron -> interneuron in central canal of spinal cord -> nerve cell body of motor neuron -> muscle (effector cells)

Front 10

brain development:
brain and spinal cord arise from __1__
anterior end of tube differentiates into __2__

Back 10

1. neural tube
2. forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

Front 11

hindbrain is made up of __1__.

Back 11

1. cerebellum, medulla, pons

Front 12

cerebellum functions in __1__ (3)
medulla functions (3)
pons function

Back 12

1. muscle tone, posture, equilibrium
2. vital centers, other reflex centers, communicates with central canal of spinal cord
3. connects various parts of the brain

Front 13

midbrain:
center for __1__ and __2__ reflexes in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
largest part of brain in __3__ and __4__.
main __5__ area, linking __6__ and __7__

Back 13

1. visual
2. auditory
3. fishes
4. amphibians
5. association
6. sensory input
7. motor output

Front 14

components of brain stem

Back 14

1. medulla, pons, midbrain

Front 15

forebrain differentiates to form __1__ (which develops into __2__ and __3__) and __4__ (which develops into __5__ and __6__)

Back 15

1. diencephalon
2. thalamus
3. hypothalamus
4. telencephalon
5. cerebrum
6. olfactory bulbs

Front 16

diencephalon: thalamus:
relay center for __1__ and __2__ information, decides where __3__ go, decides which __4__ tract

Back 16

1. motor
2. sensory
3. signals
4. descending

Front 17

diencephalon: hypothalamus:
controls __1__ functions, links __2__ and __3__ systems, controls __4__ (3), as well as __5__ and __6__ responses (__7__ system)

Back 17

1. autonomic
2. endocrine
3. nervous
4. temperature, appetite, fluid balance
5. emotional
6. sexual
7. limbic

Front 18

telencephalon: cerebrum:
surface is highly folded/convoluted with deep furrows between folds (__1__), shallow grooves (__2__), and ridges (__3__). divided into __4__

Back 18

1. fissures
2. sulci
3. gyri
4. right and left hemispheres

Front 19

4 cerebral lobes and function

Back 19

frontal - thought processes
parietal (anterior) - sensory
temporal - hearing/speech
occipital - vision

Front 20

sensory areas of cerebrum receiving incoming __1__, are located in __2__ lobes, just __3__ to central sulcus. motor areas control __4__ movement and are located __5__ to central sulcus.

Back 20

1. sensory
2. parietal
3. posterior
4. voluntary
5. anterior

Front 21

functions of association areas of cerebrum (5)

Back 21

1. link sensory and motor areas
2. learning
3. language
4. thought
5. judgement

Front 22

cerebral cortex: grey matter has folds/convolutions and houses cell __1__, white matter houses cell __2__, __3__ accounts for large part of cerebral cortex and is an __4__

Back 22

1. bodies
2. axons
3. neocortex
4. association area

Front 23

__1__ matter of cerebrum lies beneath cerebral cortex. the __2__ is a large band of __1__ matter that connects the right and left hemisphere (fxn: __3__)

Back 23

1. white
2. corpus callosum
3. relay between hemispheres for communication

Front 24

in white matter of cerebrum, the __1__ has areas of __2__ matter (cluster of __3__) buried deep within __4__ matter, important centers for __5__ .
the __6__ is a layer of gray substance containing numerous deeply pigmented, __7__ cells

Back 24

1. basal ganglia
2. grey
3. nuclei
4. white
5. motor function
6. substantia nigra
7. multipolar nerve

Front 25

the __1__ is 4 rounded bulges on back of __2__ between cerebrum and cerebellum, arranged in pairs: __3__, which are separated from one another by __4__ and are responsible for movement of __5__ in response to __6__

Back 25

1. corpora quadrigemina
2. thalamus
3. superior and inferior colliculi
4. crucial sulcus
5. head and eyes
6. sound and visual stimuli

Front 26

superior colliculi are __1__ and __2__ in color than inferior, __3__ in shape, and associated with sense of __4__.
inferior colliculi are __5__ (shape), more __6__ than superior, and associated with sense of __7__

Back 26

1. larger
2. darker
3. oval
4. sight
5. hemispherical
6. prominent
7. hearing

Front 27

the __1__ is a cone-like structure between cerebrum and cerebellum (slight depression in __2__) which is a __3__ composed of __4__ tissue. in humans it's covered by cerebrum but has __5__ to tell it about __6__

Back 27

1. pineal body
2. crucial sulcus
3. third eye
4. retinal
5. nerve connections from eyes
6. day length

Front 28

the sleep-wake pattern is regulated by the __1__ and __2__. an __3__ is a recording of __4__ and indicates __5__ areas of the brain.

Back 28

1. hypothalamus
2. brain stem
3. EEG
4. electrical potentials
5. active

Front 29

relaxed state = __1__ waves
heightened mental activity = __2__ waves
non-REM sleep = __3__ waves with slower frequency and higher amplitude

Back 29

1. alpha
2. beta
3. delta and theta

Front 30

the __1__ is the arousal system. its neurons filter __2__ and select which information is transmitted to the __3__.
location: __4__
sleep is an __5__ period during which a person can be __6__

Back 30

1. Reticular activating system (RAS)
2. arousal
3. cerebrum
4. through central core of medulla, pons
5. unconscious
6. aroused

Front 31

REM sleep is characterized by __1__ waves and __2__. non-REM sleep is characterized by __3__ waves, __4__ slows, __5__ of cerebral cortex slows

Back 31

1. beta
2. dreaming
3. delta
4. metabolic rate
5. electrical activity

Front 32

stimulation of the __1__ of hypothalamus results in non-REM sleep

Back 32

1. preoptic nucleus

Front 33

the __1__ is the main biological clock. it receives information about __2__ and transmits it to other nuclei that regulate __3__.

Back 33

1. suprachiasmatic nucleus
2. light and dark
3. sleep

Front 34

__1__ nuclei in brain stem appear to be involved in producing REM sleep.
many neurons projecting from here release __2__ (involved in sleep)

Back 34

1. Raphe
2. serotonin

Front 35

sleep is important in __1__ and in processing __2__. not sleeping for long periods causes __3__ and __4__.

Back 35

1. learning
2. memories
3. fatigue
4. irritability

Front 36

limbic system includes parts of frontal lobe, temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, several nuclei in midbrain and the neural pathways that connect these structures.
it's responsible for __1__ aspects of behavior, __2__, __3__ behavior, __4__ responses, and __5__.

Back 36

1. emotional
2. motivation
3. sexual
4. autonomic
5. biological rhythms

Front 37

parts of limbic system: __1__ categorizes information and consolidates memories. __2__ evaluates incoming information and signals danger.

Back 37

1. hippocampus
2. amygdala

Front 38

acquiring information as a result of experience is __1__. __2__ is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Back 38

1. learning
2. memory

Front 39

two types of memory

Back 39

implicit memory is the unconscious memory for perceptual and motor skills
explicit memory is the factual memory of people, places, and objects

Front 40

__1__ memory: recall information for up to a few minutes, involves changes in __2__ of __3__, information can be transferred to __4__.

Back 40

1. short term
2. neurotransmitter receptors
3. postsynaptic neurons
4. long term memory

Front 41

__1__ memory involves __2__ activation and __1__ functional changes at __3__.

Back 41

1. long term
2. gene
3. synapses

Front 42

1. location of memory circuits

Back 42

1. throughout the brain, not one particular place

Front 43

memories are store in various __1__ areas, __2__ system, __3__, and __4__.

Back 43

1. associative
2. limbic
3. hypothalamus
4. thalamus

Front 44

__1__ is important in complex thought processing and language, used when sounding out and learning new words. if it becomes damaged, __2__.

Back 44

1. Wernicke's area
2. words can be out of order

Front 45

pathway of information through nervous system

Back 45

sensory input -> PNS -> CNS -> PNS -> motor output

Front 46

peripheral nervous system includes __1__ pairs of nerve bundles going to and from __2__. __3__ pairs of __4__ nerves

Back 46

1. 43
2. CNS
3. 12/31
4. cranial/spinal

Front 47

most easily seen nerves of the PNS are __1__ nerves. functions: __2__ (4), necessary for __3__ (3), one pair supplies __4__ muscles, __5__ nerve branches to many organs (__6__), enter and leave skill via __7__ and pass through __8__ and __9__

Back 47

1. cranial
2. special senses of sight, smell, taste, and balance
3. chewing, swallowing, salivation
4. neck
5. vagus
6. heart, lungs, kidney, liver, spleen, digestive
7. foramina
8. meninges
9. duramater

Front 48

6 most important cranial nerves

Back 48

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens

Front 49

spinal nerves enter and leave spinal cord at __1__. 4 groups/plexes.

Back 49

1. intervertebral foramen
2. cervical (head, neck, shoulders, back)
brachial (arms, chest, shoulders)
intercostal
lumbosacral (legs,hips)

Front 50

PNS:
sensory = __1__
continuously inform CNS of __2__, cell bodies located in __3__, sensory doesn't imply __4__
motor = __5__
neurons transmit __6__ of CNS to appropriate __7__, cell bodies are usually located in __8__

Back 50

1. afferent
2. changing conditions
3. dorsal root ganglion
4. awareness
5. efferent
6. decisions
7. muscles and glands
8. CNS

Front 51

PNS:
__1__ division responds to changes in external environments and __2__ division regulates internal activities of the body

Back 51

1. somatic
2. autonomic

Front 52

somatic division of PNS always innervates __1__ muscle, cell bodies in CNS have long __2__, only neurons involved in carrying information from CNS to __3__, information always causes __4__

Back 52

1. skeletal
2. axons
3. target muscles
4. contraction

Front 53

autonomic division of PNS maintains __1__, innervates __2__ muscle and __3__, always involves 2 neurons that carry info to target (__4__), __5__ on these neurons are shorter, 2 types of stimulation (__6__)

Back 53

1. homeostasis
2. smooth and cardiac
3. glands
4. one has cell body within CNS, one doesn't
5. axons
6. sympathetic, parasympathetic

Front 54

sympathetic system permits body to respond to __1__. parasympathetic system influences __2__ to conserve and restore __3__.

Back 54

1. stressful situations
2. organs
3. energy

Front 55

sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervate __1__, fxn in opposite way (__2__)

Back 55

1. many organs
2. sympathetic increases heart rate, parasympathetic decreases heart rate

Front 56

always 2 cells involved in one __1__ signal, (where originate)

Back 56

1. autonomic efferent
2. one in CNS, one outside CNS

Front 57

sympathetic ganglia:
__1__ - where 2 cells meet occurring outside spinal cord, ganglia are located on each __2__ of spinal cord and are connected to __3__, chain of ganglia is __4__
parasympathetic ganglia:
located in __5__ near organs they innervate

Back 57

1. synapse
2. lateral side
3. one another
4. synaptic trunk
5. terminal ganglia

Front 58

drug actions and effects:
__1__ mood, increase/decrease concentrations of specific __2__ within brain

Back 58

1. alter
2. neurotransmitters

Front 59

CNS divided into __1__
PNS divided into __2__

Back 59

1. brain and spinal cord
2. somatic and autonomic divisions

Front 60

3 parts of somatic division

Back 60

receptors, afferent (sensory) nerves (transmit info from receptors to CNS), efferent (motor) nerves (transmit from CNS to skeletal muscles)

Front 61

3 parts of autonomic division, 2 parts of third part

Back 61

receptors, afferent (sensory) nerves (transmit from receptors in internal organs to CNS), efferent nerves (transmit from CNS to glands, involuntary muscles): sympathetic nerves (stimulate activity resulting in mobilization of energy) and parasympathetic nerves (resulting in energy conservation/restoration)