Nervous System

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Central Nervous System (CNS)

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Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord
Receives and processes information

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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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Consists of cranial and spinal nerves
Carries information to and from the cns

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Neuron

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Base cell of the nervous system
Carry inpulses
Have a Cell Body, Dendrites, and Axon

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Cell Body

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Central portion of the neuron where the nucleus is located

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Dendrites

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Projections from the cell body of a neuron that collect impulses

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Axon

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Long projection that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron

End in Terminal End Fibers

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Synapse

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Space between the terminal end fibers of one neuron and another neuron or cell

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemicals that carry information across a synapse

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Glial Cells

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AKA Neuroglia

supportive and connective cells of the nervous system

can replicate

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Myelin

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White protective coating along the axons of some neurons that enables them to transmit a signal more effeciently

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White Matter

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tissue made of myelinated nerve fibers

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Gray Matter

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tissue made of unmyelinated nerve fibers

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Nerve

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one or more bundles of neurons

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Nerve Tract

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bundle of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

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Ganglion

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Cluster of nerve cell bodies outside of the CNS

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Plexus

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network of intersecting nerves

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Innervation

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the supply of nerves to a body part

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Receptors

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sites that receive sensory information

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Meninges

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Three connective tissue membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

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Dura Mater

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Tough, fibrous outer meningial layer surrounding the brain

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Arachnoid

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Second layer of meninges

Connected to the underlying layer with attachment strands

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Pia Mater

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Thin inner meningial layer surrounding the brain

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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Clear colourless watery fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain

Nourishes, cools, and cushions the brain and spinal cord

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Cerebrum

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Largest and uppermost part of the brain

Responsible for thought, memory, sensation, intelligence, etc

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Corpus Callosum

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Thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the cerebrum together

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Ventricles

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Produce and contain the cerebrospinal fluid

there are 4

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Thalamus

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Relays information from the sense organs and cerebellum to the cerebrum

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Hypothalamus

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Located below the thalamus

Maintains homeostasis

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Diencephalon

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Structure consisting of the Thalamus and the Hypothalamus

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Cerebellum

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Motor center of the brain - produces smooth, coordinated movements - manages balance and posture

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Anesthesiologist

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physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents and monitors patient during surgery

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Anesthetist

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Professional who administers anesthetics - not necessarily a physician

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Neurologist

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Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system

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Psychiatrist

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Physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental illness - is allowed to prescribe medication

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Psychologist

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Professional trained to evaluate and treat emotional problems and mental illness

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Cephalgia

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Headache

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Migraine Headache

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syndrome characterized by sudden, throbbing pain, nausea, and photosensitivity

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Cluster Headache

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characterized by concentrated pain on one side of the head that occurs one or more times a day for weeks or months

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Encephalocele

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herniation of the brain through a gap in the skull

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Meningocele

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herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column

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Hydrocephalus

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abnormally increased amount of CSF within the ventricles of the brain

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Meningitis

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inflammation of the meninges - may be bacterial or viral

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Alzheimer's Disease

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Form of dementia

degeneration of brain structure that leads to impairment of memory, cognition and personality

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Parkinson's Disease

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Chronic, degenerative CNS disorder - leads to progressive loss of control over movement

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Encephalitis

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inflammation of the brain

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Reye's syndrome

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vomiting, listlessness, and disorientation that can occur during recovery from a viral infection

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Tetanus

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AKA Lockjaw

bacterial infection acquired through deep wounds

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Amnesia

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memory disturbance

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Concussion

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jarring or shaking of the brain

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Cerebral Contusion

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Bruising of the brain tissue

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Cranial Hematoma

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collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

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Conscious

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alert, aware

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Unconscious

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unaware - unable to respond to stimuli

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Syncope

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fainting - brief loss of consciousness

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lethargy

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lowered level of consciousness characterized by listlessness, drowsiness, apathy

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stupor

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impaired awareness, will respond to strong stimuli

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Coma

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State of deep unconsciousness - no response to stimuli

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Delirium

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sudden onset of confusion and anxiety

Potentially reversable

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Dementia

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slowly progressing decline in mental ability

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Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)

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AKA Stroke

damage to the brain caused by disruption of blood flow

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Ischemic Stroke

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occur when blood flow is blocked due to narrowing of the carotid artery or blood clots in the brain

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Hemorrhagic Stroke

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occur when blood vessels of the brain leak or rupture

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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

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temporary interruption of blood flow that causes numbness, blurred vision, dizziness, loss of balance

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Aphasia

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loss of the ability to speak, write and or comprehend the written or spoken word

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Insomnia

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prolonged abnormal inability to sleep

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Narcolepsy

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sleep disorder consisting of recurring episodes of falling asleep during the day

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Somnambulism

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sleepwalking

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somnolence

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condition of unnatural sleepiness or semiconsciousness approaching coma

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myelitis

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inflammation of the spinal cord

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poliomyelitis

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contagious viral infection that inflames the spinal cord and brainstem resulting in paralysis

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radiculitis

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pinched nerve due to inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve

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Multiple Sclerosis

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autoimmune disorder characterized by scattered patches of demylination of nerves in the CNS

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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

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AKA Lou Gehrig's Disease

degenerative disease of the motor nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord

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Bell's Palsy

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temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve

Causes facial drooping

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Sciatica

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inflammation of the sciatic nerve which results in pain, burning, and tingling along the thigh and leg

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Tic douloureux

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Trigeminal neuralgia

inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve that causes intense pain on one side of the face
-triggered by touch or movement

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Cerebral Palsy

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condition of poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurological deficiencies

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Epilepsy

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disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures or convulsions

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Grand Mal Epilepsy

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severe form of epilepsy characterized by generalized seizures and convulsions

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Petit Mal Epilepsy

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mild form of epilepsy characterized by frequent but partial seizures and no convulsions

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Causalgia

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persistent, severe, burning pain following injury to a sensory nerve

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Hyperesthesia

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excessive sensitivity to stimuli

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Paresthesia

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abnormal sensation in the extremities

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Electroencephalography

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recording of electrical activity of the brain

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Myelography

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radiographic study of the spinal cord with contrast media

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TENS

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Transcutaneous Electronic Nerve Stimulation

application of electrical impulses to the nerve endings through the skin

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Analgesic

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medication that relieves pain

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Sedative

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medication that depresses the CNS to produce calm

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Hypnotic

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medication that causes sleep

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anticonvulsant

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medication that prevents seizures and convulsions

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anesthesia

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absence of normal sensation

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Topical anesthetic

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medication that numbs the tissue surface

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Local anesthetic

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medication that causes loss of sensation in a limited area

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Regional anesthetic

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medication that causes loss of sensation in an area and is administered by injection at the root of the nerve

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General anesthetic

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medication that causes total loss of body sensation

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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electroshock therapy

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Lobectomy

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surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure

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Neuroplasty

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surgical repair of a nerve

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neurorrhaphy

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surgical suturing the ends of a severed nerve

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neurotomy

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surgical incision or dissection of a nerve

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autism

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group of conditions in which a young child cannot develop normal social relationships

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Dyslexia

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Developmental reading disorder due to the inability of the brain to process symbols

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Psychotic disorders

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mental disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

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schizophrenia

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psychotic disorder characterized by a combination of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behaviour

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Dissociative disorders

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occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness

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Depression

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disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities

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Bipolar disorders

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disorders characterized by the occurence of manic or hypomanic episodes alternating with depressive episodes

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Anxiety disorders

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characterized by anxiety or fear out of proportion to real danger

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phobia

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persistent, irrational fear of a specific thing or situation

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somatoform disorders

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characterized by physical complaints or concern's about one's body which are out of proportion to reality

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Factitious disorders

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condition in which a person acts as if he or she has a physical ailment when they are not really sick