Nervous System

Front 1

Define stroke.

Back 1

An 'abrupt onset' of focal or global neurological symptoms caused by ischemia or hemorrhage lasting >24 hours.

3rd leading cause of death.

Front 2

Define TIA.

Back 2

Transient ischemic attack - the term used if the symptoms (of stroke) resolve within 24 hours.

1/3 will have stroke sometime in the future.

Front 3

Causes of TIA and stroke

Back 3

Atherosclerosis
Embolism

Predisposing factors: hypertension, heart disease, smoking, diabetes, migraine.

Front 4

Epidural Hematoma

Back 4

an accumulation of blood between the calvarium adn the dura. Usually results from a blow to the side of the head that fractures the temporal bone—can transect the branches of the middle meningeal arteries and blood can escape into the epidural space. Generally fatal. Hematoma enlarges  increased intracranial pressures  venous sinuses compressed  cerebral ischemia and hypoxia.

Front 5

Subdural Hematoma

Back 5

an accumulation of blood in the subdural space as a consequence of bleeding from torn bridging veins. Cause of death follwing head injuries and victims of child abuse.

Front 6

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Back 6

bleeding into the subarachnoid space from any cause. 2/3 of the cases reflect the rupture of a pre-existing arterial aneurysm.

Front 7

Cerebral contusion

Back 7

bruise of the cortical surface of the brain that virtually always is a sresult of head trauma.

PERMANENT- forms a local scar, and the lesion persits as a telltale crater.

Front 8

Aneurysm

Back 8

The localized enlargement of a blood vessel, usually an artery, that forms a bulge or sac

Front 9

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Back 9

occurs at preferential sites (basal ganglia 65%m pons 15%, cerebellum 8%). The integrity of cerebral arterioles is compromised by hypertension through the deposition of lipid and hyaline material in their walls. The resulting weakening of the wall leads to formation of Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms, located on the trunk of a vessel.

Front 10

Hydrocephalus

Back 10

: either congenital or acquired; an excessive amount of CSF with consequent dilatation of the ventricular system.
-Non-communicating: obstruction is within the ventricular chambers.

Front 11

Cerebral abscess

Back 11

micro-organissms carried by the bloodstream lodge in the cerebral cortex. They replicates and elicit an acute inflammatory reaction and regional edema. Lequifaction necorosis converst the lesion to an expanding absecess. Fibroblasts knit a capsule around the absecess; astrocytes multiply but don’t help much. Abscess must be excised or drained or pressure will build Edema develops, region is disposed to ischemia. A “daughter” abscess frequently forms underneath the “mother” abscess and carries the inflammatory process inward. Pus passes through the chambers, through the foramina of MAgendi and Luschka and onto the meninges  fatal.

Front 12

Multiple sclerosis

Back 12

see

Front 13

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 13

see

Front 14

Prion Disease

Back 14

see

Front 15

Communicating hydrocephalus

Back 15

impaired reabsorption of CSF.

acquired.

sequel to meningitis.

Front 16

NOn-communicating hydrocephalus

Back 16

obstruction within the ventricular chambers. Flow obstructed by:
congential malformation
neoplasm
inflammation
hemorrhage

common location: aqueduct of Sylvius

Front 17

Coup contusion vs. contrecoup contusion

Back 17

coup: cerebral contusion occurs at the point of impact.

contrecoup: when the occipital area hits the grouns, the resulting abrasions are prone to occur on the OPPOSITE side of the brain-- opposite to the point of contact.

Front 18

a. Developmental arterial defects that occur at branch points of the carotid system and cause a high mortality rate when they rupture

Back 18

Berry aneurysms.

Front 19

b. A fusiform-shaped arterial defect usually located at the trunk of a blood vessel caused by hypertension

Back 19

Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms

Front 20

8. Name the form of bleeding in the CNS that is caused by trauma to the front or back of the head that ruptures bridging veins and is a significant cause of mortality

Back 20

subdural hematoma

Front 21

9. Name the viral infection of the CNS that is caused by the virus that causes cold sores and is predominantly located in the temporal lobes of the brain

Back 21

herpes encephalitis

Front 22

The most common cause of epidemic bacterial meningitis is

Back 22

Neisseria meningitidis

Front 23

11. The degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by loss of neurons in the substantia nigra and Lewy body inclusions in residual neurons is

Back 23

Parkinson's disease

Front 24

12. The astrocytoma with the highest incidence and poorest prognosis is the

Back 24

Glioblastoma Multiforme

Front 25

13. A tumor derived from proliferation of all cellular elements of the peripheral nerve is the

Back 25

neurofibroma

Front 26

14. The hereditary degenerative disease of the CNS caused by trinucleotide repeat expansion is

Back 26

HUntington disease

Front 27

Name the altered protein that forms amyloid plaque

Back 27

amyloid beta protein

Front 28

Name the altered protein that forms neurofibrillary tangle

Back 28

Tau protein (altered phosphorylation)

Front 29

16. The infectious agent in Spongiform Encephalopathy is called a

Back 29

prion

Front 30

The human spongiform encephalopathy caused by consumption of contaminated beef is called

Back 30

variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Front 31

17. An error of morphogenesis in which an organ develops in a site other than its normal anatomic location is called

Back 31

ectopia

Front 32

18. The most common cause of acquired mental retardation is

Back 32

fetal alcohol syndrome

Front 33

19. A karyotype that does not contain an exact multiple of the haploid number of chromosomes is called

Back 33

aneuploid