Nervous System

Front 1

Cochlea

Back 1

Is a snail shaped structure in inner ear filled with fluid. it is pea-sized and contains receptor cells. When the fluid in the cochlea moves,it trigers the receptor cells.

Front 2

Ear Canal

Back 2

The sound waves are funneled through the pinna travel into the middle part of the ear through the tube called the ear canal.

Front 3

Ear Infection

Back 3

An ear infection that occurs in the ear canal is referred to a swimmers ear and can be caused by fungus or by bacteria. A middle ear infection is generally cause by bacteria which travels up the Eustachian tube. An inner ear infection is generally caused by a virus that damages the semicircular canals causing issues with balance. Viruses can damage the auditory nerve causing partial or complete hearing loss.

Front 4

Ear Drum/Tympanum

Back 4

The Ear Drum is at the end of the auditory canal. It is stretched tight like the head of a drum, and it vibrates when it is hit by sound waves. When the eardrum vibrates, it causes three small bones to vibrate. It seperates the outer ear from the middle ear.

Front 5

Eustachian Tubes

Back 5

Between your middle ear and your throat their is a passage called Eusachian Tubes (you have one on each side) Keep pressure from building up by letting air move in and out of your middle ear.

Front 6

Incus

Back 6

The (or anvil) is the second tiny bone in the middle ear that receives sound wave messages in the form of vibrations from the malleus and sends it to the third tiny bone, the stapes.

Front 7

Inner Ear

Back 7

Totally encased in the skull. It is filled with fluid.

Front 8

Malleus

Back 8

Also known as the hammer and is the first of three tiny bones in the middle ear. It receives sound wave messages in the form of vibrations from the ear drum and sends them to the incus.

Front 9

Arachnoid mater

Back 9

One of three layers of membranes that covers the brain and spinal cord. It is between the two other layers and is delicate and spiderweb like (therefore the name - arachnoid refers to spider). Cerebrospinal fluid flows under this membrane.

Front 10

Axon

Back 10

It is the long, skinny part of a neuron and sends electrical impulses away from the neuron's cell body. Axons are the main transmitters of the nervous system. They release molecules that the dendrites of a nearby neuron receives. Most nerve cells have one axon each.

Front 11

Cell Body

Back 11

It is the largest part of a cell and holds all of the general parts of a cell including the nucleus, which is the control center of the cell. The cell body has structures that help make energy and get rid of cellular wastes.

Front 12

Cerebellum

Back 12

It is located under the cerebrum and is responsible for balance, movement and coordination.

Front 13

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Back 13

Helps protect the brain and nerve tissue, keeps it healthy and removes waste products. Essentially, the brain "floats" in it. It is located between the arachnoid mater (the middle layer of the brain cover) and the pia mater (the layer closest to the brain). It also fills special spaces in the brain and spinal cord.

Front 14

Cerebrum

Back 14

The largest and most complex part of the brain. It consists of the cerebrum - the area with all the folds and grooves. It controls over intelligence, memory, personality, emotion, speech, and ability to feel and move.

Front 15

Cranium

Back 15

The part of the skeletal system that holds and protects the brain. Along with the mandible, it makes up the skull.

Front 16

Dendrites

Back 16

The long, thin pidery-looking parts of a neuron. One neuron may have more than 10,000 dendrites. The dendrites receive nerve messages and carry the signals toward the cell body.

Front 17

Dura Mater

Back 17

(from the Latin "hard mother") is the tough outermost of the three layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It helps to protect the brain.

Front 18

Medulla

Back 18

This, along with a structure called the pons, makes up the brainstem. It takes in, sends out and coordinates all of the brain's messages. It also controls many of the body's automatic functions, like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, digestion and blinking.

Front 19

Nerves

Back 19

Made up of bundles of neurons (nerve cells). Certain nerves carry messages to the spinal cord brain. Other nerves carry messages from the brain. Nerves tend to be larger at the spinal cord and smaller as they move away from the spinal cord.

Front 20

Nervous System

Back 20

This is made up of brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs. It receives messages from the environment and sends them to the brain and sends messages from the brain to the structures of the body.

Front 21

Neurons

Back 21

The special name for nerve cells. Nerve cells make up the brain, nerves and spinal cord. They send messages to and from the brain.

Front 22

Pia Mater

Back 22

This is the delicate innermost layer of the meninges - the membranes surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The thin, mesh-like pia mater closely covers the entire surface of the brain, running down in to the folds of the cerebrum.

Front 23

Receptor

Back 23

Specialized neurons in the sense organs (like eyes, nose, ears, etc) that etect stimuli from the environment like light, smells, sounds, etc.

Front 24

Reflex

Back 24

is an action controlled by a message carried by a nerve that goes to the spinal cord not the brain. this saves time and allows action to occur quickly. ex: blinking and pulling a hand away from a stove

Front 25

Sense Organs

Back 25

(like eyes, nose, ears, etc) have specialized cells that pick up messages from and sends the messages to the brain.

Front 26

Spinal Cord

Back 26

is formed by a narrowing of medulla it is made of nerves that carry messages to or away from the brain it runs down a channel created by the hollow centers of the vertebrae

Front 27

Snapses

Back 27

are where neurons meet. the dendrites and the axons dont actully touch because the synapses are tiny gaps. At the synapses the nerve signal can jump from one to the next. the dendrites receive nerve signals from other nerve cells and pass them to the axon. the dendrites of other nerve cells. At the synapse the signals always pass in the same direction they dont work in reverse

Front 28

Terminal fibers

Back 28

are located at the end of axons. They release molecules that dendrites or nearby neuron receives.

Front 29

Stapes

Back 29

The Stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone in the middle ear, which is attached to the incus and the fenestra ovalis (oval window). It is the smallest and lightest bone in the human body and it transfers sound waves to the cochlea.

Front 30

Middle ear

Back 30

The middle ear is located between the eardrum and the oval window of the cochlea. The middle ear contains three tiny bones. The main function of the middle ear is to transfer sound waves to the to the cochlea.

Front 31

Semicircular Canal

Back 31

are connected to the cochlea. They are filled with fluid. When you move, the fluid moves, triggering nerve messages that make you aware of your position.

Front 32

Sound Waves

Back 32

connected to the cochlea. They are filled with fluid. When you move,the fluid moves, triggering nerve messages that make you aware of your position.

Front 33

pinnae

Back 33

connected to the cochlea. They are filled with fluid. When you move,the fluid moves, triggering nerve messages that make you aware of your position.

Front 34

noise pollution

Back 34

is any loud or constant that disrupts the activity or balance of human or animal life. A common form is from transportation - cars and plaines, but also power tools, barking dogs, appliances, lighting hum ect.

Front 35

peripheral vision

Back 35

is what allows you to see to the left and right without turning your head. It is weaker in humans then animals.

Front 36

pupil

Back 36

the entrance to the inside of the eyeball. It lets light into your eye. The muscles of the iris control the size of it. The bigger it is, the more light is let in.

Front 37

cornea

Back 37

the colored part of the eye. It has muscle fibers that contract and relax to control the size of the pupil.

Front 38

lens

Back 38

is a small disk made of clear living cells. It is held in place by muscle that contracts and relaxes , causing it to flatten or bulge. This controls your ability to focus on objects that are near or far.

Front 39

Retina

Back 39

lines the back of the inside of the eyeball and is made of receptor cells that are sensitive to light. Converts light to nerve messages.

Front 40

Distance vision

Back 40

allows you to see objects that are 20 feet or more from the viewer.

Front 41

Optic Nerve

Back 41

is attached to the back of your eyeball. It receives light messages from the retina and sends them to the brain.

Front 42

Tympanum

Back 42

is the reflective layer in the back of the eye of some animals. It helps animals with night vision.

Front 43

Choroid

Back 43

- is a layer of the eye between the retina and sclera. It is made of layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye.

Front 44

Light Pollution

Back 44

- is excessive or disruptive artificial light. It disrupts ecosystems and has adverse health affects. Since they early 1980s, a global dark-sky movement had emerged, with concerned people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution. Like other forms of pollution (such as air, water, and noise pollution) light pollution causes damage to the environment.

Front 45

Iris

Back 45

is the colored part of the eye. It has muscle fibers that contract and relax to control the size of the pupil.

Front 46

Decibals

Back 46

Are units of measurement that measure the loudness of sound see page 319. A loud ipod would measure 125 decibels and and a whisper 30 decibels.

Front 47

cochlea

Back 47

The cochlea is a snail shaped structure in the inner ear filled with fluid. It is pea-sized and contains receptor cells. When the fluid in the cochlea moves, it triggers the receptor cells.

Front 48

Auditory canal
(ear canal)

Back 48

The sound waves are funneled through the pinna travel into the middle part of the ear called the Auditory canal.

Front 49

Auditory Nerve

Back 49

Is the nerve that receives sound wave messages from the receptor cells in the cochlea and sends them to the auditory portion of the brain.