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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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General External Features:
Location: Shape: |
Location: w/in spinal (vertrbral) canal; from brain stem to conus-ap.L2; foramen mag. is diivision between brain and sp. cord.
Shape: longitudinal view Flattened in dorsal |
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cervical enlargement
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origin for nerves supplying upper extrmity
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lumbar enlargement
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origin for nerves supplying lower extremity
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conus medullaris
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cone shaped ending of sp. cord ap. T12-12
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filum terminal
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tissue from conus (pia mater) to coccyx
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causa equina
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"horses tail" group of spinal nerves inside spinal canal
(hangs off conus) |
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spinal segments
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there are 31; one pair of spinal nerves arises from each segment
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R & L sides
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anterior median fissure
posterior median sulcus |
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anterior median fissure
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a deep wide groove on the anterior side
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posterior median sulcus
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a shallow narrow furrous on the posterior dorsal side
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segment is a misnomer
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cord only appears segmented in early stages of development
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Shape= cross section
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lateral white column &
posterior white column |
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white matter
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surrounds gray matter; consists of myelinated fibers
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anterior(ventral) white column
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is column shaped in longitudinal view
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anterior white commissure
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pronounced "kom" is sure; connects white colimns
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Grat matter
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unmyelinated fibers & cell bodies (not myelinated); of multipolar neurons
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anterior(ventral) gray horn
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term "horn" is used when cord seen in x.s.
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Lateral (gray) horn
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between the anterior & posterior gray horns present only in the thoracic, upper lunbar, & sacral segmentes of sninal coed
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Posterior (gray) horn
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contain somatic & autonomic sensory nuclei
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Gray commissure
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on either side (surrounds) central canal of sp. cord
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central canal of spinal cord
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continuous w/ ventricles (cavities) of brain; contains c.s.f. (cerebral spinal fluid)
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anterior median fissure
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deep, wide groove on the anterior(ventral)side groove penetrates whiter matter on spin. cord & divids the L&R side
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Posterior median sulcus
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shallower narrow furrow on the posterior dorsal side
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Tracts
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running inside the C.N.S.
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Ascending tracts
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is a sensory tract (consists of sensory or afferent neurons)
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Desending tracts
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is a motor tract (consists of motor or efferent neurons)
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Protective Coverings of the Spinal Cord:
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vertebral column
meninges |
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vertebral column
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strongest
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vertebral (spinal) canal
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made up of indiv. fratebrem
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Cranial meninges
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conn. tissue encircle the brain
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spinal meninges
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conn. tissue surrounding spinal cord
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dura mater
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outer layer or outer meninx
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epidural space
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between dura & bone of vert. column; has fat, vessels; it injection site for anesthetics
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subdural space
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contains interstitial fluid
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Arachnoid
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middle layer or middle menix
(spiter webb like) |
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subarachnoid space
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contains c.s.f.
(below arachnoid memebrane) |
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Pita mater
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inner layer or inner menix
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Denticulate ligament
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runs laterally between tracts from pia to dura mater; helps to anchor chord in vertebral canal
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3 layers form protective cover:
P A D |
Pia
Arachnoid Dura |
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Two major spinal cord functions
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connect periphery & brain
Intergrate reflexes |
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connect periphery & brain
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away from c.n.s. is periphery
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integrate reflexes
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volentary or involentary
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impulse conduction
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function is carried out by ascending & desending tracts; names of the tracts indicate the white column or funculus in which the tracts travel
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Integration of reflexes
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a fast involuntary response to a change (stimulus) helps maintain homeostasis
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conduction pathway
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the path an impulse travels from it's origin to it's point of termination
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posterior or dorsal (sensory) root ganglion
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nerves outside c.n.s
these ganglia contain unipolar neurons (swelling) |
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anterior or ventral (motor) root
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in gray matter cord; cell bodies that originate in anterior gray horns supply skeletal muscels (a.n.s.)
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Reflex arc & conduction pathway
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involuntary conduction pathway
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receptor
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end of a dendrite either naked or associated w/ adjacent tissue
(picks up reseptors all over body) |
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sensory neuron
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conducts impulse from recptors to c.n.s.
(travels through out) |
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center (brain ans spin. cord)
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impulses translated, slowed, redirected
(can do anything) association neuron may or may not be present |
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motor neuron
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carries impulse from c.n.s. to effector
(directly stimulated) |
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effector
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muscle or gland
(knee jerk reflex |
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types of reflexs:
spinal |
involves sp cord only
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types of reflexs:
somatic |
inv. skeletal muscle
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types of reflexes:
cranial |
inv. brain centers & cranial nerve
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types of reflexes
visceral(autonomic) |
inv. involuntary effectors=smooth & cardiac muscles; glands
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cervial #
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C1-C8
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thoracic #
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T1-T12
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lumbar #
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L1-L5
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sacral #
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S1-S5
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coccygeal #
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1 PAIR
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sensory (afferent)
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to c.n.s.
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motor (efferent)
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away c.n.s.
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mixed
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includes all spinal nerves & all directions
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gross anatomy of a spinal nerve
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for all nerves - myeliated or not
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epineurium
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surrounds entire nerve
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fascicles (fasciculi)
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bundle of nerve fibers (axons)
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perineurum
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surrounds or difines fascicles
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endoneurum
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surrounds each nerve fiber
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branches (rami) of a spin. nerve
ramus=means branch |
branches close to cord
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dorsal ramus
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sm. ramus of two; supplies deep muscle & skin of back of trunk
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ventral ramus
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supplies superfical back muscles, all extremities; lateral & ventral trunk
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rami communicants
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branches of sp. nerves; belongs to the a.n.s.
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plexuses
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network of vessels, nerves, lymphatics, ect. These spinal plexuses are formed from the venral rami of all sp. nerves except T2-T12
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dermatomes
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derma=skin tome=thin skin segments; somatic sensory & motor system are involved in the regulation of dermatomes
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sensory (afferent)
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to c.n.s.
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motor (efferent)
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away c.n.s.
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mixed
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includes all spinal nerves & all directions
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gross anatomy of a spinal nerve
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for all nerves - myeliated or not
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epineurium
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surrounds entire nerve
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fascicles (fasciculi)
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bundle of nerve fibers (axons)
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perineurum
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surrounds or difines fascicles
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endoneurum
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surrounds each nerve fiber
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branches (rami) of a spin. nerve
ramus=means branch |
branches close to cord
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dorsal ramus
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sm. ramus of two; supplies deep muscle & skin of back of trunk
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ventral ramus
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supplies superfical back muscles, all extremities; lateral & ventral trunk
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rami communicants
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branches of sp. nerves; belongs to the a.n.s.
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plexuses
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network of vessels, nerves, lymphatics, ect. These spinal plexuses are formed from the venral rami of all sp. nerves except T2-T12
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dermatomes
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derma=skin tome=thin skin segments; somatic sensory & motor system are involved in the regulation of dermatomes
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