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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous System
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A system that is very fast but brief responses
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Endocrine system
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Slower but often last longer
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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Contains:
- Brain & spinal cord - integrating, processing, and coordinating - Intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Contains:
- Neural tissue outside the CNS - Provides sensory information to the CNS - Carries motor commands to peripheral tissues |
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TRUE
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TRUE OR FALSE:
The central nervous system never regenerates. This is why strokes are bad |
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Afferent Division
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Brings sensory information to the CNS. Motor in. Signals coming in.
This is a division of PNS |
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Afferent division
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Carries information from
- Somatic sensory receptors - visceral sensory receptors - special sense organs |
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What are Somatic sensory receptors?
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- Skeletal muscles,
- joints, - skin |
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What are Visceral sensory receptors?
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- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle - glands |
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What are Special sense organs?
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- Eye
- Nose - Tongue - Ear |
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Efferent Division
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Carries motor commands to muscles and glands. Motor Out. This is a division of PNS
2 Divisions: Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System |
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
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May be Voluntary or involuntary control. Skeletal muscle contraction.
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Keeps system working. Involuntary control. Visceral motor system- smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands.
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Dual Innervation
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Gas and break peddles. 2 systems work to speed up or slow down for balance
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Neural Tissue
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Contains 2 cell types: Nerve Cells (Neurons) and Supporting Cells (Neuroglia)
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Neurons
(nerve cells) |
Are responsible for the transfer and processing of information in the nervous system
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Dendrites
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Are short, extensions of neurons. Have huge surface area for receiving signals. Information collectors. Stimulated by environmental changes/ activities from other cells
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Cell Body
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Contains the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and other organelles.
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Axon
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Conducts (generates) nerve impulses (action potential) and transmits them away from the cell body towards the synapse terminals. Typically, these are long.
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Terminal Boutons
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Affect another neuron or effector organ (muscle or gland)
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Neuroglia (Glial Cells)
(Supporting Cells) |
Isolate neurons. Provide framework for neural tissue. Maintain intercellular environment. Act as Phagocytes
*100 billion glial cells. More number of these then Neurons |
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What are Phagocytes?
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A white blood cell that helps the human body fight off infection and disposes of dead or dying somatic cells. Phagocytes rid the body of bacteria and other pathogens
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Name the different types of Neuroglia cells in Central Nervous System
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> Astrocytes
> Microglia > Ependymal Cells > Oligodendrocytes |
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Astrocytes Cells
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Maintain blood brain barrier.
Provide structural support.; regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters; form scar tissue after injury |
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Microglia Cells
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Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis.
phagocytosis - Eating foreign, bad material |
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Ependymal Cells
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Line ventricles (spaces ) in brain & central canal (spinal cord). Help in producing , circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid
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Oligodendrocytes
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Produce insulating covers called Myelin sheaths. Myelinate the CNS axons; provide structural framework
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Name the 2 kinds of Neuroglia cells in the Peripheral Nervous System
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> Satellite Cells
> Schwann Cells |
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Satellite Cells
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Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia; regulate Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia
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Schwann Cells
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Surround ALL axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; take part in repair process after injury
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Sensory Neurons
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> a Neuron whose axon carries sensory information from PNS toward the CNS
Most are Pseudounipolar neurons |
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Motor Neurons
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> A neuron whos axon carries motor commands from the CNS toward effectors in the PNS
Most are multipolar neurons |
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Interneurons or association neurons
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Most are multipolar neurons
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What Monitors Receptors?
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Sensory Neurons
*Receptors are monitored by sensory neurons |
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Exteroceptors
(External environment) |
> Touch, Temperature, and pressure sensations
> Special senses: Sight, smell, Hearing |
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Proprioceptors
(Internal Environment) |
> Movement of Skeletal muscles + Joints
> Information carried in Somatic sensory neurons |
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Interoceptors
(Internal Environment) |
> Digestive, respiratory, Cardiovascular, Urinary, and Reproductive Systems
> Sensations of deep pressure, pain, and taste * Autonomic N.S |
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Excitability
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Ability of Plasmalemma to conduct electrical impulses (action potential)
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Nerve Impulse
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An action potential or electrical impulse traveling along an axon
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Gray Matter
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Neural tissue dominated by Neuron cell bodies. Found in Brain and Spinal cord. On surface of brain
> Exposed Surface |
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White Matter
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Neural tissue dominated by Myelinated axons. Myelin acts as insulator.
> Sending signals |
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Soma
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The cell body of a neuron
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Myelin
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Membranous wrapping, produced by glial cells, which coats axons and increase speed of action potential. Axons that are coated are called MYELINATED
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Axon
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Send signals through long things. These are Nerves
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Nerve
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Bundled Axons. Are white matter because of Axons covered by Myelin
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What does the Spinal Cord do?
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Integrates and processes information
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Spinal Meninges
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specialized membranes
that provide protection, physical stability, and shock absorption |
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What are the layers of the spinal meninges?
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- Dura Mater
- arachnoid mater - Pia mater |
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What is the dura mater?
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tough, fibrous outermost layer
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What is Arachnoid mater?
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middle layer of meninges
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What is pia mater?
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Innermost layer
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Reflex
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an immediate involuntary response to a
specific stimulus |
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Pons
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> Major respiratory and cardiovascular control centers
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Hypothalamus
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> Coordinates nervous + endocrine systems
* Major homeostatic control center |
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Medulla
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Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function:
Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Digestive System activities |
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Thalamus
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relays information
(passes on information) *Major sensory relay |
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Corpus Callosum
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It connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain, and is responsible for most of the communication between the two
*Largest white Matter structure of Brain |
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Olfactory Nerve I.
(1) |
Smell
*sensory only |
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Optic Nerve II.
(2) |
Vision, Sight
*sensory only |
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Oculomotor Nerve III.
(3) |
Moves eye muscles EYE LID
*Motor > Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Trochlear Nerve IV.
(4) |
Moves eye muscles SUPERIOR OBLIQUE
*Motor |
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Trigeminal Nerve V.
(5) |
* Mixed (Sensory + Motor)
- Ophthalmic & maxillary branches (SENSORY) - Mandibular branch (MIXED) |
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Abducens VI
(6) |
Abducts the eye (lateral rectus muscle)
* motor |
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Facial Nerve VII.
(7) |
* Mixed (Sensory + Motor)
Innervates muscles of facial expression > Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII
(8) |
* Sensory:
Balance, Sound, Hearing |
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
(9) |
* Sensory + Motor:
Movement of Tongue, Swallowing, Gagging, Taste > Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Vagus Nerve X
(10) |
*Sensory + Motor:
Visceral organ control, Heart rate > 100% Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
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Accessory Nerve XI
(11) |
* Motor:
Part of vagus nerve. Skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx |
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Hypoglossal Nerve XII
(12) |
* Motor
tongue movements |
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Unipolar Neurons
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Sensory neurons of peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Bipolar Neurons
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Photoreceptors in retina of the Eye
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Multipolar Neurons
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most common type of neuron in the brain and spinal cord, motor neurons in PNS
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Synapse Terminal
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Towards the end of a axon that Produces and release a chemical called Neurotransmitter
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