Nervous System

Front 1

What cell functions during an immune response in the nervous system?

Back 1

Microglia

Front 2

T/F: When a neuron is stimulated, Na+ gates open and allow Na+ to exit the cell.

Back 2

False

Front 3

What cell types are not found in the CNS?

Back 3

Schwann and Satellite cells

Front 4

What neurotransmitter is essential for muscle contraction?

Back 4

Acetylcholine

Front 5

T/F: Most neurons have multiple dendrites.

Back 5

True

Front 6

Which area of a neuron does an action potential begin?

Back 6

Axon hillock

Front 7

T/F: Oligodendrocytes serve the same purpose in the CNS that satellite cells do in the PNS.

Back 7

False

Front 8

While the plasma membrane of a neuron is depolarizing, what else is occurring?

Back 8

Sodium gates are fully opened

Front 9

What happens during an absolute refractory period?

Back 9

No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential

Front 10

The opening of sodium gates typically leads to what?

Back 10

Depolarization of the plasma membrane

Front 11

T/F: Ependymal cells line the inner cavities of the CNS and the central canal of the spinal cord.

Back 11

True

Front 12

What are typical characteristics of neurotransmitters?

Back 12

They are synthesized by a presynaptic neuron, they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell, they alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell.

Front 13

What type of neuron acts as a mediator b/w sensory and motor neurons?

Back 13

Association neurons (Interneurons)

Front 14

What nervous system division prepares the body for action?

Back 14

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 15

When the voltage of the plasma membrane shifts from +35mV towards 0mV, the cell is undergoing...?

Back 15

Repolarization

Front 16

The nervous system employs exclusively electrical means to send messages, whereas the endocrine system communicates by means of chemical messengers.

Back 16

False

Front 17

What is the most common type of neuron?

Back 17

Multipolar

Front 18

What type of nervous system conduction occurs in myelinated axons?

Back 18

saltatory conduction

Front 19

T/F:In the brain, neurons are more abundant that neuroglia.

Back 19

False

Front 20

What happens during hyperpolarization?

Back 20

Potassium ions leave the cell.

Front 21

T/F: Gray matter is found in the "butterfly" located on the inside of the spinal cord.

Back 21

True

Front 22

T/F: The difference in electrical charge across a cell membrane is referred to as polarity.

Back 22

True

Front 23

The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system arises in the lateral horns of the gray matter at what spinal levels?

Back 23

T1 through L2

Front 24

What layers of connective tissue are found around a nerve?

Back 24

Endoneurium, Perineurium, Epineurium.

Front 25

Spinal nerves are classified as what type of nerves?

Back 25

Mixed nerves

Front 26

Which nervous system division regulates body activities that are not under conscious control?

Back 26

Autonomic nervous system

Front 27

The triceps brachii is innervated by what nerve?

Back 27

Radial nerve

Front 28

What is the space b/w a neuron and it's effector called?

Back 28

Synapse

Front 29

Which of the following is not an ascending spinal tract: Lateral corticospinal, Anterior spinothalamic tract, Fasciculus gracilis, Fasciculus cuneatus.

Back 29

Lateral corticospinal

Front 30

Sensory information enters the spinal cord at what area?

Back 30

Dorsal horn

Front 31

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Back 31

Dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid mater.

Front 32

What major nerve plexus arises from spinal nerves L4 through S4?

Back 32

Sacral plexus

Front 33

The termination of the spinal cord around level L1-L2 is referred to as the...?

Back 33

Conus medullaris

Front 34

T/F: There are a total of 31 spinal nerves.

Back 34

True

Front 35

What is the name of the substance found in both the central and peripheral nervous system that increases the speed of neural transmission?

Back 35

Myelin

Front 36

T/F: The cell bodies for the unipolar neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG).

Back 36

True

Front 37

What nerve is composed of 2 nerves (tibial and common fibular) in acommon sheath that diverges just proximal to the knee at the fibular head?

Back 37

Sciatic nerve

Front 38

What plexus arises from the ventral rami of C5 through T1 and innervates the musculature in the upper extremity?

Back 38

Brachial plexus

Front 39

What nerve provides innervation to the diaphragm?

Back 39

Phrenic nerve

Front 40

T/F: A dermotome is the term used to describe the skin innervation provided to a specific area by a single spinal nerve/level.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Which type of brain wave would be found in a person intensely concentrating?

Back 41

Beta

Front 42

Which of the following is not a correct region of the brain: cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, ventricles.

Back 42

ventricles

Front 43

In the parasympathetic nervous system the postganglionic fiber uses what neurotransmitter?

Back 43

Acetylcholine

Front 44

Which of the following is not a correct parasympathetic ganglia?
A) Submandibular ganglia
B) Intramural ganglia
C) Adrenal medullae
D) Otic ganglia

Back 44

Adrenal Medullae

Front 45

All of the following are correct divisions of the brainstem except,
A) Medulla Oblongata
B) Pons
C) Basal ganglia
D) Midbrain

Back 45

Basal ganglia

Front 46

The cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) connects what two brain ventricles?

Back 46

The third and the fourth ventricle

Front 47

In the sympathetic nervous system, the preganglionic neuron uses what type of neurotransmitter?

Back 47

Acetylcholine

Front 48

The patellar reflex is an example of what type of reflex?

Back 48

Stretch reflex

Front 49

In the parasympathetic nbervous system the preganglionic fiber uses what neurotransmitter?

Back 49

Acetylcholine

Front 50

T/F: An innate reflex develops due to acquired motor patterns.

Back 50

False

Front 51

What brain area is the major integrating and relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cortical sensory areas for localization and interpretation?

Back 51

Thalamus

Front 52

T/F: The Vagus Nerve (CNX) is responsible for delivering parasympathetic innervation to the thoracic cavity and abdomen.

Back 52

True

Front 53

T/F: Cerebrospinal fluid is only found around the brain.

Back 53

False

Front 54

T/F: the term lateralization refers to the specialization of function that occurs within each hemisphere.

Back 54

True

Front 55

Which of the following senses does not transmit information through the thalamus?
A) Taste
B) Hearing
C) Vision
D) Smell

Back 55

Smell

Front 56

T/F: All visceral motor neurons (efferents) will synapse in a sympathetic ganglion.

Back 56

False

Front 57

T/F: Muscle spindles are the specific receptors that are responsible for the patellar reflex.

Back 57

True

Front 58

In the sympathetic nervous system, the postganglionic fiber uses which neurotransmitter?

Back 58

Norepinephrine

Front 59

T/F: Parasympathetic fibers are carried in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.

Back 59

True

Front 60

T/F: The sympathetic nervous system is considered a 2 motor neuron system, while the parasympathetic nervous system is considered a 3 motor neuron system.

Back 60

False

Front 61

Where do sympathetic preganglionic neurons arise?

Back 61

Lateral horns of spinal segments T1-L2

Front 62

Which of the following is not a correct ganglion where sympathetic preganglionic fibers will synapse?
A) Collateral ganglia
B) Intramural ganglia
C) Sympathetic chain ganglia
D) Adrenal medullae

Back 62

Intramural ganglia

Front 63

Which of the following is not a sympathetic ganglia?
A) Sympathetic chain ganglia
B) Collateral ganglia
C) Ciliary ganglia
D) Adrenal medullae

Back 63

Ciliary ganglia

Front 64

The motor speech area of the brain is also known as what?

Back 64

Broca's area

Front 65

What are the basic impulse-conducting cells that act like tiny sense organs?

Back 65

Neurons

Front 66

What is the name given to the numerous extensions that project from the cell body of a neuron that function to receive stimuli from the surrounding environment?

Back 66

Dendrite

Front 67

The nerve fiber that is a single cylindrical extension of the cell and carries impulses away from the cell body is the what?

Back 67

Axon

Front 68

Which cranial nerves provide parasympathetic innervation?

Back 68

Occulomotor, Glossopharyngeal, and Vagus.

Front 69

The motor portion of the peripheral nervous system is also known as what else?

Back 69

Somatic division

Front 70

Which sulcus divides the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe?

Back 70

Lateral sulcus

Front 71

What accounts for the division of the brain stem?

Back 71

Pons, Midbrain, and Medulla oblongata

Front 72

What brain area is the major integrating and relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to the cortical sensory areas for localization and interpretation?

Back 72

Thalmus

Front 73

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Back 73

CNS and PNS

Front 74

When a stimulus is of sufficient intensity to generate a nerve impulse, it is referred to as what?

Back 74

Threshold stimulus

Front 75

The junction b/w 2 neurons, or b/w a neuron and a muscle or gland is what?

Back 75

a synapse

Front 76

What is the largest region of the brain that governs all higer functions and consists of 2 hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum?

Back 76

Cerebrum

Front 77

What region of the brain controls muscle tone, coordinates skeletal muscles and balance, and controls fine and gross motor movements?

Back 77

Cerebellum

Front 78

When does depolarization occur?

Back 78

There is an influx of sodium across the cell membrane

Front 79

What are the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 79

Increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and fight or flight response.

Front 80

What are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 80

Decreased blood pressure, heart rate, and gastrointestinal motility.

Front 81

What is the main ion that is found in the cytoplasm of a neuron?

Back 81

Potassium

Front 82

What is the name of the structure that provides a communicative pathway for impulses from one hemisphere to another?

Back 82

Corpus callosum

Front 83

During repolarization what is the main ion that leaves the neuron?

Back 83

Potassium

Front 84

The cerebellum and pons develop from what brain structure?

Back 84

Metencephalon

Front 85

What dural fold/specialization is found b/w the 2 cerebral hemispheres?

Back 85

Falx cerebri

Front 86

Collectively, the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus and the putamen are referred to as what structure?

Back 86

Basal ganglia

Front 87

T/F: Cranial nerves are considered part of the CNS.

Back 87

False

Front 88

T/F: The pia mater is the innermost layer of the meninges and is directly attached to the brain and spinal cord.

Back 88

True

Front 89

T/F: Each cerebral hemisphere contains the same exact functional areas.

Back 89

False

Front 90

T/F: The primary sensory cortex is found in the pre-central gyrus.

Back 90

False

Front 91

T/F: Sympathetic neurons contain long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fibers.

Back 91

False

Front 92

What is a neurotransmitter? Name one found in the body?

Back 92

A chemical messenger. Acetylcholine

Front 93

Why is the autonomic nervous system referred to as a "two-motor neuron system"?

Back 93

Preganglia and Postganglia

Front 94

What is the difference b/w an innate and acquired reflex?

Back 94

Innate-born with
Acquired- learned

Front 95

Which hemisphere contains Wernicke's and Broca's area which is responsible for language based skill.

Back 95

Left hemisphere

Front 96

after cardiac surgey, patient has an output of 20mL/hr. what does this indicate?

Back 96

drop of cardiac output, insufficient, oliguric

(FYI Oliguria is the low output of urine)

Front 97

What is the outer covering of connective tissue that surrounds a nerve?

Back 97

Epineurium

Front 98

What carries motor information away from the CNS?

Back 98

Efferent

Front 99

Series of 4 defined spaces in the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 99

Ventricles

Front 100

Space found b/w a neuron and an effector (neuron, gland, muscle...)

Back 100

Synapse

Front 101

Type of neuron that is found b/w a sensory and motor neuron

Back 101

Interneuron

Front 102

Carries sensory information towards the CNS

Back 102

Afferent

Front 103

A deep groove or valley on the cerebral cortex is called...?

Back 103

Sulcus

Front 104

What 2 nervous tissue structures comprise of the CNS?

Back 104

Brain and Spinal cord

Front 105

How many pairs of cranial nerves are found in the PNS?

Back 105

12

Front 106

Separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

Back 106

Tentorium cerebelli

Front 107

Separates the lobes of the cerebellum

Back 107

Falx cerebelli

Front 108

Separates the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum

Back 108

Falx cerebelli

Front 109

What are the 5 components of a reflex arc?

Back 109

1. Receptor
2. Sensory neuron
3. Integration center
4. motor neuron
5. effector

Front 110

Name one reflex that is classified as a spinal reflex.

Back 110

stretch reflex

Front 111

Name one reflex that is classified as an autonomic reflex

Back 111

pupillary reflex