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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an afferent neuron?
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Sensory neuron that sends info from the PNS back to the brain to be processed
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What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS?
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Degeneration of motor neurons in the motor cortex and the anterior horn of the spinal cord
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What is Apraxia?
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The inability to plan motor tasks
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What is the Arachnoid Layer?
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The middle layer of the meninges
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What are the four main structures of the brain?
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Cerebrum
(Deep Brain Structures) Cerebellum Brainstem |
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What are the three main fissures/sulci in the brain
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Longitudinal Fissure: Splits left and right
Lateral Fissure: Splits Temporal lobe from frontal and parietal Central Sulcus: Splits frontal and parietal |
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What are the major Gyri along the Central Sulcus?
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Pre-Central Gyrus: motor info in frontal lobe
Post-Central Gyrus: sensory info in parietal lobe |
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What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
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motor, movement, cognitive, intellect, processing, judgement, mood, inhibition
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What is the main function of the parietal lobe?
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sensory
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What are the major functions of the temporal lobe?
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auditory, long-term memory, language comprehension
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What is the major function of the occipital lobe?
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vision
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What normally occurs in each hemisphere of the cerebrum
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Left hemisphere: language, computation, logical reasoning
Right hemisphere: spatial reasoning, face recognition, music |
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What are two different ways to label the brain?
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by lobes: structure
by areas: function |
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What is the Primary Sensory Cortex area?
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It discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory info
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What is the Sensory Association Cortex area?
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It integrates and interprets sensory info. Perceives and attaches meaning to sensory input
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What is the Assocation Cortex area?
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It controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories
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What are the Motor Planning areas?
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They organize movements
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What is the Primary Motor Cortex area?
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It provides control of motor output
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What is Wernicke's area?
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The understanding of written and spoken language
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What is Broca's area?
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Speech production
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Basal Nuclei
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Regulates posture and muscle tone
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Limbic System
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strong, primitive emotions
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Cerebellum
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Controls balance and coordination
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Midbrain
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Upper part of brainstem. Fiber tracts connect cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Visual and auditory reflexes
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Pons
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Middle part of brainstem. Important for level of consciousness and sleep. Aids regulation of respiration rate
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Medulla
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Bottom part of brainstem. controls respiration and heart rate. reflex center for vomiting, coughing, sneezing. connects to spinal cord
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reticular activating system
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group of cells that run through different parts of brainstem, responsible for arousal (consciousness)
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Blood Brain Barrier
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Allows water, glucose, amino acids
Doesn't allow urea, proteins, most drugs |
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Layers of the Meninges
Superficial to Deep |
Dura Mater: meshes with periosteum
Arachnoid Pia Mater |
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Dural Spaces
(Between Meninges) Superficial to Deep |
Epidural Space
Subdural Space Subarachnoid Space |
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Epidural Space
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Between skull and dura mater
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Subdural Space
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Between dura mater and arachnoid
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Subarachnoid Space
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Between arachnoid and pia mater. Contains CSF, blood vessels for cerebral cortex
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Ventricles
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Fluid filled spaces. Create CSF.
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Cerebrospinal Fluid
(CSF) |
Provides nutrients to brain and spinal cord. Cushions and protects brain and spinal cord. Flows around brain and spinal cord
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Nerve Cells
(Neurons) |
Afferent Neurons
Efferent Neurons Interneurons |
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Interneurons
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Connect other neutrons
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Afferent Neurons
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Sensory from periphery to brain
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Efferent Neurons
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Motor from brain to periphery
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Glial Cells
(Neuroglia) |
Cells that support neurons.
Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Microglia |
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Astrocytes
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anchor neurons to capillaries. Part of Blood Brain Barrier
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Oligodendrocytes
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What creates the myelin sheath
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Microglia
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Garbage trucks, phagocytes. Removes dead cells and bacteria etc.
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Glial Cells in PNS
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Schwann Cells. Provide myelin for peripheral nerves
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Three Parts of Neuron
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Dendrites
Cell Body Axon |
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Neuron Info
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One axon, many dendrites per neuron. One neuron can have up to 10,000 synapses
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Dorsal Root Ganglion
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Where sensory neuron cell bodies are
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Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine
Glutamate GABA Dopamine Norepinephrine |
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Acetylcholine
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Interaction between motor nerves and skeletal muscle fibers. Regulates heart rate as well
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Glutamate
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Excitatory in CNS
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GABA
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Inhibitory transmittor, CNS
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Dopamine
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CNS, involved in basal nuclei, motor activity, behavior, cognition
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Norepinephrine
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Fight or Flight. Autonomic Nervous System
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Nuclei
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Group of cell bodies with similar functions in the CNS
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Ganglion
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Group of cell bodies with similar functions in the PNS
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Tract
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Group of axons in CNS
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Nerve
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Group of axons in PNS
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Saltatory Conduction
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Jumping conduction. Transmission of nerve impulse down axon of myelinated axon
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Gray Matter
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Unmyelinated axons, Cell Bodies and Dendrites. Processing, exchange of info, decision-making
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White Matter
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Nervous Tissue, Myelinated Axons. Transmission, travel of impulses, conduction
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Anterior Horn
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Motor cell bodies (anterior horn cells) The beginning of motor neurons that make skeletal muscle contract. Sends out axon through ventral spinal root
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Motor Unit
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A single alpha motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that motor neuron innervates
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Alpha Motor Neuron
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Anterior horn cell. Innervates skeletal muscle fibers.
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Gamma Motor Neuron
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Anterior horn cell. Transmits impulses to muscle spindle
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Spinal Cord Tracts
(White Matter) |
Specific info being transmitted. Different parts of spinal cord have different functions. Bundle of axons in CNS
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Afferent tracts
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Sensory. Spinothalamic tract is major afferent tract
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Efferent tracts
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Motor. Corticospinal Tract is major efferent tract
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Spinal Cord
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Transmit info to and from brain. Coordination of motor info. Communication of sensory info. Subconscious reflexes
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Bottom of spinal cord
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Ends at L1-L2. Conus medullaris is bottom of spinal cord. Spinal nerves drop down below further
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Vertebral Levels
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Each vertebral level a spinal nerve comes off. Cervical C1-C7 spinal nerves come above respective vertebra. C8 comes above T1, rest come underneath respective vertebra
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Cauda Equina
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Group of spinal nerves
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Spinal Roots
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Ventral Root contains motor fibers
Dorsal Root contains sensory fibers Roots come together at spinal nerve |
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Spinal Nerve
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Quickly splits, becomes tangled and transitions to peripheral nerves
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Rami
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Leaves spinal nerve as dorsal rami and ventral rami. Both have sensory and motor info.
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Brachial Plexus
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Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Radial, Median, Ulnar
Both motory and sensory from multiple fiber levels |
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Transition of nerve fibers
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Dorsal and ventral root to spinal nerve to dorsal and ventral rami to plexus and/or peripheral nerve
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Brachial Plexus
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Formed from anterior rami of spinal nerves C5-T1.
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Axillary nerve
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Shoulder Abduction
Deltoid, teres minor |
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Musculocutaneous nerve
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Elbow Flexion
Biceps, Brachialis |
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Radial nerve
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Elbow Extension, Wrist Extension, partial supination
Triceps, Supinators |
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Median nerve
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Thumb and first two fingers flexion
Grip strength, pronation wrist flexion |
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Ulnar nerve
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Ring and little finger flexion, ulnar deviation
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Lumbosacral Plexus
(3 of the nerves) |
Obturator
Femoral Superior Gluteal Inferior Gluteal Common Peroneal (Deep and Superficial) Tibial |
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Superficial Peroneal nerve
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Peroneus Longus and Peroneus Brevis
Eversion |
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Deep Peroneal nerve
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Tibialis Anterior and toe extensors
Dorsiflexion |
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Tibial nerve
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Gastroc/Soleus and toe flexors
Plantarflexion, Partial inversion |
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Four Cranial Nerves to Know
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V. Trigeminal
VII. Facial X. Vagus XI. Spinal Accessory |
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V. Trigeminal Cranial Nerve
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Sensation from face and mouth. Chewing muscles
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VII. Facial Cranial Nerve
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Taste-front of tongue. Facial Muscles and more
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X. Vagus Cranial Nerve
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Swallowing and voice box muscles. ANS to heart, lungs, digestion and more...
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XI. Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve
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Sternocleidomastoid and Upper Trapezius
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Guillan-Barre Syndrome
(GBS) |
Affects many nerves. Typically bilateral, symmetric. Predominately PNS. Demyelination or axon degeneration
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GBS Acute Phase PT Interventions
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ROM, positioning, preventing contractures and bed sores
Potential hypersensitivity. |
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GBS Post-Plateau Phase PT Interventions
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Acclimation to upright position. Gradual strength progression. Breathing exercises
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Diabetic Neuropathy
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Stocking, glove distribution, symmetrical. Sensory and motor loss. Feet have a lot of problems. Feet care imperative
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Alcoholic Neuropathy
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Prolonged excessive alcohol use can cause nerve damage. Toxicity of alcohol and metabolites or deficit of nutrition as causes are being debated
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Charcot-Marie-Tooth
(CMT) |
genetic disorder. Stops above knees. Skin integrity important for orthotics.
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