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137 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
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Divisons based upon (blank) or (blank) characteristics.
Anatomical, functional
Structurally the nervous system is divided into the (blank) and (blank).
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain, spinal cord
What Cavity is the CNS in?
Dorsal Cavity
What cavity is the brian in?
Cranial Cavity
The spinal cord is housed in what?
Vertebral Foramen
CNS is the (blank) and (blank) and receives (blank) input from the (blank).
integrative, control center, sensory, PNS
What are the functions of the Nervous system?
Sensory input, Integration function, motor function
Sensory Input
gathering function that orients the body to its internal and external environments.
Integration Function
assimilates and processes the sensory input from current and past experiences in the form of memory, learning, and intelligence.
Motor Function
form of organized and coordinated motor output in response to the sensory input which has been integrated and acted upon.
PNS
Pathways of nerve fibers that branch from the CNS to the other structures within the body.
How many Cranial Nerves?
12
How many Spinal Nerves
31: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
What are the functional divisions of the PNS?
Somatic, Autonomic, Enteric
Somatic Nervous System
Consist of sensory and motor neurons.
Sensory Neurons
Give information to the CNS from from the somatic and special sensory receptors mostly in the head, bodywall, and limbs.
Motor Neurons
Control skeletal muscle impulses
Autonomic Nervous System
Controls the non voluntary functions. i.e. smooth and cardiac muscle. Divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.
Enteric Nervous System
Controls the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with sensory and motor neurons.
Cranial nerves are numbered (blank) to (blank) in order in which they leave the brain.
superior, inferior
I
Name: Olfactory
Foramen: Olfactory foramen of ethmoid bone.
Type: Sensory
Function: Sense of Smell
II
Name: Optic
Foramen: Optic Canal of Sphenoid
Type: Sensory
Function: Sense of vision
III
Name: Oculomotor
Foramen: Superior Orbital Fissure.
Type: Motor
Function: movement of eyes and eyelids, focus the eyes.
IV
Name: Trochlear
Foramen: Superior Orbital Fissure
Type: Motor
Function: Move eye down and lateral
V
Name: Trigeminal
Type: Mixed
Ophthalmic Division of Trigeminal Nerve
Foramen: Superior Orbital Fissure
Type: Sensory
Function: Sense skin of nose, forehead, scalp, and cornea
Maxillary Division
Foramen: Foramen Rotundum of Sphenoid
Type: Sensory
Function: Sense skin of nose, upper lip, gums, teeth, and cheek
Mandibular Division of Trigeminal Nerve
Foramen: Foramen Ovale
Type: Mixed
Function: Sensory-sense from tongue, lower lip, cums, teeth cheek. Motor - muscles of Mastication.
VI
Name: Abducens
Foramen: Superior Orbital Fissure
Type: Motor
Function: Medial to lateral eye movement.
VII
Name: Facial
Foramen: Stylomastoid Foramen of the temporal and internal acoustic meatus
Type: Mixed
Fuction: Sensory-sense taste of anterior 2/3 of the togue, nasal and palatal sensation. Motor-muscles of facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands.
VIII
Name: Vestibulocochlear
Foramen: Internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone.
Type: Sensory
Function: Sense of hearing and equilibrium
IX
Name: Glossopharyngeal
Foramen: Jugular Foramen of Occipital
Type: Mixed
Function: Sensory-sense tast of posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, tonsils, and carotid arteries. Motor-controls muscles of pharynx used in swallowing.
X
Name: Vagus
Foramen: Jugular Foramen of Occipital bone
Type: mixed
Function: Sensory-sense pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and visceral organs. Motor-control muscles of speech and swallowing, autonomic motor fibers to the heart, smooth muscles and glands in the thorax
XI
Name: Accessory
Foramen: Jugular Foramen of Occipital bone.
Type: motor
Function: control of muscles of pharynx, larynx, and soft palate and upper back and neck.
XII
Name: Hypoglossal
Foramen: Hypoglossal canal of occipital bone.
Type: motor
Function: muscles of the tongue
All except the (blank) exit the vertebral canal.
first
First pair of nerves leaves between the (blank) and (blank) and is called the (blank).
Occipital bone, atlas, suboccipital nerve
C2 - C7 emerge
above the vertebrae for which it is named.
C8 emerges
between c& and T1
T1 - T12, L1 - L5, S1 - S5, and Coccygeal emerge
below the vertebrae for which it is named
Spinal nerves are formed from the union of (blank) and (blank) roots of the spinal cord.
Ventral motor, Dorsal motor
Dorsal Root Ganglion
enlargement where cell bodies of sensory neurons are located.
The spinal nerves are divided into (blank).
Dorsal and Ventral ramus
Ventral Rami
cervical, lumbar and sacral regions unite to form the plexuses that supply the skin, muscles and joints of the upper and lower extremities.
Cervical Plexus
Formed from the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves. Supplies muscles and skin of neck and upper shoulder, and partially innervates the diaphram
Brachial Plexus
Formed from the ventral rami of the last four cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerves. Divided into ventral rami, trunks, division, cords and branches
Superior Trunk
Formed from C5 and C6
Dorsal Scapular
Branches off C5
Nerve to Subclavius
Branches off Superior Trunk
Supracapular
Comes off the superior trunk
Innervates Supraspinatus & Infraspinatus
Anterior Division of Superior Trunk
Combines with the anterior division of the Middle trunk to make Lateral cord
Posterior Division of Superior Trunk
Combines with the Middle and Inferior posterior divisions of the the trunk to make the posterior cord
Middle Trunk
Formed from the C7 ventral rami
Anterior Division of the Middle Trunk
Combines with the anterior division of the superior trunk to form the lateral cord
Posterior Division of the Middle trunk
Combines with the Posterior divisions of the Superior and Inferior trunks to make the posterior cord
Inferior Trunk
Formed from C8 and T1
Posterior division of the Inferior trunk
Combines with the posterior divisions of the middle and superior trunks to form the posterior cord
Lateral cord
Formed from the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks
Posterior cord
Formed from all three posterior divisions of the trunk
Medial cord
Formed from the anterior division of the inferior trunk
Lateral Pectoral
Comes from the lateral cord and innervates the Pectorallis major
Musculocutaneous
Comes from the lateral cord and innervates elbow flexors
Branch of c7 going to Ulnar
Connects lateral cord to the Ulnar nerve. Common anomaly.
Lateral Cord contribution to median nerve
connects the lateral cord to the median nerve
Upper Subscapular
Comes from the Posterior cord and innervates the subscapularis
Thoracodorsal
In between the Upper and lower subscapular, comes from Posterior Cord and innervates the Latissimus Dorsi.
Lower Subscapular
Comes from the Posterior cord and innervates the subscapularis and teres major
Axillary
Comes from the posterior cord and innervates the deltoids and teres major
Radial nerve
Comes from the the posterior cord and innervates elbow, wrist and finger extensors and supinators
Medial cord
Formed from the anterior division of the inferior trunk
Lateral Pectoral
Comes from the lateral cord and innervates the Pectorallis major
Musculocutaneous
Comes from the lateral cord and innervates elbow flexors
Branch of c7 going to Ulnar
Connects lateral cord to the Ulnar nerve. Common anomaly.
Lateral Cord contribution to median nerve
connects the lateral cord to the median nerve
Upper Subscapular
Comes from the Posterior cord and innervates the subscapularis
Thoracodorsal
In between the Upper and lower subscapular, comes from Posterior Cord and innervates the Latissimus Dorsi.
Lower Subscapular
Comes from the Posterior cord and innervates the subscapularis and teres major
Axillary
Comes from the posterior cord and innervates the deltoids and teres major
Radial nerve
Comes from the the posterior cord and innervates elbow, wrist and finger extensors and supinators
Medial Pectoral
Comes from the Medial cord and innervates the pectoralis minor
Medial Brachial Cutaneous
Comes from the Medial cord and innervates medial skin in above elbow
Medial Antebrachial cutaneous
Comes from medial cord and innervates medial skin below the elbow
Median Nerve
Comes from the medial cord with contribution from lateral cord. Innervates wrist and Finger flexors, pronators. Center of hand
Ulnar Nerve
Comes from Medial cord and innervates most hand intrinsics. The medial side of hand.
Long Thoracic
Formed from C5, C6, and C7. Innervates the Serratus Anterior
Phrenic
Comes from C3, C4, C5 to innervate the diaphragm
Lateral Brachial Cutaneous
Comes from auxiliary nerve to innervate the upper arm skin.
Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous
Comes from the Musculocutaneous to innervate the lower arm skin.
Posterior Brachial cutaneous nerve
Comes from the radial nerve and innervates the posterior upper arm.
Posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve
Comes from the radial nerve to innervate the lower arm skin
Superficial radial nerve
Comes from radial nerve and stays close to skin
Deep radial nerve
Comes from radial nerve and goes deep.
Subcostal nerve
From T12 ventral rami
Ilioinguinal
From L1
Innervates skin of the upper medial thigh, and external genitalia, muscles of lower abdominal wall
Iliohypogastric
From T12 and L1
Innervates skin and muscles of the lower back, hip and lower abdomen
Genitofemoral
From L1 and L2
Innervates skin of the upper anterior thigh and external genitalia
Femoral
From L2, L3, and L4
Runs anterior and turns into the Saphenous in upper thigh
Innervates Kin of the anterior, medial surface of the thigh, through the anterior femoral cutaneous, sartorius, iliopsoas, quadriceps femoris, pectineus
Superior Gluteal
From L4, L5, S1
Innervates the Gluteus minimus, Gluteus medius, tensor faciae latae
Obturator
From L2, L3, and L4
Innervates skin circular area of the medial thigh above knee, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, gracilis, pectineus obturator externus
Common Fibular (Peroneal)
Comes from L4, L5, S1, S2
Innervates skin around lateral knee
Tibial
From L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
Innervates gastrocnemius soleus, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior, popliteus, skin of plantar surface of heel
Sciatic
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
Innervates Biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus (hamstrings)
Posterior Femoral Cutaneous
From S1, S2, S3
Innervates Posterior surfcase of buttock , thigh and lower leg, perineum
Pudendal
From S2, S3, S4
Innervates skin of perineum, external genitalia, muscles of perineum
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous
From L2, L3
Innervates skin of lateral thigh
Sural
From the combination of the medial and lateral sural.
Innervates skin of the posterior leg
Medial and Lateral Plantar
From Tibial nerve
Innervates Intrinsic muscles of the foot, skin of sole of foot
Deep Fibular
Innervates Fibularis Tertius, Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis, skin of the web space between the greate toe on dorsum of foot
Superficial Fibular
Innervates fibularis brevis, fibularis longus, skin of the anterior surface of the leg and the foot.
Saphenous
L2, L3, L4
Innervates skin of medial lower leg
Nerve to Quadratus Femoris and Gemellus Inferior
L4, L5, S1
Innervates quadratus femoris and gemellus inferior
Nerve to Obturator Internus and Gemellus Superior
L5, S1, S2
Innervates obturator inturnus and gemellus superior
Nerve to Piriformis
S1, S2
Innervates piriformis
Inferior Gluteal
L5, S1, S2
Innervates gluteus maximus
Lumbar Plexus
Formed from ventral rami of the L1- L4
Supply lower abdomen, anterior and medial portions of the lower extremity
Saphenous
Largest and longest femoral cutaneous branch
Deep External Rotators
PQGOGO
Piriformis, Quadratus femorus, Gemellus superior, obturator internus, Gemellus infereior, Obturator externus
All except Obturator externus is suppled from the sacral plexus. Obturtor externus is supplied by the lumbar plexus.
Sacral Plexus
Formed from L4, L5, S1 - S4
Supplies lowerback, pelvis, and posterior surface of thigh, leg dorsal and plantar surfaces of foot
Cutaneous Innervation
Sensory inneration from the skin
Dermatomes or Segmental inneration
Inervation by dorsal and ventral rami.
i.e. T4 nipple line
Sclerotomes
Innervation to the bone or fascia by nerve root
Myotomes
Innervation to muscle by a nerve root
Peripheral nerves
Innervation according to peripheral nerves
i.e. web space of the thumb on the dorsum of the hand is innervated by the radial nerve
Autonomic Nervous System
Part of efferent division of peripheral nervous system, mostly involuntary
regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, blood vessels and glands
Preganglionic neurons
have cell bodies in CNS
Postganglionic neurons
synapse with preganglionic neurons and travel to various effectors
Sympathetic Division of ANS
Located in lateral horns of gray mater of the spinal cord from T1 to L2
Often called the thoracolumbar division
Chain ganglia
longitudinal pathways on both sides fo the vertebrae along its entire length just beneath the parietal pleura
White rami communicants
short pathway between the ventral rami and the chain ganlia
they are myelinated
How many ways can the preganglionic neurons travel?
3
Synapse at the same level
Go up or down the chain ganglion
Pass through the chain without synapsing
Gray rami communicants
structure back to the spinal cord is unmyelinated
all spinal nerves have gray rami communicants
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
Prepares a person for strenous physical exertion
Responses could include increased heart rate, dilation of bronchi of lungs, etc.
Parasympathetic Division of the ANS
Located in the nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X and gray matter of the lateral horns of S2 through S4 sacral segments of the spinal cord
Supplies cranial region to viscera of the head, thorax, and abdomen
How much does the vagus nerve carry of the parasympathetic fibers?
75%
Function of Parasympathetic nervous system
maintaining bodily funciton sunder normal conditions
rest-repose system
What is the average regeneration rate of nerves?
1.5 mm per day