Nervous System

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central nervous system consist of

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brain and spinal cord

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conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the CNS

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afferent neurons

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conduct impulses away from the CNS to the peripheral effectors

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Efferent neurons

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basic unit of nervous system

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neuron or nerve cell

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increases the rate of transmission of nervous impulses

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myelin sheath

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deterioration of fatty myelin sheath

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demyelination

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impulse conduction route to and from the CNS

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reflex arc

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junction where impulses pass from one neuron to another

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synapse

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largest part of the brain

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cerebrum

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elevations on the cerbrum

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gyri

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shallow grooves on cerebrum

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sulci

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deep grooves on cerebrum

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fissures

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divides each cerebral hemisphere into lobes

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fissures

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outer portion of cerebrum that consist gray matter

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cortex

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inner portion of cerebrum consist of

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white matter and nerve fiber tracts

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transmitted to posterior portion of the brain

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visual impulses

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recieved in lateral portion of brain

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olfactory and auditory impulses

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controls movements of muscles by stimulating groups of muscles that work together

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premotor cortex

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mass of white matter connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

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corpus callosum

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Islands of gray matter, consist of caudate nuclei globus pallidus, putamen

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basal ganglia

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lies between cerebrum and spinal cord

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brainstem

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contains nuclei of the 12 cranial nerves, and vital centers controlling cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory function

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brain-stem

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responsible for reflexes of vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping and swallowing

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medulla

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second largest part of the brain

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cerebellum

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lies between the cerebrum and midbrain

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diencephalon

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primarily functions as a relay station that receives and processes sensory information of almost all kinds of sensory impulses before sending this information to the cerebral cortex

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thalamus

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functions as a link between the mind and body and is site of "pleasure" or reward, eating, drinking and mating

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hypothalmus

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conduct impulses up the cord to the brain and down the cord from the brain to spinal nerves

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spinal cord

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projects downward into the longitudinal fissure to separate the cerebral hemispheres

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falx cerebri

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separates cerebellum from occipital lobe of cerebrum

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tentorium cerebelli

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third and fourth ventricles are connected by

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aqueducts of sylvius

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a narrow canal that runs through the posterior part of the mid brain

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aqueducts of sylvius

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networks of capillaries that project from the pia mater into the lateral ventricles and into the roofs of the third and fourth ventricles

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choroid plexuses

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obstruction of the CSF results in

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hydrocephalus

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acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid

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meningitis

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most commonly caused by haemophilus influenza in neonates and young children and by meningococci and and pneumococci in adolesents and adults

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bacterial meningitis

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may be caused by mumps,polio virus, and occasionally by herpes simplex

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viral meningitis

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demonstrates vascular congestion, edema and minute hemorrhages

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Meningitis

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viral inflammation of the brain and meninges

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Encephalitis

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shows mass effect and hyper intensity on T2 weighted images

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Encephalitis

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result in chronic infections of the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, or mastoid air cells

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brain abscesses

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most common organism causing brain abscesses

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streptococci

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cryptococcosis and toxoplasmosis causes brain absesses in people with

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AIDS

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Radiographic appearance shows hypointense mass with isointense capsule

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Brain abscesses

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a suppurative process in the space between the inner surface of the dura and the outer surface of the arachnoid

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subdura Empyema

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spread of infection from the frontal and ethmoid sinuses is the most common cause of

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subdural Empyema

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infectious process above the dura and beneath the inner skull table

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Epidural Empyema

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caused by direct extension of a suppurative process from the paranasal sinuses, mastioid air cells, or scalp

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osteomyelitis of the skull

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Radiographic appearance shows poorly defined areas of lucency

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osteomyelitis of the skull

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most common primary malignant brain tumor, consist of glial cells that have the ability to multiply

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Glioma

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highly malignant lesions that are predominantly cerebral

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Glioblastomas

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70% of all Gliomas, are slow growing, can form large cavities and pseudocysts

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Astrocytomas

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arise from walls of fourth ventricle in children and lateral ventricles in adults

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Ependymomas

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rapidly growing tumor, disseminate throughout spinal fluid, develop in posterior portion of vermis

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medulloblastomas

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slow growing lesions that usually arise in the cerebrum and calcify

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oligodendrocytomas

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benign tumor arises from arachnoid lining cells and is attached to the dura

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Meningioma

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benign tumor may occur as solitary lesion or part of the syndrome of neurofibromatosis

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Acoustic Neuroma

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Radiographic appearance shows enlargement of 8th cranial nerve

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Acoustic Neuroma

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arise from anterior lobe, 10% of all intracranial tumors

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pituitary adenoma

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hypersecretion of thyroid stimulating hormone

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hyperthyroidism

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benign tumor that contains both cystic and solid components , occurs before 20ys

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craniopharyngioma

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Radiographic appearance of shell like calcifications with cystic and solid components

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Cranipharyngioma

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germ cell tumors germinomas and teratomas, occur in males 25 years of age, maybe associated with precocious puberty

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pineal tumors

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modality ideal for showing pineal tumors

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sagittal MR scans

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tumors that arise from remnants of the notochord, involve clivius and l-spine

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chordoma

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Radiographic appearance is bulky mass causing ill-defined bone destruction or cortical expansion

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chordoma

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Carcinoma reaching the brain by hematogenous spread

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metastatic carcinoma

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epithelial malignancies of nasopharynx can spread into the cranial cavity through

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neural foramina

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Radiographic appearance shows multiple masses of high signal intensity

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Metastatic carcinoma