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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PARTS OF NEURON
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Dendrites: conduct impulses to cell body of neuron (several)
Cell body: nucleus, metabolic center of the cell Axon: conducts impulses away from cell body of neuron (only one) Processes – fibers that extend from the cell body (dendrites and axons) |
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PART OF BRAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR BALANCE
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The cerebellum, is the brain center responsible for motor control over voluntary muscles, muscle tone and maintenance of balance and gait.
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MENINGES
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Dura mater
Double-layered external covering Periosteum – attached to surface of the skull Meningeal layer – outer covering of the brain Spaces that allow drainage of blood from the brain Arachnoid mater Middle layer Web-like Allows CSF to flow Pia mater Internal layer Clings to the surface of the brain |
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COVERINGS OF NERVOUS FIBER
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Endoneurium—surrounds individual fibers within a nerve
Perineurium—surrounds a group (fascicle) of nerve fibers Epineurium—surrounds the entire nerve |
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CELLS OF BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
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Astrocytes: star-shaped cells that anchor small blood vessels and helps support the blood brain barrier.
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PHOTORECEPTOR
CHEMORECEPROT PROPIORECEPTOR |
Photoreceptors (light)
Chemoreceptors (chemicals) Propioreceptor: detects position of body |
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CORNEA
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transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. Has reflex of blinking, is an external layer
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ARC REFLEX
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Automatic, rapid response to a stimulus. No brain involvement
Sensory neuron: detects stimulus, impulses toward the spine. Enter Dorsal Horn. Cell body outside spine: dorsal root ganglion. Interneuron: in spinal cord recieves message from sensory neuron and transmits to motor neuron. Motor Neuron: carries impulses to effector. Leave through the ventral horn. |
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AQUEOUS HUMOR
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A clear watery fluid between lens and cornea Produced by the ciliary processes; maintains globe shape, clenses eye, maintains intraocular pressure
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FREE NERVE ENDINGS OF SKIN
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Free nerve endings-pain and crude touch, temperature, itch, tickle.Are unencapsulated, have no complex sensory structures,Most common type of nerve ending, frequently found in the skin. They penetrate the epidermis and end in the stratum granulosum.
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OSSICLES
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ossicles-malleus, incus, and stapes. Located in middle ear and transmit sound. Smallest bones of human body. Transmit sound from air to fluid filled cochlea
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PRESBYOPIA
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“old-sightedness”, Far-sightedness R/T aging
Loss of elasticity of lens Astigmatism Abnormal curvature of the cornea or lens No clear focus |
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ORGAN OF CORTI
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Inner ear
contains hair cells located in cochlea hair cells send stimulus to brain microphone of ear |
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OLFACTORY FATIGUE
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the temporary, normal inability to distinguish a particular odor after a prolonged exposure to that airborne compoun
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GLAUCOMA
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is a disease in which the optic nerve is damaged, leading to progressive, irreversible loss of vision. associated with increased pressure of the fluid in the eye, caused by aqueous humor overproduction
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TEAR PRODUCTION
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The eye's tears are composed of
Oily layer produced by the meibomian glands Watery portion of the tear film is produced by the lacrimal gland. Mucous layer comes from goblet cells in the conjunctiva. |
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CSF FORMATION
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Choroid plexus: vascular network inside ventricle that mades CSF
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CSF FORMATION
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Choroid plexus: vascular network inside ventricle that mades CSF
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TASTE BUDS LOCATION
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Sweet receptors-tip of tongue: Sugars, Saccharine, Some amino acids
Sour receptors-mid-lateral side of tongue: Acids Bitter receptors-back superior surface of tongue: Alkaloids Salty receptors-front lateral side of tongue: Metal ions |
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TASTE BUDS LOCATION
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Sweet receptors-tip of tongue: Sugars, Saccharine, Some amino acids
Sour receptors-mid-lateral side of tongue: Acids Bitter receptors-back superior surface of tongue: Alkaloids Salty receptors-front lateral side of tongue: Metal ions |
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
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The limbic system includes: support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction. Diencephalon is part of limbic system
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CEREBRUM LOBES AND FUNCTION
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Frontal: Primary Motor area , conscious and developed thought
Parietal: primary sensory area, skin,, touch, pain, temperature Temporal: Auditoy and Olfactory area Occupital: visual receiving and association |
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NERVE TRACT VS. NERVES
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Nerve: bundle of axons in PNS. Myelinated.
Tract: bundle of axons in CNS, may be myelinated |
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GUSTATORY SENSE ORGANS
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Cranial nerves VII-Facial, IX-Glossopharyngeal and X-Vagal carry gustatory impulses
Olfactory and gustatory work together taste buds = chemoreceptor in charge of taste |
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GUSTATORY SENSE ORGANS
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Cranial nerves VII-Facial, IX-Glossopharyngeal and X-Vagal carry gustatory impulses
Olfactory and gustatory work together taste buds = chemoreceptor in charge of taste |
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SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles, and with reception of external stimuli,
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MYELIN SHEATH
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Schwann cells: Produce myelin sheaths (coverings) around the axons in the PNS. The Sheath is known as Neurolemma
Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin sheath along the axon so there is salutatory conduction that is faster than continuous conduction. The impulse jumps from node to node. |
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MYELIN SHEATH
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Schwann cells: Produce myelin sheaths (coverings) around the axons in the PNS. The Sheath is known as Neurolemma
Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in myelin sheath along the axon so there is salutatory conduction that is faster than continuous conduction. The impulse jumps from node to node. |
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REFLEX
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Automatic, rapid response to a stimulus.
The action is involuntary and occurs without any involvement of the brain. occurs through a neural pathway called the reflex arc: sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector To allow reflexes to occur very quickly, signals come directly from motor neurons in the spine, instead of being delayed by going through the brain. |
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REFLEX
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Automatic, rapid response to a stimulus.
The action is involuntary and occurs without any involvement of the brain. occurs through a neural pathway called the reflex arc: sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector To allow reflexes to occur very quickly, signals come directly from motor neurons in the spine, instead of being delayed by going through the brain. |
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VISCERAL EFFECTOR
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visceral effectors-tissues to which autonomic motor neurons conduct impulses (that is, cardiac and smooth muscle and glandular epithelial tissue)
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CSF FORMATION
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Choroid plexus: vascular network inside ventricle that mades CSF
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VISCERAL EFFECTOR
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visceral effectors-tissues to which autonomic motor neurons conduct impulses (that is, cardiac and smooth muscle and glandular epithelial tissue)
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TASTE BUDS LOCATION
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Sweet receptors-tip of tongue: Sugars, Saccharine, Some amino acids
Sour receptors-mid-lateral side of tongue: Acids Bitter receptors-back superior surface of tongue: Alkaloids Salty receptors-front lateral side of tongue: Metal ions |
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LIMBIC SYSTEM
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The limbic system includes: support a variety of functions including emotion, behavior, long term memory, and olfaction. Diencephalon is part of limbic system
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CEREBRUM LOBES AND FUNCTION
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Frontal: Primary Motor area , conscious and developed thought
Parietal: primary sensory area, skin,, touch, pain, temperature Temporal: Auditoy and Olfactory area Occupital: visual receiving and association |
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NERVE TRACT VS. NERVES
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Nerve: bundle of axons in PNS. Myelinated.
Tract: bundle of axons in CNS, may be myelinated |
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GUSTATORY SENSE ORGANS
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Cranial nerves VII-Facial, IX-Glossopharyngeal and X-Vagal carry gustatory impulses
Olfactory and gustatory work together taste buds = chemoreceptor in charge of taste |
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SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
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The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements through the action of skeletal muscles, and with reception of external stimuli,
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REFLEX
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Automatic, rapid response to a stimulus.
The action is involuntary and occurs without any involvement of the brain. occurs through a neural pathway called the reflex arc: sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector To allow reflexes to occur very quickly, signals come directly from motor neurons in the spine, instead of being delayed by going through the brain. |
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VISCERAL EFFECTOR
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visceral effectors-tissues to which autonomic motor neurons conduct impulses (that is, cardiac and smooth muscle and glandular epithelial tissue)
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ENCAPSULATED RECEPTOR
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•Large and complex organs
•Localized grouping of specialized receptors •Smell, Taste, Sight, Hearing, Equilibrium •Meissner’s corpuscles- fine touch and low-frequency vibration •Ruffinin’s corpuscles- touch and pressure •Pacinian corpuscles-pressure and high-frequency vibration |
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CONJUNCTIVA
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he conjunctiva (plural = conjunctivas or conjunctivae) is a clear mucous membrane consisting of cells and underlying basement membrane that covers the sclera (white part of the eye) and lines the inside of the eyelids.
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PLEXUS
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Cervical plexus: Supplies motos impulses to neck and the back of head. E.g Phrenic nerve that activated the diaphragm
Brachial Plexus: Supplies shoulder, arm and Hand E.g Radial Nerve. Lumbosacral Plexus: Pelvis and legs E.g Sciatic Nerve |
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BRAIN GROOVES
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Sulcus/Sulci: depression or fissure in the surface of the brain
Gysi: Surrounded by sulcus, ridge |
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PHRENIC NERVE
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From cervical Plexus that activates diaphragm
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BROCA
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Broca area: production of language, Frontal Lobe
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VENTRICLES
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Ventricles: Four chambers within the brain. Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Choroid plexus: vascular network inside ventricle that mades CSF (cerebro Spinal Fluid) 2 lateral ventricles:located in cerebral hemispheres 3rd Ventricle:Communicates with lateral ventricles through intraventricular foramina. Surrounded by diencephalon 4th ventricle: Communicates with 3rd ventricle via cerebral aquaduct (goes through midbrain). Continious with the central canal of spinal cord • |
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SPECIAL SENSE ORGAN VS GENERAL SENSE ORGAN
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General sense organs (unencapsulated)
•Often exist as individual cells or receptor units •Widely distributed throughout the body •Temperature, Pressure, Pain, Position, Touch •Examples: Free nerve endings-pain and crude touch, temperature, itch, tickle Special sense organs (encapsulated) •Large and complex organs •Localized grouping of specialized receptors •Smell, Taste, Sight, Hearing, Equilibrium |
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EARDRUM SCIENTIFIC NAME
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Tympanic Membrane
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SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
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Semicircular canals: have criste ampullaris, capture balance, acceleration and decelleration
Each canal is filled with a fluid called endolymph and contains a motion sensor with little hairs (cilia) |
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HOW THE EAR WORKS
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Outer Ear
sound enters ear and passes through external auditory canal vibrates the tympanic membrane (thin membrane, which separates the outer ear from the middle ear). Middle Ear transmitted across the middle ear by ossicles malleus, incus and stapes,vibrations are passed from the stirrup to the inner ear through the oval window (separates middle from innter) then into the fluid of the cochlea. The vibrations travel through the fluid, creating pressure, which stimulates the hairs located on the organ of Corti. The mechanoreceptors located on the organ of the Corti send a message in the form of a nerve impulse through the cochlear nerve to the brain, which interprets the impulse as a sound. |
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CATECHOCALINES
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Play a role in sleep, motor function, mood and pleasure recognition
Endorphins and Enkephalin Morphine like neurotransmitters Released by spinal cord and brain synapses in the pain conduction pathway |
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SYMPATHETIC NEURON PATHWAY
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Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord
Axons leave spinal cord via ventral root of the spinal nerve Synapse with postganglionic neurons Postgangiolnic neurons axons extend to spinal or autonomic motor nerves that terminate in visceral effectors |
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PARASYMPATHETIC NEURON PATHWAY
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Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons terminate in parasympathetic ganglia located in the head and the thoracic and abdominal cavities close to visceral effectors Each parasympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses with postganglionic neurons to only one effector |
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SPINAL CORD
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Outer part white matter /interior composed of gray matter
from the medulla oblongata to the region of T12 Below T12 is the cauda equina (a collection of spinal nerves) Ends above L4 vertebra Central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae |
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BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
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Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
Excludes many potentially harmful substances |
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MACULAE VS. CRISTAE
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The receptors for balance in the semicircular canals are called cristae ampullairs (Dynamic Euilibrium)
Maculae – receptors in the vestibule Report on the position of the head Send information via the vestibular nerve (Static Equilibrium) |
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WHITE MATTER VS GRAY MATTER
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White matter: tissue composed primarily of myelinated axons
Gray matter :tissue composed primarily of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers |
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CATECHOCALINES
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Play a role in sleep, motor function, mood and pleasure recognition
Endorphins and Enkephalin Morphine like neurotransmitters Released by spinal cord and brain synapses in the pain conduction pathway |
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SYMPATHETIC NEURON PATHWAY
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Sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord
Axons leave spinal cord via ventral root of the spinal nerve Synapse with postganglionic neurons Postgangiolnic neurons axons extend to spinal or autonomic motor nerves that terminate in visceral effectors |
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PARASYMPATHETIC NEURON PATHWAY
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Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons terminate in parasympathetic ganglia located in the head and the thoracic and abdominal cavities close to visceral effectors Each parasympathetic preganglionic neuron synapses with postganglionic neurons to only one effector |
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DIENCEPHALON
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Made of three parts:
1. Thalamus: sensations of pleasure, sensory info manager 2. Epithalamus: roof 3rd ventricle, choroid plexus 3. Hypothalamus: hypothalamic realising hormones, pituitary gland, temperature, hunger, thirst and fatigue |
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SPINAL CORD
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Outer part white matter /interior composed of gray matter
from the medulla oblongata to the region of T12 Below T12 is the cauda equina (a collection of spinal nerves) Ends above L4 vertebra Central canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid Nerves leave at the level of each vertebrae |
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BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
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Includes the least permeable capillaries of the body
Excludes many potentially harmful substances |
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STRUCTURES OF EYE
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Choroid: nutrients
Ciliary body: Produces Aqueous Humor Iris: color, involuntary muscle, light adj. Lens: bends rays Retina: sharp image, rods and cones Optic Disk: where optic nerve comes in, blind spot Macula Lutea: in optic disk, sharperst vision Conjunctiva: mucous, lines eyelid and eye |
