Nervous And Endocrine System

Front 1

Brain

Back 1

The main organ of the nervous system, which controls all movement/response

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Neuron

Back 2

A basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell

Front 3

Nerves

Back 3

Nerves are bundled neurons that transmit electro-chemical signals.

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Dendrites

Back 4

Dendrites are branching sections of the cell body that receive messages from other neurons

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Axon

Back 5

The "trunk" of a neuron it carries electrical impulses away from the cell body and to the neighboring cell

Front 6

Myelin sheath

Back 6

A fatty outer layer that protects the electrical impulse and helps it to move quickly.

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Synapses

Back 7

Synapses' are small breaks or gaps between neurons in the nervous system. The synapses can only be crossed chemically by neurotransmitters

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Synaptic knob

Back 8

The synaptic knob is the location an electrical signal are changed into chemical impulses.

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Neurotransmitters

Back 9

Pass the message between neurons. They are chemical compounds derived from an electrical pulse sent into a cell

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Motor neurons

Back 10

Responsive cells that receive a message from the brain to complete an action.

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Inter neurons/Connector neuron

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The neurons connecting the Sensory and motor neurons. This is where the electrical impulses pass through. (E.g.) Spinal cord and brain

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Sensory neurons

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Sensory neurons are of the peripheral nervous system and are responsible for sensations. These sensations are transmitted into electrical pulses and sent to the parietal lobe.

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The 4 main parts of the brain

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Brainstem, Cerebellum, Thalamus, Cerebrum

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Brainstem function

Back 14

Breathing, circulation, digestion (basic needs) as well as acting as a pathway for entering sensory impulses and exiting motor impulses.

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Brainstem (3 sections)

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Pons, Midbrain, Medulla Oblangata

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Cerebellum

Back 16

Motor control (Body control, Motor memory)

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Thalamus (Function)

Back 17

Sorts data

Front 18

Hypothalamus

Back 18

The hypothalamus is a large contributor to homeostasis. It also sorts data.

Front 19

Posterior pituitary gland

Back 19

Sends hormones when sensory neurons enter gland (if needed). (E.g.) Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Front 20

Cerebrum

Back 20

The cerebrum is made up of neurons and controls integration (making sense of data)

Front 21

Cerebral cortex (parts)

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Frontal Lobe (Emotional control over brain)

Parietal (Homeostasis)

Occipital (Vision)

Temporal (Language, Hearing, Memory)

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CNS (Central nervous system)

Back 22

Analyses and interprets data from the (PNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.

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PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

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PNS is responsible for most sensory neuron work. Nearly everything outside the brain is apart of it and it receives motor impulses from the brain when senses are detected.

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Effectors

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Muscles or Glands that carry out a response. (E.g.) A muscle reacts by contracting.

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Somatic Nerves

Back 25

Make up the part of nerves you can control

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Autonomic nerves

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Make up part of the nervous system you can't control. (E.g.) Digestion.

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Sympathetic Nervous system

Back 27

Fight or Flight

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Parasympathetic nervous system

Back 28

Rest and Digest

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The Endocrine system (function)

Back 29

Controls the bodies hormones and sends them into the bloodstream if needed. The hormones can attach to or enter a cell

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External hormones - The Endocrine system

Back 30

Tears, Sweat

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Internal Hormones -The Endocrine system

Back 31

Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone

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Hormone

Back 32

Chemical messages

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Three chemical classes

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Steroids, Peptides, Manoamines

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Diabetes

Back 34

Disease that has to do with the pancreas not producing enough glucose to break down excess glucose in the blood. There are two types with type one being developed in young children (cannot be prevented). The second type is found in overweight people over 40.

Front 35

Diabetes (effect of high glucose)

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High glucose in the blood means that many body parts may be effected. The blood vessels and nerves often thicken and can block blood supply to major organs.

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Glycogen

Back 36

The stored form of glucose

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Glucagon

Back 37

A peptide hormone that raises glucose level in the blood

Front 38

Blood glucose - Negative cycle (too much)

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1. Hypothalamus senses spike in blood glucose (eaten something)

2. Pancreas starts producing insulin

3. Insulin converts glucose to glycogen and stores it in the liver

4. Muscle cells absorb excess

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Blood glucose - Negative cycle (Not enough)

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1. Hypothalamus Senses low glucose levels in blood

2. Pancreas produces glucagon

3. Liver breaks up glycogen and releases glucose into the blood

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Osmoregulation

Back 40

Another form of Homeostasis that focuses on water balance. It uses ADH (Anti Diuretic hormone) to ensure that cells contain 40% water while 20% flows around the particles (60% water in the adult body)

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Solutes

Back 41

Dissolved particles that are found in body fluids. If water levels are low the solute levels in the body are high and vice versa (E.g.) Electrolytes/ salt, Glucose, Oxygen and CO2, Urea and Proteins.

Front 42

Homeostasis - Osmoregulation (Too much electrolyte)

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1. Receptors in the hypothalamus monitor electrolyte levels.

2. The rise of salt levels causes the posterior pituitary to release ADH

3. ADH travels to kidneys, which excrete less water

4. Kidneys reabsorb water - Salt levels decrease

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Homeostasis - Osmoregulation(Not enough water)

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1. Hypothalamus senses drop in Salt and tells posterior pituitary to release less ADH

2. Kidneys stop retaining water

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Bacteria

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Bacteria are unicellular organisms that live in warm and wet environments. Many rely on dead organisms such as fruit or animals for food while others can make their own

Front 45

Bacterial growth

Back 45

The pathogens way of seeking growth and nutrients

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Germs

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Protazoa, Bacteria and viruses

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Diseases

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A state of poor health induced by an infected person, food or air

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Microbes

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Enter the skin through the skin, oral or respiratory system and multiplies in cells, killing and infecting them. The infection is caused by a release of toxins from the particle.

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Virus

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Miniscule cells that can only spread within a living organism. They affect all living things and are parasitic

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Immune system (Flowchart)

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1. Bacteria enters the body through a wound

2. Spreads through the bloodstream infecting cells

3. Phagocytes move to the microbe and kill it

4. (Unsuccessful) Antibodies (Whit blood cells) create antibodies which target the pathogens for phagocytes

Front 51

Nerve response (Flowchart)

Back 51

1. Sensory neuron

2. Spinal cord

3. Brain

4. Hypothalamus registers stimulus

5. Down spinal cord to Motor neuron

6. Response