Nerves Test- Anat

Front 1

are neurons are..

Back 1

interconnected

Front 2

somatic (voluntary) nervous system (SNS)

Back 2

cutaneuous and special sensory receptors to the cns
-motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue

Front 3

ion channels can be.. (4)

Back 3

1. leakage
2. ligand
3. voltage
4. mechanical

Front 4

neurons are electrically excitable due to...

Back 4

the voltage difference across their membrane

Front 5

a flow of ions occurs through

Back 5

ion channels in the cell membrane

Front 6

potential difference

Back 6

difference of electricity between inside of cell and outside of cell. resting potential: 17 millivoltage

Front 7

inside of cell is ___, compared to the ______

Back 7

negative, outside

Front 8

where do you fine leakage ion channels?

Back 8

in the heart
i.e. pacemaker

Front 9

example of a ligand

Back 9

neurotransmittor binds to the receptor and the ion channels then are opened and na flows in

Front 10

voltage channel opens when..

Back 10

you change the resting potential

Front 11

mechanical ion channel example

Back 11

when it is very dark and someone slaps your eyes, you see sparks/stars

Front 12

negative ions where and positive ions where?

Back 12

neg = inside, pos = outside

Front 13

hyperpolarization

Back 13

membrane has become more negative

Front 14

depolarization

Back 14

membrane has become more positive

Front 15

value of resting potential

Back 15

-70 mV

Front 16

action potential (AP)

Back 16

a sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential (depolarization) and the restore it to the resting state (repolarization)

Front 17

during an action potential voltage-gated ____ & ____ open in in sequence

Back 17

NA+ and K+ channels

Front 18

all-or-none principle

Back 18

if a stimulus reaches a threshold, the action potential is always the same

Front 19

a stronger stimulus will....

Back 19

NOT cause a larger impulse

Front 20

step by step of an action potential

Back 20

1. whenever a stimulus takes place to membrane, sodium channels open
2. sodium diffuses inside the cell
3. charge inside the cell changes, becomes more positive (depolarization) (+30 or +40)
4. potassium channels open, K+ goes outside the cell
5. charge goes down back to around -70
6. NA+ channels close but K+ channels are still open, so more K+ is lost, so inside of cell becomes even more negative.
7. to bring everything back to normal, pumps pump out Na+ and takes back in K+

Front 21

nerve impulse

Back 21

propogation of an action potential

Front 22

depolarization

Back 22

inversion of resting potential (-70 to +4 mV), due to Na+ influx

Front 23

1st repolarization

Back 23

(+40 to -70 mV) due to the efflux of K+

Front 24

refractory period

Back 24

period when a neuron cannot respond to any stimulus

Front 25

absolute refractory period

Back 25

even very strong stimulus will not begin another AP
-inactivated Na+ channels

Front 26

relative refractory period

Back 26

a suprathreshold stimulus will be able to start an AP
-K+ channels are still open, but Na+ channels have closed

Front 27

3 important parts of chemical synapse

Back 27

1. pre-synaptic bulb
2. synaptic cleft -gap b/w 2 membrane
3. post-synaptic membrane- has ligand-type ion channels

Front 28

continuous conduction

Back 28

(unmyelinated fibers)
-step-by-step depolarization of each portion of the length of the axolemma, slow about 25-35 m/sec

Front 29

saltatory conduction

Back 29

-depolarization only at nodes of ranvier where there is a high density of voltage-gated ion channels
-currently carried by ions flows through extracellular fluid from node to node- fast: 110-130 m/sec

Front 30

speed determined by

Back 30

amount of myeliniation (more- faster), the axon diameter (bigger axon- travels faster), temperature (hotter-colder)

Front 31

why is it important to have hyperpolarization?

Back 31

because it ensures that the action potential only travels one direction and does not go backwards

Front 32

depolarization postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Back 32

-results from the opening of ligand-gated Na+ channels
-the postsynaptic cell is more likely to reach threshhold

Front 33

inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

Back 33

-results from the opening of ligand-gated Cl- or K+
-causes the postsynaptic cell to become more negative or hyperpolarized
-the postsynaptic cell is less likely to reach threshold

Front 34

GABA

Back 34

gamma amino buturic acid- important in pain neurons
(shoes too tight)
-when you think about shoes it hurts, when you dont think about shoes, it doesn't hurt

Front 35

some pain meds...

Back 35

hyperpolarize the postynaptic membrane

Front 36

example of an IPSP

Back 36

gaba neurons

Front 37

neurotransmitter effects can be modified

Back 37

-receptor site can be blocked or activated
-removal can be stimulated or blocked
-release can be blocked or stimulated
-synthesis can be stimulated or inhibited

Front 38

agonist

Back 38

anything that enhances a transmitters effects

Front 39

antagonist

Back 39

anything that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter

Front 40

limited ability for regeneration (repair)

Back 40

-PNS: can repair damaged dendrites or axons
-CNS: no repairs are possible

Front 41

spinal cord protective structures

Back 41

vertebral column and the meninges provide physical stability

Front 42

layers of spinal cord

Back 42

1. dura mater
2. arachnoid
3. pia mater

Front 43

spaces of the spinal cord

Back 43

epidural space, subdural space (below dural space) and subarachnoid (below arachnoid layer) space

Front 44

conus medullaris

Back 44

tapering of the spinal cord

Front 45

cauda equina

Back 45

nerves at the end of the spinal cord; look like a horse's tail

Front 46

filum terminale

Back 46

connective tissue that holds the spinal cord in place, all the way to the sacrum. located in the middle of the cauda equina

Front 47

ganglion

Back 47

accumulation of cell bodies of neurons

Front 48

# of pairs of spinal nerves

Back 48

31

Front 49

color of nonmylienated nerves

Back 49

grey

Front 50

color of myleniated nerves

Back 50

white

Front 51

white matter location in brain

Back 51

in core

Front 52

sulcus

Back 52

depression in the nervous tissue

Front 53

fissure

Back 53

BIG depression

Front 54

central canal

Back 54

space continues with ventricles of the brain.. has cerebral spinal fluid

Front 55

where can you find interneurons?

Back 55

in grey matter of the brain. are sensory neurons.

Front 56

spinal neves are _____ nerves

Back 56

mixed
are sympathetic, somatic and parasympathetic

Front 57

spinal nerves names

Back 57

c1-c8
t1-t12
l1-l5
s1-s5
& coccygeal

Front 58

5 plexus

Back 58

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

Front 59

plexus

Back 59

a network of nerves

Front 60

rami

Back 60

spinal nerve branches

Front 61

reflex

Back 61

an automatic, sudden, involuntary response to stimulus

Front 62

reflex arc includes

Back 62

a. sensory receptor
b. sensory neuron
c. integrating center (interneuron)
d. motor neuron
e. effector

Front 63

reflex arc

Back 63

pathway followed by a nerve impulses that produce a reflex

Front 64

stretch reflex

Back 64

causes contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to stretching of the muscle
-monosynaptic reflex