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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All of the following are part of the primary vesicle, except?
A. mesencephalon B. proencephalon C. rhombencephalon D. diencephalon |
D) diencephalon
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A function of membrane proteins in excitable cell membranes is as?
A. protection against invasion of foreign organisms B. ports for release of cellular waste C. voltage dependent gates D. openings for filtration of mitochondria |
C) voltage dependent gates
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Neuraltubular epithelium gives rise to all of the following, except?
A. Schwann cells B. astrocytes C. Lining of the ventricles of the brain D. pineal body |
A) Schwann cells
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Which of the following is not true of oligodendrocytes?
A. exist as satellite cells in the gray matter B. produce myelin in the CNS C. may line up alongside blood cessels D. large and star shaped |
D) large and star shaped
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Propagation of a nerve impulse is enhanced by extracellular myelin deposition because?
A. myelin is a better conductor than the nerve cell membrane B. the creation of the nodes of Ranvier causes the impulse to move at a greater velocity C. myelin inhances the eletrogenic pump D. myelin enhances the movement of sodium intracelluarly |
B. the creation of the nodes of Ranvier causes the impulse to move at a greater velocity
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Which of the following drugs will work to relax muscles for a long time?
A. succinylcholine B. scopolamine C. neostigmine D. curare |
D. curare
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Which of the following drugs can you inject to reverse the effects of a drug that was previously given to relax muscles for a long period of time?
A. succinylcholine B. physostigmine C. norepinephrine D. gallium |
B. physostigmine
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the presence of a non-diffusable ion on one side of a selectively-permeable membrane which leads to the formation of a electrochemical gradient is called?
A. Active transport B. The resting membrane potential C. Gibbs-Donnan effect D. osmosis |
C. Gibbs-Donnan effect
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The primary ion responsible for maintenance of the resting membrane potential is?
A. C++ B. K+ C. Na+ D. Cl- |
B. K+
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During the absolute refractory period
A. The nerve can be stimulated to produce an action potential B. the nerve cannot be stimulated to produce an action portential C. Na+ and K+ conductance is low D. the membrane potential is at its resting level |
B. the nerve cannot be stimulated to produce an action portential
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the metencephalon of the secondary cesicle is derived from?
A. myelencephalon B. mesencephalon C. proencephalon D. rhombencephelon |
D. rhombencephelon
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The three dimensional expansion of the neural tube takes place through the process of?
A. Transverse segmentation B. evagination C. flexion D. neurulation |
A. Transverse segmentation
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A characteristic of a oligodendrocyte is?
A. perivascular feet B. they produce myelin C. Are found only in gray matter D. have no phagocytic ability |
B. they produce myelin
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The fast component of anterograde axoplasmic flow
A. Is used for the movement of cytoskeletal elements B. is used for transport of neurotransmitter substances C. Is used for removal of waste D. is a passive process |
B. is used for transport of neurotransmitter substances
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The magnitude of an action potential which reaches the nerve terminus has a direct effect on?
1) the amount of Ca++ conductance into the nerve terminus 2) the extracellular Ca++ concentration 3) the quantity of neurotransitter substance released from the presynaptic ending 4) the magnitude of the post synaptic potential A. 1,2 &3 B. 1 & 3 C. 2 & 4 D. 4 only |
B. 1 & 3
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Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials usually result in?
A. Excitation of presynaptic cell membranes B. the opening of chloride channels C. Elevation of threshold potentials D. the opening of sodium channels |
B. the opening of chloride channels
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all of the following are true of the action potential of along a single axon process, except?
A. Propagated in an all or none fashion B. has a reduction in amplitude from the time it starts intil the time it ends C. Is unidirectional in living cells D. is allways supra-threshold |
B. has a reduction in amplitude from the time it starts intil the time it ends
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Osmotic pressure is a colligative property of a solution. This would imply that it is directly related to?
A. solvent concentration B. solute concentration C. Sum of the charges on each side of the membrane D. the temperature of the solution |
B. solute concentration
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the ion primarily responsible for neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic terminal is?
A. potassium B. sodium C. calcium D. magnessium |
C. calcium
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In the cell membrane of nerve axons "h-gates" are closed in response to?
A. Increased internal electronegativity B. increased external electropositivity C. Increased internal electropositivity D. depolarization |
C. Increased internal electropositivity
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When a nerve axon is cut:
A. It has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut closer to the nerve cell body B. it has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut farther away from the nerve cell body C. The proximal portion degenerates D. the cut ends will grow back together on their own |
B. it has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut farther away from the nerve cell body
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Which following spinal cord lamina is considered to be the pain gate?
A. II B. IV C. VI D. VIII |
A. II
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the spinal cord normally ends at which vertebral level?
A. T-12 B. L-2 C. L-5 D. Coccygeal - 3 |
B. L-2
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Which lamina contain cells for the autonomic nervous system?
A. II B. V C. VII D. VIII |
C. VII
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The dorsal columns convey axons which mediate
A. pain B. discriminative touch C. proprioception D. a,b, and c E. b and c |
E. b and c
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The lateral corticospinal tract:
A. begins in the spinal cord immediately adjacent to the spinal gray matter B. arrises from the cerebral cortical hemisphere of the same side which it lies in the spinal cord C. Arrises from the cerevral cortical hemisphere of the opposite side which it lies in the spinal cord D. ascends from the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex |
C. Arrises from the cerevral cortical hemisphere of the opposite side which it lies in the spinal cord
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The lateral spinalthalamic tract:
A. Descends from the thalamus B. is the primary ascending pathway for pain C. Lies within the gray matter of the spinal cord D. ascends as an uncrossed pathway |
B. is the primary ascending pathway for pain
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The cell bodies of the first orer sensory neurons of spinal nerves are located in what region?
A. Cerebral cortex B. dorsal gray horn C. dorsal root ganglion D. ventral gray horn |
C. dorsal root ganglion
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Motor cells of the spinal cord are arranged somatotopically so that neurons which innervate the hand would be found?
A. Lateral to neurons which innervate the trunk B. medial to neurons which innerate the thigh C. Posterior to neurons which innervcate the thigh D. anterior to neurons which innervcate the trunk |
A. Lateral to neurons which innervate the trunk
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The tectopspinal pathway is associated with?
A. Cortical arousal B. initiation of motor activity C. Synergy of muscular activity D. coordinating trunk posture with head movement do to visual and auditory stimuli |
D. coordinating trunk posture with head movement do to visual and auditory stimuli
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Which of the following is associated with the portion of the neuron process distal to the injury?
A. Elipsoid formation B. retrograde chromatolysis C. Growth cone formation D. myelin regeneration |
A. Elipsoid formation
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A laceration just into the lateral surface of the spinal chord white matter would most likely effect?
A. Sensory cell bodies B. motor cell bodies C. Ascending pathways D. decending pathways |
C. Ascending pathways
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the mesencephalic nucleus of V is associated with which sensory modality?
A. pain B. touch C. proprioception D. vision |
C. proprioception
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the solitary nucleus contains SVA cell bodies from all of the following cranial nerves except?
A. I B. VII C. IX D. X |
A. I
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Which cranial nerves have GVA components?
1) V 2) IX 3) XI 4) X A. 1,2,&3 B. 1&3 C. 2 & 4 D. 4 only E. all of above are correct |
C. 2 & 4
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Which spinal cord lamina is considered to be the pain gate?
A. VII B. IV C. VI D. II |
D. II
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Which lamina contain neurons for the autonomic nervous system?
A. II B. V C. VII D. VIII |
C. VII
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The sulcus limitans divides the spinal cord into?
A. a left and right side B. groups of sensory cell bodies C. groups of sensory and motor cell bodies D. ascending and descending pathways |
C. groups of sensory and motor cell bodies
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The name given to the nuclear group of lamina I?
A. posterior marginal nucleus B. substantia gelatinosa C. nucleus proprius D. nucleus dorsalis of Clarke |
A. posterior marginal nucleus
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Motor cells of the spinal cord are arranged somatotopically so that neurons which innervate the foot would be found?
A. lateral to neurons which innervate the trunk B. medial to neurons which innervate the thigh C. posterior to nuerons which innervate the thigh D. anterior to neurons which innervate the trunk |
A. lateral to neurons which innervate the trunk
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Motor cells for extensor eactivity are located in what position to motor cells for flexor activity?
A. medial B. lateral C. anterior D. posterior |
D. posterior-i think this is anterior
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Motor cells for flexors and extensors of the hand or foot are found in which specific cell population?
A. central B. dorsomedial C. internediolateral D. retrodorsolateral |
D. retrodorsolateral
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pre-ganglion autonomic neurons of the spinal cord are found in which motor neuron location?
A. intermediolateral B. central C. ventromedial D. dorsolateral |
A. intermediolateral
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The majority of interneurons are found in which gray horn lamina?
A. IV B. VII C. VIII D. X |
C. VIII
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All of the following nerve compnents can be found in association with spinal nerves, except?
A. SSA B. GSA C. GVA D. GVE |
A. SSA
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Which of the following happens to the distal (to the injury) portion of the neuron process after injury?
A. it degenerates B. retrograde chromatolysis C. growth cone formation D. myelin regeneration |
A. it degenerates
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The closer a neuron process injury is to the cell body:
A. the greater the likelihood of repair B. the less the likelihood of repair C. the larger the growth cone D. the greater the chances of remyelination |
B. the less the likelihood of repair
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The first order sensory cell bodies of the trigeminal nerve are located where?
A. spinal nucleus B. mesencephalic nucleus C. chief sensory nucleus D. trigeminal ganglion |
D. trigeminal ganglion
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Which of the following is true of the fastest type of axoplasmic flow?
A. it is slow B. it is associated with membrane repair C. it is associated with waste product collection D. it is associated with the delivery of neurotransmitters |
D. it is associated with the delivery of neurotransmitters
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the structural ending of the spinal cord at vertebral level L-2 is called?
A. filum terminal B. conus medularis C. cauda equina D. anterior commissure |
B. conus medularis
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Stretch receptors of the gut tube and chemoreceptors are representitive of what type of sensory component?
A. SVA B. GSA C. SSA D. GVA |
D. GVA
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All of the following is true of spinal nerves, except?
A. dorsal roots only carry afferent information B. central roots only carry efferent information C. spinal nerve rami can carry SVA, GVA, GVE, GSE components D. there are eight cervical spinal nerves |
C. spinal nerve rami can carry SVA, GVA, GVE, GSE components
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The Lloyd classification of neurons?
A. is acceptable for both motor and sensory neurons B. is specific for motoneurons C. is specific for sensory neurons D. uses an A to C scale |
C. is specific for sensory neurons
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Neural crest cells give rise to all of the following, except?
A. schwann cells B. dorsal root ganglia cells C. the lining cells of the ventricales of the brain D. the adrenal medulla |
C. the lining cells of the ventricales of the brain
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When a nerve axon is cut:
A. it has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut closer to the nerve cell body B. it has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut farther away from the nerve cell body C. the proximal portion degenerates D. the cut ends will grow back together on their own |
B. it has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut farther away from the nerve cell body
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Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials usually result in?
A. excitation of presynaptic cell membranes B. the opening of chloride gates C. elevation of threshold potentials D. the opening of sodium channels |
C. elevation of threshold potentials-i think this is B
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Ia fibers represent?
A. fibers which innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle B. golgi tendon organ afferents C. muscle spindle afferents D. pain fibers |
C. muscle spindle afferents
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Myasthenia Gravis is a disease which effects the ability of the neurotransmitter to bind to the motor end plate receptors of skeletal muscle. Which of the following substances may be helpful in reversing the effects of this disease?
A. curare B. succinylcholine C. neostigmine D. cholinesterase |
C. neostigmine
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A characteristic of oligodendrocytes?
A. perivascular feet B. they produce myelin C. are found only in gray matter D. have phagocytic ability |
B. they produce myelin
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The slow coponent of anterograde axoplasmic flow:
A. is used for movement of cytoskeletal elements B. is used for transport of neurotransmitter substances C. us used for removal of wastes D. is an active process |
A. is used for movement of cytoskeletal elements
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Although sodium ions are smaller they do not diffuse through nerve cell membranes, as well s, potassium ions. This is due to:
A. their charge B. their hydration sphere C. their molecular weight D. their insolubility in water |
B. their hydration sphere
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The creation of an electrochemical potential across a selective permeable membrane system in the presence of a non diffusable ion on one side of the membrane is the primary concept of?
A. nernst equation B. goldman constant field equation C. sliding filament theory D. Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium |
D. Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium
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During the propagation of a nerve action potential all of the following are true, except?
A. there are more sodium channels than potassium channels open per unit time B. all ion channels are open C. as the action potential travels down the nerve process in becoming gradually smaller D. the action potential creates a local current |
C. as the action potential travels down the nerve process in becoming gradually smaller
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As the action potential begins to return to resting levels the nerve reaches a point during repolarization where it can be stimulated to fire another action potential. All of the following are true reguarding the state, except?
A. another maximal action potential can be generated B. only an action potential of lower than maximal amplitude can be generated C. this is called the relative refractory period D. this point is at or below the original threshold potential |
A. another maximal action potential can be generated
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All of the following are components of the primary vesicle, except?
A. mesencephalon B. metencephalon C. rhombencephalon D. prosencephalon |
B. metencephalon
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Neural crest cells give rise to all of the following, except?
A. schwann cells B. dorsal root ganglia C. lining of the ventricles of the brain D. melanaocytes |
C. lining of the ventricles of the brain
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Propagation of a nerve impulse is enhanced by extracellular myelin deposition because?
A. myelin is a better conductor than the nerve cell membrane B. the creation of the nodes of Ranvier causes the impulse to move at a greater velocity C. myelin inhances the electrogenic pump D. myelin enhances the movement of sodium intracellularly |
B. the creation of the nodes of Ranvier causes the impulse to move at a greater velocity
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The metencephalon of the secondary vesicle is derived from?
A. myelencephalon B. mesencephalon C. prosenecephalon D. rhombencephelon |
D. rhombencephelon
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The slow component of anterograde axoplasmic flow
A. is used for movement of cytoskeletal elements B. is used for transport of neurotransmitter substances C. is used for removal of waste D. is a passive process |
A. is used for movement of cytoskeletal elements
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The magnitude of an action potential which raches the nerve terminus would have a direct effect on?
1) the amount of calcium-conductance into the nerve bouton 2) the extracellular calcium concentration 3) the quantity of neurotransmitteer substance released from the presynaptic ending 4) the magnitude of the post synaptic potential A.1,2, &3 B. 1 & 3 C. 2 & 4 D. 4 only |
B. 1 & 3
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Inhibitory post-synaptic potentials usually result in?
A. excitation of presynaptic cell membranes B. the opening of chloride gates C. elevation of threshold potentials D. the opening of sodium channels |
B. the opening of chloride gates
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in the cell membrane of nerve axons "h-gates" are closed in a specific response to?
A. increased internal electronegativity B. increased external electropositivity C. increased interal electropositivity D. depolarization |
C. increased interal electropositivity
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When a nerve axon is cut:
A. it has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut closer to the nerve cell body B. it has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut farther away from the nerve cell body C. the proximal portion degenerates D. the cut ends will grow back together on their own |
B. it has a better chance of regenerating if it was cut farther away from the nerve cell body
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According to the Gasser Erlanger nerve classification the fastest conducting fibers are
A. Aa B. Ia C. C D. ? |
A. Aa
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The lateral corticospinal tract:
A. begins in the spinal cord and ascends to the cerebral cortex B. arises from the cerebral cortical hemisphere of the sace side (ipsilateral) which it lies in the spinal cord C. arises from the cerebral cortical hemisphere of the opposite side (contralateral) which it lies in the spinal cord D. ascends from the spinal cord to the cerebellar cortex |
C. arises from the cerebral cortical hemisphere of the opposite side (contralateral) which it lies in the spinal cord
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the lateral spinolthalmic tract
A. descends from the thalmus B. is the primary ascending pathway for pain C. lies within the gray matter of the spinal cord D. ascends as an uncrossed pathway |
B. is the primary ascending pathway for pain
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the preganglionic cells for the sympathetic nervous system are located in?
A. nucleus dorsalis of Clarke B. intermediolateral gray column C. lamina VIII D. lamina IX |
B. intermediolateral gray column
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The sulcus limitans divides the spinal cord into?
A. a left and right side B. groups of sensory cell bodies C. groups of sensory and motor cell bodies D. ascending and descending pathways |
C. groups of sensory and motor cell bodies
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Motor cells of the spinal cord are arranged somatotopically so that neurons which innervate the foot would be found?
A. leteral to neurons which innervate the trunk B. medial to neurons which innervate the thigh C. superior to neurons which innervate the thigh D. anterior to neurons which innervate the trunk |
A. leteral to neurons which innervate the trunk
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The second order cell (bodies) of the dorsal column medial leminiscus system are found?
A. in the nucleus dorsalis of Clarke B. in the lateral funiculus C. in the anterior horn D. in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus |
D. in the nucleus gracilis and cuneatus
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the tectospinal pathway is associated with?
A. cortical arousal B. initiation of motor activity C. synergy of muscular activity D. coordinating trunk posture with head movement as a result of visual and auditory stimuli |
D. coordinating trunk posture with head movement as a result of visual and auditory stimuli
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the rubrospinal pathway is associated with?
A. cortical arousal B. the reticular formation C. postural musculature of the head and neck D. quadrapedal movement |
D. quadrapedal movement
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motor cells for extensor activity are located in what position to motor cells for flexor activity?
A. medial B. lateral C. anterior D. posterior |
C. anterior
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the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis are seperated by?
A. dorsal median sulcus B. dorsolateral sulcus C. sulcus limitans D. dorsal intermediate sulcus |
D. dorsal intermediate sulcus
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The lateral corticospinal tract crosses over to the opposite side in what specific region?
A. dorsal column nuclei B. medullary pyramids C. anterior white commissure D. thalmus |
B. medullary pyramids
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The reticulospinal pathway is associated with all of the following, except?
A. sleep-wake cycles B. cortical arousal C. response to aversive stimuli D. audio-visual stimulation |
D. audio-visual stimulation
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almost all third order sensory cell bodies are found?
A. cerebral cortex B. cerebellum C. thalamus D. lamina VIII |
C. thalamus
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A fiber tract associated with the transmission of information in regards to unconscious proprioception for the lower extremity?
A. cuneocerebellar tract B. fasciculus cuneatis C. fasciculus gracilis D. anterior spinothalamic tract |
C. fasciculus gracilis
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All of the following is true of oligodendrocytes, except?
A. exist as satellite cells in the gray matter B. produce myelin in the CNS C. may line up alongside blood vessels D. have phagocytic capability |
D. have phagocytic capability
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