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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The basement membrane of filtration barrier in kidney is divided into 3. Mention them |
1) Lamina externa 2) Lamina interna 3) Lamina densa |
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The glomerular basement membrane is composed of 4 different substances. Mention them |
1) Type 4 collagen 2) Laminin 3) Fibronectin 4) Polyanionic proteoglycan (heparan sulphate) |
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What is the function of podocin |
Podocin helps to anchor nephrin so that it can form slit diaphragm of filtration barrier. Nephrin forms the slit diaphragm |
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What genes code for nephrin and podocin? |
Nephrin = NPHS 1 gene ( ne in nephrotic is also in one) Podocin = NPHS 2 gene NPHS means Nephrotic syndrome. Mutation of these genes cause nephrotic syndrome because of loss of slit diaphragm. |
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What is Alport syndrome? |
It is a syndrome due to mutation in alpha 3, 4, 5 chain of Type 4 collagen. It can cause NEPHRITIC SYNDROME. |
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How does diabetes mellitus cause damage to endothelial cells |
Hyperglycaemia causes oxidative stress higher amounts of reactive oxygen species that damage the cells. Apart from that, it also causes hypertension. |
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The value for the increase in hepatic albumin synthesis in nephrotic syndrome is |
145+/-9 to 213+/-17 mg/kg/day |
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What percent of people with nephrotic syndrome present with edema |
95% of people |
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Edema in Nephrotic syndrome is described by 2 hypothesis |
1) Underfill hypothesis (due to low blood volume from low oncotic pressure) 2) Overfill hypothesis (due to sodium retention) |
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Nephrotic syndrome is classified based on 2 criteria, mention them |
1) Aetiological Classification 2) Histological Classification |
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What is Finnish type congenital defect of the kidney |
It is a defect that occurs due to mutation in NPHS 1 gene that codes for Nephrin. It is basically mutation in gene that codes for nephrin. |
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Is Finnish type defect autosomal recessive or dominant? |
Autosomal recessive |
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A difference between primary and secondary cause of Nephrotic syndrome is |
There are inclusion bodies in secondary |
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Secondary causes of Nephrotic syndrome |
1) Multiple system diseases (eg SLE, amyloidosis) 2) Infection (bacterial, fungal, viral like HBV, HCV) 3) Toxins (snake venom) 4) Drugs (penicillamine) 5) Neoplasms and Cancers (Leukaemia) 6) Heredofamilial and metabolic diseases (eg diabetes mellitus) 7) Pregnancy 8) Serum sickness |
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Histological classification of Nephrotic syndrome include |
Mnemonic: FMs F- Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) M- Minimal Change Disease (MCD) M- Membranous Nephropathy (MN) M- Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephropathy |
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In Investigating nephrotic syndrome, kidney biopsies can be considered in what 6 cases |
1) Secondary Nephrotic syndrome (to pinpoint type of 2° cause) 2) Frequent relapsing Nephrotic syndrome 3) Steroid resistant Nephrotic syndrome 4) Hypertension 5) Hematuria 6) Low GFR |
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Mention the differential diagnosis of Nephrotic syndrome |
1) Protein losing enteropathy 2) Protein energy malnutrition (eg kwashiorkor) 3) Urticaria (leaky blood vessels/angio edema) 4) Hepatic failure 5) Heart failure 6) Acute and Chronic glomerulonephritis |
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How does low protein levels in Nephrotic Syndrome affect Vit D, iron, calcium and thyroxine levels |
It does so because protein like albumin bind these molecules in circulation to gauge their concentration and transport them. Loss of albumin in Nephrotic syndrome can lead to low levels and deficiencies of these molecules. |
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Can Nephrotic syndrome complicate to growth retardation |
Yes it can |
